Anushtegin dynasty: Difference between revisions
Reverted 1 edit by 95.5.28.65 (talk): Massive blanking and removal of sources. (TW) |
|||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}} |
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}} |
||
The '''Khwarazmian''' dynasty (also known as the '''Khwarezmid''' dynasty, dynasty of '''Khwarazm Shahs''', and other spelling variants; from [[Persian language|Persian]] {{lang|fa|خوارزمشاهیان}} ''{{lang|fa-Latn|Khwārazmshāhiyān}}'', "Kings of [[Khwarezmia]]") was a [[ |
The '''Khwarazmian''' dynasty ({{lang-tr|Harezmşahlar}}, also known as the '''Khwarezmid''' dynasty, dynasty of '''Khwarazm Shahs''', and other spelling variants; from [[Persian language|Persian]] {{lang|fa|خوارزمشاهیان}} ''{{lang|fa-Latn|Khwārazmshāhiyān}}'', "Kings of [[Khwarezmia]]") was a [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]] [[Turkic peoples|Turk]]<ref>Türklerin Tarihi, ''Harezmşahların Yükselişi, Gazneliler, Gûrlular ve Harezmşahlar'', İstanbul 2012, p. 230-233</ref><ref>[[http://www.dallog.net/devletler/harezm.htm]]</ref><ref>[[http://www.tarihsayfasi.com/medeniyetler-tarihi/harzemsahlar-devleti.html]]</ref><ref>[[http://bilgiyelpazesi.net/egitim_ogretim/konu_anlatimli_dersler/tarih_dersi_ile_ilgili_konu_anlatimlar/anadolu_disinda_kurulan_diger_musluman_turk_devletleri_ile_ilgili_konu_anlatimlar/harzemsahlar_harzemsah_devleti_ozellikleri.asp]]</ref> dynasty of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ''[[mamluk]]'' origin.<ref>[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|Bosworth]] in ''Camb. Hist. of Iran'', Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, ''"Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"''; Delhi, 2005; ISBN 81-7541-246-1</ref><ref>[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C. E. Bosworth]], ''"CHORASMIA ii. In Islamic times"'' in: [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: ''"The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs."'' ([http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-ii LINK])</ref> |
||
The dynasty ruled [[Greater Iran]] during the [[High Middle Ages]], in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231 AD, first as [[vassals]] of the [[Seljuqs]]<ref>Rene Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia'', Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.</ref> and [[Kara-Khitan]],<ref>Biran, Michel, ''The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.</ref> and later as independent rulers, up until the [[Mongol invasion]]s of the 13th century. |
The dynasty ruled [[Greater Iran]] during the [[High Middle Ages]], in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231 AD, first as [[vassals]] of the [[Seljuqs]]<ref>Rene Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia'', Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.</ref> and [[Kara-Khitan]],<ref>Biran, Michel, ''The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.</ref> and later as independent rulers, up until the [[Mongol invasion]]s of the 13th century. |
||
Revision as of 18:46, 16 March 2013
Khwarazmian Empire | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1077–1231/1256 | |||||||||
.PNG) Khwarezmid Empire around 1200 | |||||||||
| Capital | Gurganj (1077–1212) Samarkand (1212–1220) Ghazna (1220–1221) Tabriz (1225–1231) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Persian[1] Kipchak Turkic[2] | ||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||
| Government | Oligarchy | ||||||||
| Khwarazm-Shah or Sultan | |||||||||
• 1077–1096/7 | Anushtigin Gharchai | ||||||||
• 1220–1231 | Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu | ||||||||
| Historical era | Medieval | ||||||||
• Established | 1077 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1231/1256 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1218 est. | 3,600,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| History of Afghanistan |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
 |
| History of Greater Iran |
|---|
| History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century |
|---|
 |
The Khwarazmian dynasty (Template:Lang-tr, also known as the Khwarezmid dynasty, dynasty of Khwarazm Shahs, and other spelling variants; from Persian خوارزمشاهیان Khwārazmshāhiyān, "Kings of Khwarezmia") was a Sunni Muslim Turk[3][4][5][6] dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin.[7][8]
The dynasty ruled Greater Iran during the High Middle Ages, in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231 AD, first as vassals of the Seljuqs[9] and Kara-Khitan,[10] and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. The dynasty was founded by Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkish slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed the governor of Khwarezm. His son, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarezm.[11]
History
The date of the founding of the empire is uncertain. During a revolt in 1017, Khwarezmian rebels murdered Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun and his wife, Hurra-ji, sister of the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud.[12] In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarezm, which included Nasa and the ribat of Farawa.[13] As a result, Khwarezm was a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1017 to 1034. In 1077 the governorship of the province, which since 1042/43 belonged to the Seljuqs, fell into the hands of Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultan. In 1141, the Seljuq Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Kara Khitay at the battle of Qatwan and Anush Tigin's grandson Ala ad-Din Atsiz became a vassal to Yelü Dashi of the Kara Khitan.[14]
Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156. As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs expanded their territories southward. In 1194, the last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Toghril III, was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler Ala ad-Din Tekish, who conquered parts of Khorasan and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad, who initiated a conflict with the Ghurids and was defeated by them at Amu Darya (1204).[15] Following the sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from his suzerain, the Kara Khitai who sent him an army.[16] With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over the Ghorids at Hezarasp(1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm. Muhammad's gratitude towards his suzerain was short-lived. He again initiated a conflict, this time with the aid of the Kara-Khanids, and defeated a Kara-Khitai army at Talas (1210),[17] but allowed Samarkand (1210) to be occupied by the Kara-Khitai.[18] He overthrew the Karakhanids (1212)[19] and Ghurids (1215). In 1212, Muhammad II shifted capital from Gurganj to Samarkand. Thus Muhammad II incorporated nearly the whole of Transoxania[citation needed] and what is now Afghanistan into his empire, which after further conquests in western Persia (by 1217) stretched from the Syr Darya to the Zagros Mountains, and from the Indus Valley to the Caspian Sea.
War and collapse
In 1218, Genghis Khan sent a trade mission to the state, but at the town of Otrar the governor, suspecting the Khan's ambassadors to be spies, confiscated their goods and executed them. Genghis Khan demanded reparations, which the Shah refused to pay. Genghis retaliated with a force of 200,000 men, launching a multi-pronged invasion. In February 1220 the Mongolian army crossed the Syr Darya, beginning the Mongol invasion of Central Asia. The Mongols stormed Bukhara, Gurganj and the Khwarezmid capital Samarkand. The Shah fled and died some weeks later on an island in the Caspian Sea.
In Great Captains Unveiled of 1927, B.H. Liddell Hart gave details of the Mongol campaign against Khwarezm, underscoring his own philosophy of "the indirect approach," and highlighting many of the tactics used by Genghis which were to be subsequently included in the Blitzkrieg tactics employed centuries later by Nazi Germany.[20]
The son of Ala ad-Din Muhammad, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu became the new Sultan (he rejected the title Shah). He attempted to flee to India, but the Mongols caught up with him before he got there, and he was defeated at the Battle of Indus. He escaped and sought asylum in the Sultanate of Delhi. Iltumish however denied this to him in deference to the relationship with the Abbasid caliphs. Returning to Persia, he gathered an army and re-established a kingdom. He never consolidated his power, however, spending the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, the Seljuks of Rum, and pretenders to his own throne. He lost his power over Persia in a battle against the Mongols in the Alborz Mountains. Escaping to the Caucasus, he captured Azerbaijan in 1225, setting up his capital at Tabriz. In 1226 he attacked Georgia and sacked Tbilisi. Following on through the Armenian highlands he clashed with the Ayyubids, capturing the town Ahlat along the western shores of the Lake Van, who sought the aid of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. Sultan Kayqubad I defeated him at Arzinjan on the Upper Euphrates at the Battle of Yassıçemen in 1230. He escaped to Diyarbakir, while the Mongols conquered Azerbaijan in the ensuing confusion. He was murdered in 1231 by Kurdish highwaymen.[21]
Mercenaries
Though the Mongols had destroyed the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, many Khwarezmians survived by working as mercenaries in northern Iraq. Their wages were particularly low, so they attempted to create work unions. Historians disagree on whether the work unions were successful. Sultan Jalal ad-Din's followers remained loyal to him even after his death in 1231, and raided the Seljuk lands of Jazira and Syria for the next several years, calling themselves the Khwarezmiyya. Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub, in Egypt, later hired their services against his uncle as-Salih Ismail. The Khwarezmiyya, heading south from Iraq towards Egypt, invaded Crusader Christian-held Jerusalem along the way, on July 11, 1244. The city's citadel, the Tower of David, surrendered on August 23, the Crusader Christian population of the city was expelled. This triggered a call from Europe for the Seventh Crusade, but the Crusaders would never again be successful in retaking Jerusalem. After being conquered by the Khwarezmian forces, the city stayed under Muslim control until 1917, when it was taken from the Ottomans by the British.
After taking Jerusalem, the Khwarezmian forces continued south, and on October 17 fought on the side of the Ayyubids at the Battle of Harbiyah, northeast of Gaza, killing the remains of the Crusader Christian army there, some 1,200 knights. It was the largest battle involving the crusaders since the Battle of the Horns of Hattin in 1187.[22]
The remains of the Muslim Khwarezmians served in Egypt as Mamluk mercenaries until they were finally beaten by al-Mansur Ibrahim some years later.
Khwarizmi war captives assimilated into the Mongols, forming the modern Mongolian clan Sartuul.
Rulers of Khwarezm
Governors of Khwarezm, the Mamunid dynasty
| Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Amir امیر |
Abu Ali Mamun ibn Muhammad ابو علی المأمون ابن محمد |
995–997 C.E. |
| Amir امیر |
Abul-Hasan Ali ibn Mamun ابو الحسن علی ابن المأمون |
997–1008/9 C.E. |
| Amir امیر |
Abul-Abbas Mamun ibn Mamun ابو العباس مأمون ابن المأمون |
1008/9–1017 C.E. |
| Amir امیر |
Abul-Harith Muhammad ibn Ali ابو الحارث محمد ابن علی |
1017 C.E. |
| Absorbed into the Ghaznavid Empire by Mahmud ibn Sebuktigin;he made Altun Tash its governor. | ||
- Blue Row Signifies vassalage of Samanid Empire.
- Green Rows Signify vassalage of Ghaznavid Empire.
Altun-Tashid Governors of Khwarezm
| Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Amir امیر |
Abu Sa'id Altun-Tash ابو سعید التون طاش |
1017–1032 C.E. |
| Amir امیر |
Harun ibn Altun-Tash ہارون ابن التون طاش |
1032–1034 C.E. |
| Amir امیر |
Ismail Khandan ibn Altun-Tash اسماعیل خاندان ابن التون طاش |
1034–1041 C.E. |
| Re-conquest by Ghaznavid Empire under Mas'ud ibn Mahmud ibn Sebuktigin who sent his general Shah Malik, the Oghuz Turk | ||
- Green Rows Signify Ghaznavid Empire rule.
Non-dynastic
| Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Amir امیر Abul-Fawaris أبو الفوارس |
Shah-Malik ibn Ali شاہ ملک ابن علی |
1041–1042 C.E. |
| Conquest of Khwarezm by Tughril Beg and Chaghri Beg of the Seljuq Empire. | ||
- Green Row Signifies rule of Ghaznavid Empire.
Anushtiginids
| Title | Personal Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Shihna ؟ |
Anush Tigin Gharchai أنوش طگین غارچائی |
1077–1097 C.E. |
- Purple Row Signifies rule of Seljuq Empire.
Non-dynastic
| Title | Personal Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Shihna ؟ |
Ekinchi ibn Qochqar ایکینچی بن قوچار |
1097 C.E. |
- Purple Row Signifies rule of Seljuq Empire.
Anushtiginids
| Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shah شاہ Qutb ad-Din Abul-Fath قطب الدین ابو الفتح |
Arslan Tigin Muhammad ibn Anush Tigin ارسلان طگین محمد ابن أنوش طگین |
1097–1127/28 C.E. | ||
| Shah شاہ Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر |
Qizil Arslan Atsiz ibn Muhammad قزل ارسلان أتسز بن محمد |
1127 - 1156 C.E. | ||
| Shah شاہ Taj al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath تاج الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح |
Il-Arslan ibn Qizil Arslan Atsiz ایل ارسلان بن قزل ارسلان أتسز |
1156–1172 C.E. | ||
| Shah شاہ Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر |
Tekish ibn Il-Arslan تکش بن ایل ارسلان |
1172–1200 C.E. | ||
| Shah شاہ Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Qasim جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو القاسم |
Mahmud Sultan Shah ibn Il-Arslan محمود سلطان شاہ ابن ایل ارسلان Initially under regency of Turkan Khatun, his mother. He was a younger half-brother and rival of Tekish in Upper Khurasan |
1172–1193 C.E. | ||
| Shah شاہ Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح |
Muhammad ibn Tekish محمد بن تکش |
1200–1220 C.E. | ||
| Genghis Khan چنگیز خان Genghis Khan invades Khwarezmia forcing Muhammad ibn Tekish to flee along with his son to an island in the Caspian Sea where he would die of pleurisy. | ||||
| Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر |
Mingburnu ibn Muhammad مِنکُبِرنی ابن محمد |
1220–1231 C.E. | ||
| Establishment of Mongol Ilkhanate | ||||
- Purple Row Signifies Seljuq Empire rule.
- Pink Row Signifies suzerainty shifting between Qara-Khitay & Seljuq Empire
- Orange Rows Signify suzerainty of Qara-Khitay
- Pink Row Signifies suzerainty shifting between Qara-Khitay & Seljuq Empire
Family tree of Anushtiginid Dynasty
Notes
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
- Historic states represented in Turkish presidential seal
- Full list of Persian Kingdoms
- Khwarezmia
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Literature
- M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
Notes and references
- ^ Kathryn Babayan, Mystics, monarchs, and messiahs: cultural landscapes of early modern Iran, (Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 2003), 14.
- ^ Bobodzhan Gafurovich Gafurov, Central Asia:Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times, Vol.2, (Shipra Publications, 1989), 359.
- ^ Türklerin Tarihi, Harezmşahların Yükselişi, Gazneliler, Gûrlular ve Harezmşahlar, İstanbul 2012, p. 230-233
- ^ [[1]]
- ^ [[2]]
- ^ [[3]]
- ^ Bosworth in Camb. Hist. of Iran, Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, "Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"; Delhi, 2005; ISBN 81-7541-246-1
- ^ C. E. Bosworth, "CHORASMIA ii. In Islamic times" in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: "The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs." (LINK)
- ^ Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.
- ^ Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", (LINK)
- ^ C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994-1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 237.
- ^ C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994-1040, 237.
- ^ Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.
- ^ Rene, Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 168.
- ^ Rene, Grousset, 168.
- ^ Rene, Grousset, 169.
- ^ Rene, Grousset, 234.
- ^ Rene, Grousset, 237.
- ^ Patrick Porter, Military orientalism: Eastern war through Western eyes, (Columbia University Press, 2009), 137.
- ^ http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=90001012&ct=107&rqs=68&rqs=491&rqs=893
- ^ Riley-Smith The Crusades, p. 191