Ibadan

Ibadan
City
Street scene in Ibadan
Nickname:  Ile Oluyole
Country	Nigeria
State	Oyo State
Government
• Governor	Adebayo Alao-Akala
• Olubadan	Samuel Odulana Odugade I
Area
• Total	1,190 sq mi (3,080 km2)
Population  (2006 census)
• Total	1,338,659
• Density	2,140/sq mi (828/km2)
• Metro density	600/sq mi (250/km2)
• Religions	Christianity Islam
Time zone	UTC+1 (WAT)
Website	http://www.oyostate.gov.ng/

Ibadan (Template:Lang-yo or fully Ìlú Ẹ̀bá-Ọ̀dàn, the town at the junction of the savannah and the forest) is the capital city of Oyo State and the third largest metropolitan area in Nigeria by population after Lagos and Kano according to the 2006 Nigerian census. Ibadan is also largest in geographical area. At independence, Ibadan was the largest and the most populous city in Nigeria and the third in Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg. It is located in south-western Nigeria, 128 km inland northeast of Lagos and 530 km southwest of Abuja, the federal capital and is a prominent transit point between the coastal region and the areas to the north. Its population is 1,338,659 according to census results for 2006. Ibadan had been the centre of administration of the old Western Region since the days of the British colonial rule, and parts of the city's ancient protective walls still stand to this day. The principal inhabitants of the city are the Yoruba people.

History

Ibadan came into existence in 1829 when Lagelu, the Jagun (commander-in-chief) of Ife and Yoruba's generalissimo, left Ile Ife with a handful of people from Ife, Oyo and Ijebu to found a new city, Eba Odan, which literally means 'between the forest and plains.' According to HRH Sir Isaac Babalola Akinyele, the late Olubadan (king) of Ibadan (Olu Ibadan means Lord of Ibadan), in his authoritative book on the history of Ibadan, Iwe Itan Ibadan, printed in 1911, the first city was destroyed due to an incident at an Egungun (masquerade) festival when an Egungun was accidentally disrobed and derisively mocked by women and children in an open marketplace full of people. In Yorubaland, it was an abomination for women to look an Egungun in the eye because the Egunguns were considered to be the dead forefathers who returned to the earth each year to bless their progeny. When the news reached Sango, the then Alaafin of Oyo, he commanded that Eba Odan be destroyed for committing such abominable act.

Lagelu was by now an old, frail man; he could not stop the destruction of his city, but he and some of his people survived the attack and fled to a nearby hill for sanctuary. On the hill they survived by eating oro fruit and snails; later, they cultivated the land and made corn and millets into pap meals known as oori or eko, which they ate with roasted snails. They improvised a bit by using the snail shells to drink the liquefied eko. Ultimately, Lagelu and his people came down from the hill and founded another city called Eba'dan.

The new city instantly grew prosperous and became a commercial nerve centre. Shortly afterwards, Lagelu died, leaving behind a politically savvy people and a very stable community. The newly enthroned Olubadan made a friendly gesture to the Olowu of Owu by allowing Olowu to marry his only daughter, Nkan. Coming from a war campaign one day, the raging Odo Oba (River Oba) would not allow Olowu and his army to cross until a human sacrifice was performed to appease the angry river. The chosen sacrifice was Nkan. The Olubadan was infuriated at hearing of Nkan's death; he sent an emissary to inform the Alafin of Oyo. Yoruba kings and rulers such as Alake of Egba, Agura of Gbagura, Ooni of Ife, Awujale of Ijebu and others formed a formidable coalition with Eba'dan against the powerful Olowu of Owu. After the defeat of Owu, many of the warriors that participated in the coalition refused to go back to their towns and cities except the Ijebu warriors. They began attacking the neighboring towns and hamlets, and also marauded across Eba'dan thereby making the indigenes fearful of them. Finally, they took over the political landscape of Eba'dan and changed its name to Ibadan, as we have come to know it.

Ibadan was historically an Egba town. The Egba occupants were forced to leave the town and moved to present-day Abeokuta under the leadership of Sodeke when the surge of Oyo refugees flocked into the towns as an aftermath of the fall of Oyo Kingdom. Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban center so much that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yorùbá region militarily, politically and economically. The military sanctuary expanded even further when refugees began arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids by Fulani warriors. After losing the northern portion of their region to the marauding Fulanis, many Oyo indigenes retreated deeper into the Ibadan environs.

The Fulani Caliphate attempted to expand further into the southern region of modern-day Nigeria, but was decisively defeated by the armies of Ibadan in 1840. The Ibadan area became a British Protectorate in 1893 and by then the population had swelled to 120,000. The British developed the new colony to facilitate their commercial activities in the area, and Ibadan shortly grew into the major trading center that it is today.

Climate

Ibadan has a tropical wet and dry climate, with a lengthy wet season and relatively constant temperatures throughout the course of the year. Ibadan’s, wet season runs from March through October, though August sees somewhat of a lull in precipitation. This lull nearly divides the wet season into two different wet seasons. The remaining months forms the city’s dry season. Like a good portion of West Africa, Ibadan experiences the harmattan between the months of November and February.

Climate data for Ibadan
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	37 (99)	39 (102)	38 (100)	38 (100)	35 (95)	33 (91)	31 (88)	31 (88)	36 (97)	33 (91)	34 (93)	35 (95)	35 (95)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	33 (91)	34 (93)	34 (93)	33 (91)	32 (90)	29 (84)	28 (82)	27 (81)	29 (84)	30 (86)	32 (90)	33 (91)	31 (88)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	21 (70)	22 (72)	23 (73)	23 (73)	22 (72)	22 (72)	21 (70)	21 (70)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	21 (70)	22 (72)
Record low °C (°F)	10 (50)	12 (54)	18 (64)	18 (64)	18 (64)	18 (64)	16 (61)	16 (61)	17 (63)	18 (64)	14 (57)	14 (57)	16 (61)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	8 (0.3)	23 (0.9)	76 (3.0)	125 (4.9)	145 (5.7)	163 (6.4)	132 (5.2)	74 (2.9)	170 (6.7)	152 (6.0)	43 (1.7)	10 (0.4)	1,121 (44.1)
Average precipitation days	1	2	5	9	11	12	12	10	15	12	4	1	94
Average relative humidity (%)	76	71	75	78	82	86	88	88	86	84	80	76	81
Mean monthly sunshine hours	170	198	170	170	170	141	85	57	85	141	198	198	1,783
Source: BBC Weather

Education

The first university to be set up in Nigeria was the University of Ibadan today with over 12,000 students. Established as a college of the University of London in 1948, and later converted into an autonomous university in 1962. It has the distinction of being one of the premier educational institutions in Africa. The Polytechnic Ibadan is also located in the city. There are also numerous public and private primary and secondary schools located in the city.

Other noteworthy institutions in the city include the University of Ibadan Teaching Hospital also known as University College Hospital (UCH) which is the first teaching hospital in Nigeria; the internationally acclaimed International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER). Also Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, the National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), and the Institute for Agricultural Research & Training (IAR&T), all under the auspices of Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria; the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria.

Ibadan and its environs before the dissolution of the Western Region, Nigeria was the home of the most sophisticated and liberal scientific and cultural community on the continent of Africa; as personified by the immortalized Ibadan School.

In 1853, the first Europeans to settle in Ibadan, Reverend Hinderer and his wife, started Ibadan's first Western schools. They built churches and schools and the first two-storey building in Ibadan, which can still be found today at Kudeti. The first pupils to attend an elementary school in Ibadan were Yejide (female) and Akinyele (male) -- the two children of an Ibadan high chief.

Transportation

Ibadan has an airport, Ibadan Airport, and was served by the Ibadan Railway Station on the main railway line from Lagos to Kano.(No longer operating). Poorly-maintained roads are particularly problematic in the rainy season. What are called interstate highways in the United States are called carriageways in Nigeria. There are not many miles of divided highways in Ibadan. The primary routes go from Ibadan to Lagos and to Benin City. Adding to the weather and terrain, roads typically have few or no speed limit signs or warning signs to alert the motorist of curves, hills, intersections or problems with the road itself such as large potholes or eroded road beds.

In-town transportation comes in a variety of forms. Modes of transportation include, taxis, taxi-vans commonly called danfos, private cars that are hired out by the day with a driver, personal family cars, scooters, and walking. All fares are negotiable depending upon the number in the party and the distance to be traveled. The average taxi is a small car, which seats four people and the driver. A danfo is a van, meanwhile, which seats seven people and the driver. This does not mean that more people will not be accommodated; often both taxis and danfos carry as many passengers as can squeeze into the vehicle. Danfos have an additional staff member. He is the "conductor," who arranges fare agreements and keeps track of delivery points. He is often to be seen holding onto the frame of the van while hanging out the door in order to locate potential fares. In December 2008 Governor Alao Akala Commissioned 55 brand new buses for interstate transport service which is to be used by Trans City Transport Company (TCTC) Eleyele, Ibadan with a promise to commence intracity transport service very early next year.

Geography

Ibadan is located in southwestern Nigeria about 120 km east of the border with the Republic of Benin in the forest zone close to the boundary between the forest and the savanna. The city ranges in elevation from 150 m in the valley area, to 275 m above sea level on the major north-south ridge which crosses the central part of the city

Population

Until 1970, Ibadan was the largest city in sub-Saharan Africa . In 1952, it was estimated that the total area of the city was approximately 103.8 km2 However, only 36.2 km2 was built up. This meant that the remaining 67 km2 were devoted to non-urban uses, such as farmlands, river floodplains, forest reserves and water bodies. These “non-urban land uses” disappeared in the 1960s: an aerial photograph in 1973 revealed that the urban land-scape had completely spread over about 100 km2. The land area increased from 136 km2 in 1981 to 210-240 km2 in 1988-89 (Areola, 1994: 101). By the year 2000, it is estimated that Ibadan covered 400 km2 . The growth of the built-up area during the second half of the 20th century (from 40 km2 in the 1950s to 250 km2 in the 1990s) shows clearly that there has been an underestimation of the total growth of the city. In the 1980s, the Ibadan-Lagos expressway generated the greatest urban sprawl (east and north of the city), followed by the Eleiyele expressway (west of the city). Since then, Ibadan city has spread further into the neighbouring local government areas of Akinyele and Egbeda in particular.

Cityscape

A panorama taken from Mapo Hill.

Monuments, landmarks, and other locations

There is a museum in the building of the Institute of African Studies, which exhibits several remarkable pre-historic bronze carvings and statues. The city has several well stocked libraries, and is home to the first television station in Africa. Dugbe Market is the nerve center of Ibadan's transport and trading network. The best method to move about the city is to use reference points and notable landmarks. The city also has a zoological garden located inside the University of Ibadan, and a botanical garden located at Agodi.

The Bower Memorial Tower to the east on Oke Aàre (Aare's Hill) ("Aare" in Yoruba means commander-in-chief or generalissimo), which can be seen from practically any point in the city; it also provides an excellent view of the whole city from the top. Another prominent landmark, Cocoa House, was the first skyscraper in Africa. It is one of the few skyscrapers in the city and is at the hub of Ibadan's commercial centre. Other attractions include Mapo Hall – the colonial style city hall – perched on top of a hill, "Oke Mapo," Mapo Hill ("oke" is hill in Yoruba), the Trans-Wonderland amusement park, the cultural centre Mokola and Liberty Stadium, the first stadium in Africa. The first citadel of higher learning, University of Ibadan (formerly the University College of Ibadan), and the first teaching hospital in Nigeria, University College Hospital, UCH, were both built in this ancient but, highly important city. Ibadan is also home to the legendary Shooting Stars FC -- a professional Football Club. There are some good golf courses: the Ibadan Golf Club is a large 18-hole challenge and the Barracks course has just been extended to 18 holes. The most challenging and exclusive is the IITA Golf Club based on the 1,000 hectare premises of IITA.

Economy

With its strategic location on the non-operational railway line connecting Lagos to Kano, the city is a major center for trade in cassava, cocoa, cotton, timber, rubber, and palm oil. The main industries in the area include the processing of agricultural products; Tobacco processing and Cigarette (Manufacture); flour-milling, leather-working and furniture-making. There is abundance of clay, kaolin and aquamarine in its environs, and there are several cattle ranches, a dairy farm as well as a commercial abattoir in Ibadan.

List of people from Ibadan

This is a list of people notable for being from Ibadan. Names on this list should either have an accompanying existing article link which verifies they define themselves as such, or reliable sources as footnotes against the name to verify they are notable and define themselves as being from Ibadan.

• Isaac Babalola Akinyele, the late Olubadan
• Kase Lukman Lawal, a U.S.-based chemical engineer and oil tycoon
• Raji Rasaki, a retired army general and former military governor of Lagos State
• Richard Akinjide, a legal luminary and former attorney general & minister of justice
• Tunde Nightingale, a pioneering juju and highlife musician
• Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara, leader of a popular were music group
• Abass Akande Obesere, a popular Fuji music maestro
• Alamu Atatalo, a popular sekere music pioneer
• Adegoke Adelabu, a fearless nationalist and pioneering politician
• Bobby Ologun, a K-1 fighter who is very popular in Japan
• Oluyole, an ancient military commander
• Taiwo and Kehinde Akintoye Twin brothers Tywo & Keni of the pop group Twin-X
• Sade Adu, frontwoman and lead vocalist of the English group Sade
• Toyin Falola, a preeminent scholar on Africa and the Frances Higginbothom Nallen Centennial Professor in History at the University of Texas at Austin
• Saffron, lead singer of Republica, born Samatha Sprackling in Ibadan
• Ken Saro-Wiwa (1941–1995), Nigerian author, television producer, environmental activist, studied at the University of Ibadan
• Mr Anthony Adetunji Adejinle (Deceased) Prominent Mathematician and Educationist
• Hugo Weaving, an actor probably best known for his role as Agent Smith in The Matrix

Sister cities

• Cleveland, USA