Simon Baron-Cohen: Difference between revisions

Simon Baron-Cohen
Simon Baron-Cohen
Born	15 August 1958 (age 66); London, England
Nationality	British
Citizenship	British and Canadian
Alma mater	New College, Oxford; King's College London; University College London
Known for	Autism research
Awards	Kanner-Asperger Medal 2013 (WGAS)
	Scientific career
Fields	Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Psychiatry
Institutions	University of Cambridge
Doctoral advisor	Uta Frith
Doctoral students	22 PhD students completed

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Simon Baron-Cohen FBA^[1] (born 15 August 1958) is Professor of Developmental Psychopathology in the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. He is the Director of the University's Autism Research Centre,^[2] and a Fellow of Trinity College.^[3] He is best known for his work on autism, including his early theory that autism involves degrees of "mind-blindness" (or delays in the development of theory of mind); and his later theory that autism is an extreme form of the "male brain", which involved a re-conceptualisation of typical psychological sex differences in terms of empathizing–systemizing theory.

Education

Baron-Cohen completed a BA in Human Sciences at New College, Oxford, and an MPhil in Clinical Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London. He did his PhD in Psychology at University College London under the supervision of Professor Uta Frith.

Research areas

Baron-Cohen was lead author of the first study of children with autism and delays in the development of a theory of mind (ToM) (Cognition, 1985).^[4] Much of his early work was in collaboration with his PhD supervisor Uta Frith.^[5]

Baron-Cohen's research over the subsequent 10 years provided much of the evidence for the ToM deficit hypothesis, culminating in three edited anthologies (Understanding Other Minds, 1993, 2000, 2013). His research group linked the origins of the ToM deficit to joint attention (Brit J. Dev Psychol, 1987) and said that absence of joint attention at 18 months is a predictor of later autism (British Journal of Psychiatry, 1992, 1996).^[6] Based on these and other findings, he proposed a model of the development of ‘mindreading’ in his widely cited monograph 'Mindblindness' (1995, MIT Press). Baron-Cohen has also conducted brain imaging work examining the autistic brain. These studies highlighted differences between the typical and autistic brain in the orbitofrontal cortex (Brit. J. Psychiatry, 1994) PMID 7866679 and the amygdala (Euro. J. Neuroscience, 1999), the latter leading him to propose the amygdala theory of autism (Neurosci. Behav. Rev. 2000). In 2010, with his former doctoral student Michael Lombardo, they showed that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (a region critical to self-understanding and taking others' perspectives^[7]) does not differentiate self from other in autism and accounts for variation in social deficits.^[8] In 2011, with Lombardo, they also showed that the right temporoparietal junction was hypoactive in autism during ToM tasks.^[9]

In the late 1990s Baron-Cohen developed the hypothesis that typical sex differences may provide a neurobiological and psychological understanding of autism (the empathizing–systemizing theory). The theory proposes that autism is an extreme of the male brain (J. Cog. Neurosci, 1997; TICS, 2002). This led to him situating ToM within the broader domain of empathy, and to the development of a new construct (systemizing). The extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism sees autism as being on a continuum with individual differences in the general population (sex differences). Baron-Cohen proposed that the cause of autism at a biological level may be hyper-masculinization. This hypothesis posits that certain features of autism (‘obsessions’ and repetitive behaviour, previously regarded as ‘purposeless’) as being highly purposive, intelligent (hyper-systemizing), and a sign of a different way of thinking. He wrote a popular book on the topic of sex differences and its relationship to autism (The Essential Difference, Penguin UK/Basic Books 2003).

Baron-Cohen launched the Cambridge Longitudinal Foetal Testosterone (FT) Project in the late 1990s, a research program following children of mothers who had amniocentesis. This aimed to study the effects of individual differences in FT on later child development. This was summarised in a technical monograph (Prenatal Testosterone in Mind, 2004, MIT Press). This study revealed that FT is negatively correlated with social and language development, and is positively correlated with attention to detail and a number of autistic traits (Brit. J. Psychology, 2009). His work studying FT led him to test the hyper-masculinization of autism at the psychometric level and in regard to developmental neurobiology (Science, 2005; PLOS Biology, 2011). The role of foetal testosterone in autism is currently being tested in clinical cases, and has some support from the discovery from Baron-Cohen's lab of androgen-related genes being associated with autistic traits, empathy, and Asperger syndrome (Autism Research, 2009), and from the finding that a precursor to testosterone (androstenedione) is elevated in autism (Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2011). With Mike Lombardo he conducted the first study in humans of where FT influences grey matter in the brain (J. Neuroscience 2012). He is currently collaborating with the Danish Biobank to test if FT and related fetal sex steroids are elevated in people who go on to develop autism.

Baron-Cohen has developed software for special education (Mindreading)^[10] and an animation series to teach children with autism to recognise and understand emotions (The Transporters)^[11] both of which were BAFTA nominated and have been scientifically evaluated to show that they have benefit to emotional and social learning in autism. Baron-Cohen's work was applied to intervention in the book "Teaching Children With Autism To Mindread" (Wiley, 1997).

Baron-Cohen has worked in another research area: synaesthesia, a neurological condition in which a sensation in one modality (e.g., hearing) triggers a perception in another modality (e.g., colour). He and his colleagues were the first to develop the Test of Genuineness (Perception, 1987) and suggest that synaesthesia is the result of a breakdown in modularity (Perception, 1993). They were also the first to confirm the existence of synaesthesia using neuroimaging (Brain, 1995 and Nature Neuroscience, 1999) and to demonstrate that it is a heritable condition, conducting the first genetic study of synaesthesia (Perception, 1996; American Journal of Human Genetics, 2009).

Baron-Cohen is co-editor in chief of the journal Molecular Autism.^[12] and was Chair of the NICE Guideline Development Group for adults with autism (2012). He is also an NHS Consultant Clinical Psychologist and Director of the CLASS Clinic (Cambridge Lifespan Asperger Syndrome Service), a clinic he set up in 1999 which pioneered diagnosis of Asperger Syndrome in adults.

Media

Baron-Cohen appeared on Private Passions, on 13 April 2008, the biographical music discussion programme hosted by Michael Berkeley on BBC Radio 3.^[13]

In an article in 2000 (Development and Psychopathology) Baron-Cohen argued that high-functioning autism or Asperger Syndrome need not just lead to disability, but can also lead to talent. He explored this in a talk at the Wired 2012 Conference [1]. In 2012 he also presented a TEDx talk at Parliament UK entitled The Erosion of Empathy (on the topic of the causes of cruelty) [2]. He has appeared in many television science documentaries, one example being Brainman in which he diagnosed Daniel Tammet (who has extreme memory) with both synaesthesia and Asperger Syndrome. In 2013 he presented a second TEDx talk at Kings College London entitled Autism, Sex, and Science (on the topic of why both autism and the mathematical sciences have a male bias).

In 2008 Baron-Cohen assessed Gary McKinnon, the British computer hacker who had been accused of breaking into 97 United States military and NASA computer networks in 2001 and 2002, and diagnosed him as having Asperger Syndrome, which was used by McKinnon's legal defence team to successfully overturn extradition to the US to stand trial.

In 2011 Baron-Cohen appeared in TIME Magazine, featuring his 'assortative mating' theory of autism.^[14]

Personal life and awards

Baron-Cohen was awarded the Spearman Medal from the British Psychological Society (BPS), the McAndless Award from the American Psychological Association, the May Davison Award for Clinical Psychology from the BPS, and the Presidents Award from the BPS. He was President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science Section for Psychology in 2007, and was Vice President of the International Society for Autism Research (INSAR) for 2009-11. He is also a Vice President of the National Autistic Society (UK). He is a Fellow of the BPS, the BA, and the Association of Psychological Science. He was awarded the Kanner-Asperger Medal in 2013 by the WGAS (Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Autismus Spektrum) as a Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to autism research internationally.

Baron-Cohen is the son of Judith and Vivian Baron-Cohen. He is married to Bridget Lindley^{[citation needed]} and together they have three children. His brothers are film director Ash Baron Cohen and Dan Baron Cohen (International Drama and Education Association). His sisters are Suzannah Baron Cohen and acupuncturist Aliza Baron Cohen. His cousins include computer scientist Amnon Baron Cohen, composer and musician Erran Baron Cohen, comic actor Sacha Baron Cohen,^[15]^[16] composer Lewis Furey, film producer Daniel Louis, playwright Richard Greenblatt, University of Washington chemistry professor Seymour Rabinovitch, University of Montana Japanese professor Judith Rabinovitch, and film-director Mark Robson. His maternal grandfather was Montreal QC Michael Greenblatt, President of the Canadian Friends of the Hebrew University and President of the Montreal Jewish General Hospital, whose brother Professor Robert Greenblatt at the Medical College of Georgia produced the first contraceptive pill. ^[17]

Selected publications

Books

Baron-Cohen's single authored books:

Baron-Cohen, S (1995) Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. MIT Press/Bradford Books.
Baron-Cohen, S (2003) The Essential Difference: men, women and the extreme male brain. Penguin/Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7139-9671-5
Baron-Cohen, S (2008) Autism and Asperger Syndrome: The Facts. OUP.
Baron-Cohen, S (2011) Zero Degrees of Empathy: A new theory of human cruelty. Penguin/Allen Lane. This appears under a different title in the US:
Baron-Cohen, S (2011) The Science of Evil: On empathy and the origins of human cruelty. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02353-0

His multi-authored and edited books include:

Baron-Cohen, S, and Bolton, P, (1993) Autism: the facts. Oxford University Press.
Baron-Cohen, S, Tager-Flusberg, H, and Cohen, D.J. (eds,) (1993) Understanding other minds: perspectives from autism. Oxford University Press.
Baron-Cohen, S, & Harrison, J, (eds: 1997) Synaesthesia: classic and contemporary readings. Blackwells.
Baron-Cohen S, ed. (1997). The maladapted mind: classic readings in evolutionary psychopathology. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press/Taylor Francis Group. ISBN 0-86377-460-1. Retrieved 21 January 2011Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)</ref>
Howlin, P, Baron-Cohen, S, Hadwin, J, & Swettenham, J, (1999). Teaching children with autism to mind-read. Wiley.
Robertson, M, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1998) Tourette Syndrome: The facts. Oxford University Press.
Baron-Cohen, S, Tager-Flusberg, H, & Cohen, D, (eds. 2000). Understanding other minds: perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience. Oxford University Press.
Baron-Cohen, S & Wheelwright, S, (2004) An exact mind. Jessica Kingsley Ltd. Artwork by Peter Myers.
Baron-Cohen, S, Lutchmaya, S, & Knickmeyer, R, (2005) Prenatal testosterone in mind: Studies of amniotic fluid. MIT Press/Bradford Books.
Baron-Cohen, S, Tager-Flusberg, H, and Cohen, D.J. (eds,) (2007) Understanding other minds: perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience – 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press.
Baron-Cohen, S, Tager-Flusberg, H, and Lombardo, M.V. (eds) (2013) Understanding other minds: perspectives from social cognitive neuroscience – 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press.
Hadwin, J, Howlin, P, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2008) Teaching children with autism to mindread: a handbook. Wiley.

His peer reviewed journal articles (in chronological order) include: 1985 1. Baron-Cohen, S, Leslie, A.M., & Frith, U, (1985) Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind?” Cognition, 21, 37-46. 1986 2. Baron-Cohen, S, Leslie, A.M., & Frith, U, (1986) Mechanical, behavioural and Intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 113-125. 1987 3. Baron-Cohen, S, (1987) Autism and symbolic play. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 139-148. 4. Baron-Cohen, S, Wyke, M, & Binnie, C, (1987) Hearing words and seeing colours: an experimental investigation of a case of synaesthesia. Perception, 16, 761-767. 1988 5. Baron-Cohen, S, (1988) Social and pragmatic deficits in autism: cognitive or affective? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 379-402. 6. Baron-Cohen, S, (1988) An assessment of violence in a young man with Asperger's syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 351-360. 1989 7. Baron-Cohen, S, (1989) The autistic child's theory of mind: a case of specific developmental delay. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 285-298. 8. Baron-Cohen, S, (1989) Perceptual role taking and proto-declarative pointing in autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7, 113-127. 9. Baron-Cohen, S, (1989) Do autistic children have obsessions and compulsions? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 193-200. 10. Baron-Cohen, S, (1989) Are autistic children behaviourists? An examination of their mental-physical and appearance-reality distinctions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 579-600. 11. Baron-Cohen, S, (1989) Joint attention deficits in autism: towards a cognitive analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 185-189. 1990 12. Baron-Cohen, S, (1990) Autism: a specific cognitive disorder of “mind-blindness”. International Review of Psychiatry, 2, 79-88. 1991 13. Baron-Cohen, S, (1991) The development of a theory of mind in autism: deviance and delay? Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 33-51. 14. Baron-Cohen, S, (1991) Do people with autism understand what causes emotion? Child Development, 62, 385-395. 15. Baron-Cohen, S, (1991) The theory of mind deficit in autism: how specific is it? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 301-314. 1992 16. Baron-Cohen, S, (1992) The theory of mind hypothesis of autism: history and prospects of the idea. The Psychologist, 5, 9-12. 17. Baron-Cohen, S, (1992) Out of sight or out of mind: another look at deception in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 1141-1155. 18. Baron-Cohen, S, Allen, J, & Gillberg, C, (1992) Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 839-843. 19. Baron-Cohen, S, & Cross, P, (1992) Reading the eyes: evidence for the role of perception in the development of a theory of mind. Mind and Language, 6, 173-186. 20. Charman, T, and Baron-Cohen, S, (1992) Understanding beliefs and drawings: a further test of the metarepresentation theory of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 1105-1112. 21. McManus, I.C., Murray, B, Doyle, K, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1992) Handedness in childhood autism shows a dissociation of skill and preference. Cortex, 28, 373-381. 22. Phillips, W, Baron-Cohen, S, & Rutter, M, (1992) The role of eye contact in the detection of goals: evidence from normal toddlers, and children with autism or mental handicap. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 375-383. 1993 23. Baron-Cohen, S, Harrison, J, Goldstein, L, and Wyke, M, (1993) Coloured speech perception: Is synaesthesia what happens when modularity breaks down? Perception, 22, 419-426. 24. Baron-Cohen, S, Spitz, A, & Cross, P, (1993) Do children with autism recognize surprise? Cognition and Emotion, 7, 507-516. 25. Charman, T, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1993) Drawing development in autism: the intellectual to visual realism shift. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11, 171-185. 26. Goodhart, F, & Baron-Cohen (1993) How many ways can children with autism make the point? First Language, 13, 225-233. 27. Holroyd, S, and Baron-Cohen, S, (1993) Brief Report: How far can people with autism go in developing a theory of mind? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23, 379-386. 1994 28. Baron-Cohen, S, (1994) How to build a baby that can read minds: Cognitive mechanisms in mindreading. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/ Current Psychology of Cognition, 13, 513-552. 29. Baron-Cohen, S, (1994) The Mindreading System: new directions for research. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/ Current Psychology of Cognition, 13(5), 724-750. 30. Baron-Cohen, S, Cross, P, Crowson, M, & Robertson, M, (1994) Can children with Tourette's Syndrome edit their intentions? Psychological Medicine, 24, 29-40. 31. Baron-Cohen, S, & Goodhart, F, (1994) The “seeing leads to knowing” deficit in autism: the Pratt and Bryant probe. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 397-402. 32. Baron-Cohen, S, Ring, H, Moriarty, J, Shmitz, P, Costa, D, & Ell, P, (1994) Recognition of mental state terms: a clinical study of autism, and a functional neuroimaging study of normal adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 640-649. 33. Baron-Cohen, S, & Staunton, R, (1994) Do children with autism acquire the phonology of their peers? An examination of group identification through the window of bilingualism. First Language, 14, 241-248. 34. Charman, T, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1994) Another look at imitation in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 403-413. 35. Harrison, J, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1994) Synaesthesia: an account of coloured hearing. Leonardo, 27, 343-346. 1995 36. Baron-Cohen, S, Campbell, R, Karmiloff-Smith, A, Grant, J, & Walker, J, (1995) Are children with autism blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 379-398. 37. Baron-Cohen, S, & Robertson, M, (1995) Children with either autism, Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, or both: mapping cognition to specific syndromes. Neurocase, 1, 101-104. 38. Campbell, R, Walker, J, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1995) The development of differential use of inner and outer face features in the development of familiar face identification. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 59, 196-210. 39. Charman, T, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1995) Understanding models, photos, and beliefs: a test of the modularity thesis of metarepresentation. Cognitive Development, 10, 287-298. 40. Karmiloff-Smith, A, Klim, E, Bellugi, U, Grant, J, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1995) Is there a social module? Language, face-processing and theory of mind in subjects with William's Syndrome and autism. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 196-208. 41. Paulesu, E, Harrison, J, Baron-Cohen, S, Watson, J, Goldstein, L, Heather, J, Frakowiak, R, and Frith, C, (1995) The physiology of coloured hearing. A Positron Emission Tomography activation study of coloured-word synaesthesia. Brain, 118, 661-676. 42. Phillips, W, Baron-Cohen, S, & Rutter, M, (1995) To what extent do children with autism understand desires? Development and Psychopathology, 7, 151-170. 43. Phillips, W, Gomez, J-C, Baron-Cohen, S, Riviere, A, & Laa, V, (1995) Treating people as objects, agents, or subjects: How young children with and without autism make requests. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 1383-1398. 1996 44. Baron-Cohen, S, Burt, L, Smith-Leyton, F, Harrison, J, & Bolton, P, (1996) Synaesthesia: prevalence and familiality. Perception, 25, 1073-1079. 45. Baron-Cohen, S, Cox, A, Baird, G, Swettenham, J, Drew, A, Nightingale, N, Morgan, K, & Charman, T, (1996) Psychological markers of autism at 18 months of age in a large population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 158-163. 46. Baron-Cohen, S, Riviere, A, Cross, P, Fukushima, M, Bryant, C, Sotillo, M, Hadwin, J, & French, D, (1996) Reading the Mind in the Face: A cross-cultural and developmental study. Visual Cognition, 3, 39-59. 47. Hadwin, J, Baron-Cohen, S, Howlin, P, & Hill, K, (1996) Can we teach children with autism to understand emotions, belief, or pretence? Development and Psychopathology. 8, 345-365. 48. Harrison, J, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1996) Acquired and inherited form of cross-modal correspondence. Neurocase, 2, 245-249. 49. Scott, F, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1996) Logical, analogical, and psychological reasoning in autism: a test of the Cosmides theory. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 235-246. 50. Scott, F, Baron-Cohen, S, (1996) Imagining real and unreal objects: an investigation of imagination in autism. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 400-411. 51. Surian, L, Baron-Cohen, S, & Van der Lely, H, (1996) Are children with autism deaf to Gricean Maxims? Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 1, 55-72. 52. Swettenham, J, Baron-Cohen, S, Gomez, J-C, & Walsh, S, (1996) What's inside a person's head? Conceiving of the mind as a camera helps children with autism develop an alternative theory of mind. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 1, 73-88. 1997 53. Baron-Cohen, S. (1997) Hey! It was just a joke! Understanding propositions and propositional attitudes by normally developing children, and children with autism. Israel Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 174-178. 54. Baron-Cohen, S, Baldwin, D, & Crowson, M, (1997) Do children with autism use the Speaker's Direction of Gaze (SDG) strategy to crack the code of language? Child Development, 68, 48-57. 55. Baron-Cohen, S, & Hammer, J, (1997) Is autism an extreme form of the male brain? Advances in Infancy Research, 11, 193-217. 56. Baron-Cohen, S, & Hammer, J, (1997) Parents of children with Asperger Syndrome: What is the cognitive e phenotype? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 548-554. 57. Baron-Cohen, S, Jolliffe, T, Mortimore, C, & Robertson, M (1997) Another advanced test of theory of mind: evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 813-822. 58. Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, & Jolliffe, T, (1997) Is there a “language of the eyes”? Evidence from normal adults and adults with autism/Asperger’s Syndrome. Visual Cognition, 4, 311-331. 59. Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Stott, C, Bolton, P, & Goodyer, I, (1997) Is there a link between engineering and autism? Autism, 1, 101-108. 60. Charman, T, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1997) Brief report: prompted pretend play in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 325-332. 61. Charman, T, Swettenham, J, Baron-Cohen, S, Cox, A, & Baird, G, (1997) Infants with autism: an investigation of empathy, joint attention, pretend play, and imitation. Developmental Psychology, 33, 781-789. 62. Hadwin, J, Baron-Cohen, S, Howlin, P, & Hill, K, (1997) Does teaching a theory of mind have an effect on social communication in children with autism? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 519-538. 63. Jolliffe, T, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1997) Are people with autism or Asperger Syndrome faster than normal on the Embedded Figures Task? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 527-534. 64. Leekam, S, Baron-Cohen, S, Brown, S, Perrett, D, & Milders, M, (1997) Eye-Direction Detection: a dissociation between geometric and joint-attention skills in autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, 77-95. 1998 65. Baron-Cohen, S, Bolton, P, Wheelwright, S, Scahill, V, Short, L, Mead, G, & Smith, A, (1998) Does autism occur more often in families of physicists, engineers, and mathematicians? Autism, 2, 296-301. 66. Charman, T, Baron-Cohen, S, Swettenham, J, Cox, A, Baird, G, & Drew, A, (1998) An experimental investigation of social-cognitive abilities in infants with autism: Clinical implications. Infant Mental Health Journal, 19, 260-275. 67. Craig, J, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1998) Do children with autism talk about their dreams? Predictions from the “theory of mind” hypothesis. (L’hypothèse de la theorie de l’esprit: Les enfants autistes parlent - il de leurs rêves?) Psychologie Francaise, 43, 169-176. 68. Phillips, W, Baron-Cohen, S, & Rutter, M, (1998) Understanding intention in normal development and in autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16, 337-348. 69. Plaisted, K, O’Riordan, M, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1998) Enhanced visual search for a conjunctive target in autism: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 777-783. 70. Plaisted, K, O’Riordan, M, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1998) Enhanced discrimination of novel, highly similar stimuli by adults with autism during a perceptual learning task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 765-775. 71. Stone, V, Baron-Cohen, S, & Knight, R, (1998) Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 640-656. 72. Swettenham, J, Baron-Cohen, S, Charman, T, Cox, A, Baird, G, Drew, A, Rees, L, & Wheelwright, S, (1998) The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and non-social stimuli in autistic, typically developing, and non-autistic developmentally delayed infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 747-753. 73. Tager-Flusberg, H, Boshart, J, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1998) Reading the windows to the soul: evidence of domain specificity sparing in Williams Syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 631-639. 1999 74. Baron-Cohen, S, (1999) Does the study of autism justify minimalist innate modularity? Learning and Individual Differences, 10, 179-191. 75. Baron-Cohen, S, (1999) Can studies of autism teach us about consciousness of the physical and the mental? Special Issue of Philosophical Explorations, 3, 175-188. 76. Baron-Cohen, S, Mortimore, C, Moriarty, J, Robertson, M, & Izaguirre, J, (1999) The prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 213-218. 77. Baron-Cohen, S, O’Riordan, M, Jones, R, Stone, V, & Plaistead, K, (1999) Recognitiondul of faux pas in normal children and children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 407-418. 78. Baron-Cohen, S, Ring, H, Wheelwright, S, Bullmore, E, Brammer, M, Simmons, A, & Williams, S, (1999) Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 1891-1898. 79. Baron-Cohen, S, Saunders, K, & Chakrabati, S, (1999) Does autism cluster geographically? A research note. Autism, 31, 39-43. 80. Baron-Cohen, S, Scahill, V L, Izaguirre, J, Hornsey, H, & Robertson, M M, (1999) The prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in children and adolescents with autism: A large scale study. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1151-1159. 81. Baron-Cohen, S, & Wheelwright, S, (1999) Obsessions in children with autism or Asperger Syndrome: a content analysis in terms of core domains of cognition. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 484-490. 82. Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Stone, V, & Rutherford, M, (1999) A mathematician, a physicist, and a computer scientist with Asperger Syndrome: performance on folk psychology and folk physics tests. Neurocase, 5, 475-483. 83. Campbell, R, Walker, J, Benson, P, Wallace, S, Coleman, M, Michelotti, J, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1999) When does the inner face advantage in familiar face recognition arise, and why? Visual Cognition, 6, 197-216. 84. Cox, A, Klein, K, Baird, G, Swettenham, J, Nightingale, N, Drew, A, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1999) Autism spectrum disorders at 20 and 42 months of age: stability of clinical and ADI-R diagnosis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 719-732. 85. Craig, J, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1999) Creativity and imagination in autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 319-326. 86. Driver, J, Davis, G, Ricciardelli, P, Kidd, P, Maxwell, E, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1999) Shared attention and the social brain: gaze perception triggers automatic visuospatial orienting in adults. Visual Cognition, 6, 509-540. 87. Jolliffe, T, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1999) Linguistic processing in high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome: Can local coherence be achieved? A test of central coherence theory. Cognition, 71, 149-185. 88. Jolliffe, T, & Baron-Cohen, S, (1999) The Strange Stories Test: A replication with high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 395-404. 89. Ring, H, Baron-Cohen, S, Williams, S, Wheelwright, S, Bullmore, E, Brammer, M, & Andrew, C, (1999) Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism. A functional MRI study of Embedded Figures Task performance. Brain, 122, 1305-1315. 90. Scott, F, Baron-Cohen, S, & Leslie, A, (1999) “If pigs could fly”: a test of counterfactual reasoning and pretence in children with autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 349-362. 2000 91. Baird, G, Cox, A, Charman, T, Baron-Cohen, S, Swettenham, J, Wheelwright, S, & Drew, A, (2000) A screening instrument for autism at 18 months of age: A six year follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 694-702. 92. Baron-Cohen, S, (2000) Is Asperger Syndrome/high functioning autism necessarily a disability? Development and Psychopathology, 12, 489-500. 93. Baron-Cohen, S, Ring, H, Bullmore, E, Wheelwright, S, Ashwin, C, & Williams, S, (2000) The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience and Behavioural Reviews, 24, 355-364. 94. Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Cox, A, Baird, G, Charman, T, Swettenham, J, Drew, A, & Doehring, P, (2000) Early identification of autism: the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 93, 521-525. 95. Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Cox, A, Baird, G, Charman, T, Swettenham, J, Drew, A, & Doehring, P, (2000) Early identification of autism: the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT). Journal of Developmental and Learning Disorders, 4, 3-30. 96. Batki, A, Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Connellan, J, & Ahluwalia, J, (2000) Is there an innate gaze module? Evidence from human neonates. Infant Behavior and Development, 23, 223-229. 97. Charman, T, Baron-Cohen, S, Swettenham, J, Baird, G, Cox, A, & Drew, A, (2000) Testing joint attention, imitation, and play as infancy precursors language and theory of mind. Cognitive Development, 15, 481-498. 98. Connellan, J, Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Ba’tki, A, & Ahluwalia, J, (2000) Sex differences in human neonatal social perception. Infant Behavior and Development, 23, 113-118. 99. Craig, J, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2000) Story-telling ability in children with autism or Asperger syndrome: A Window into the Imagination. 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Wheelwright, S, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2001) The link between autism and skills such as engineering, maths, physics, and computing: A reply to Jarrold and Routh, Autism, 1998, 2: 281-289. Autism, 5, 223-227. 2002 115. Adolphs, R, Baron-Cohen, S, & Tranel, D, (2002) Impaired Recognition of Social Emotions Following Amygdala Damage. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 1-11. 116. Baron-Cohen, S, (2002) The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 248-254. 117. Bolton, D, Dearsley, P, Madronal-Luque, R, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2002) Magical thinking in childhood and adolescence: development and relation to obsessive compulsion. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, 479-494. 118. Drew, A, Baird, G, Baron-Cohen, S, Cox, A, Slonims V, Wheelwright, S, Swettenham, J, Berry, B, & Charman, T, (2002) A pilot randomised control trial of a parent training intervention for pre-school children with autism. European Child & Adult Psychiatry, 11, 266-272. 119. Gray, J, Baron-Cohen, S, Brammer, M, J, Chopping, S, Nunn, J, Parslow, D, Gregory, L, Williams, S, (2002) Implications of Synaesthesia for Functionalism: Theory and Experiments. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 9, 5-31. 120. Gregory, C, Lough, S, Stone, V, Erzinclioglu, S, Martin, L, Baron-Cohen, S, & Hodges, J, (2002) Theory of mind in patients with frontal variant fronto-temporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: Theoretical and practical implications. Brain, 125, 752-764. 121. Lutchmaya, S, Baron-Cohen, S, & Raggatt, P, (2002) Foetal testosterone and vocabulary size in 18 and 24 month old infants. Infant Behaviour and Development, 24, 418-424. 122. Lutchmaya, S, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2002) Human sex differences in social and non-social looking preferences at 12 months of age. Infant Behaviour and Development, 25, 319-325. 123. Lutchmaya, S, Baron-Cohen, S, & Raggatt, P, (2002) Foetal testosterone and eye contact in 12-month-old infants. Infant Behaviour and Development, 25, 327-335. 124. Nunn, J, Gregory, L, Morris, R, Brammer, M, Bullmore, E, Harrison, J, Williams, S, Baron-Cohen, S, and Gray, J, (2002) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of synaesthesia: activation of colour vision area V4/V8 by spoken words. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 371-375. 125. Rutherford, M, Baron-Cohen, S, Stone, V, & Wheelwright, S, (2002) Reading the mind in the voice: A study with normal adults and adults with Asperger syndrome or high, functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 189-194. 126. Scott, F, Baron-Cohen, S, Bolton P, Brayne, C, (2002) The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test): Preliminary development of a UK screen for mainstream primary-school age children Autism, 6, 9-31. 127. Scott, F, Baron-Cohen, S, Bolton, P, & Brayne, C, (2002) Prevalence of autism spectrum conditions in children aged 5-11 years in Cambridgeshire, UK. Autism, 6, 231-237. 128. Wellman, H, Baron-Cohen, S, Caswell, R, Gomez, J-C, Swettenham, J, & Toye, E, (2002) Thought-bubbles help children with autism acquire an alternative to a theory of mind. Autism, 6, 343-363. 2003 129. Baron-Cohen, S, Richler, J, Bisarya, D, Gurunathan, N, & Wheelwright, S, (2003) The Systemising Quotient (SQ): An investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism and normal sex differences. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, 358, 361-374. 130. Baron-Cohen, S, & Wheelwright, S, (2003) The Friendship Questionnaire: An investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 509-517. 131. Charman, T, Baron-Cohen, S, Swettenham, J, Baird, G, Drew, A, & Cox, A, (2003) Predicting language outcome in infants with autism and pervasive development disorder. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38, 265-285. 132. Richell, R A, Mitchell, D G V, Newman, C, Leonard, A, Baron-Cohen, S, & Blair, J, (2003) Theory of Mind and Psychopathy: can psychopathic individuals read the “language of the eyes”? Neuropsychologia, 41, 523-526. 133. Shaw, P, Lawrence E, Baron-Cohen, S, David, A.S, (2003) Role of the amygdala in social sensitivity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 985, 508-510. 134. Stone, V, Baron-Cohen, S, Young, A, Calder, A, & Keane, J, (2003) Acquired theory of mind impairments in individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions. Neuropsychologia, 41, 209-220. 135. Wicker, B, Perrett, D, Baron-Cohen, S, & Decety, J, (2003) Being the target of another’s emotion: a PET study. Neuropsychologia, 41, 139-146. 2004 136. Baron-Cohen, S, (2004) Autism: Research into causes and intervention. Paediatric Rehabilitation, 7, 73-78. 137. Baron-Cohen, S, (2004) The Cognitive Neuroscience of Autism, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 75, 945-948. 138. 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Ashwin, C, Wheelwright, S, and Baron-Cohen, S, (2005) Laterality biases to chimeric faces in Asperger Syndrome: What is ‘right’ about face processing? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 183-196. 144. Baron-Cohen, S, & Belmonte, M, (2005) Autism: a window onto the development of the social and the analytic brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 109-126. 145. Baron-Cohen, S, Knickmeyer, R, & Belmonte, M (2005) Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism. Science, 310, 819-823. 146. Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, & Robinson, J, Woodbury-Smith, M, (2005) The Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA): A diagnostic method. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 807-819. 147. Goldenfeld, N, Baron-Cohen, S, & Wheelwright, S (2005) Empathizing and systemizing in males, females, and autism. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 2, 338-345. 148. Grice, S, Johnson, M, Griffin, R, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2005) Neural Correlates of Eye-Gaze Detection in Young Children with Autism. Cortex, 41, 342-353. 149. Johnson, M, H, Griffin, R, Csibra, G, Halit, H, Farroni, T, de Haan, M, Tucker, L, A, Baron-Cohen, S, & Richards, J (2005) The emergence of the social brain network: evidence from typical and atypical development. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 599-619. 150. Knickmeyer, R, Baron-Cohen, S, Raggatt, P, & Taylor, K (2005) Foetal testosterone, social relationships, and restricted interests in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46,198-210. 151. Knickmeyer, R, Baron-Cohen, S, & Wheelwright, S (2005) Gender-typed play and amniotic testosterone. Developmental Psychology, 41, 517-528. 152. Shaw, P, Bramham, J, Lawrence, E, Morris, R, Baron-Cohen, S, and David, A, (2005) The differential effects of lesions of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex on recognizing facial expressions of complex emotions. 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Knickmeyer, R, Hoekstra, R, Wheelwright, S & Baron-Cohen, S, (2006) Age of Menarche in Females with Autism Spectrum Conditions. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 48, 1007-1008. 183. Ronald, A, Happé, F, Bolton, P, Butcher, L, Wheelwright, S, Baron-Cohen, S, & Plomin, R, (2006) Genetic heterogeneity between the three components of the autism spectrum: a twin study. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 691-699. 184. Ronald, A, Happe, F, Price, T, S, Baron-Cohen, S, & Plomin, R, (2006) Phenotypic and genetic overlap between autistic traits at the extremes of the general population. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1206-1214. 185. Saxe, R & Baron-Cohen, S, (2006) Editorial: The neuroscience of theory of mind. Social Neuroscience, 1, i-ix. 186. Wakabayashi, A, Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, & Tojo, Y (2006) The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) in Japan: a cross-cultural comparison. 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Wheelwright, S, Baron-Cohen, S, Goldenfeld, N, Delaney, J, Fine, D, Smith, R, Weil, L & Wakabayashi, A, (2006) Predicting autism spectrum quotient (AQ) from the Systemizing Quotient-Revised (SQ-R) and Empathy Quotient (EQ). Brain Research, 1079, 47-56. 191. Williams, J, Allison, C, Scott, F, Stott, C, Bolton, P, Baron-Cohen, S, & Brayne, C, (2006) The Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test (CAST): Test-retest reliability sample. Autism, 10, 415-427. 192. Yirmiya, N, Gamliel, I, Pilowsky, T, Feldman, R, Baron-Cohen, S, and Sigman, M, (2006) The development of siblings of children with autism at 4 and 14 months: social engagement, communication and cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 511-523. 2007 193. Allison, C, Williams, J, Scott, F, Stott, C, Bolton, P, Baron-Cohen, S, & Brayne, C, (2007) The Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test (CAST): Test-retest reliability in a high scoring sample. Autism, 11, 173-185. 194. Ashwin, C, Baron-Cohen, S, O’Riordan, M, Wheelwright, S, & Bullmore, E, T, (2007) Differential activation of the amygdala and the ‘social brain’ during fearful face-processing in Asperger Syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2-14. 195. Baron-Cohen, S, (2007) Review: Autism. Advances in Clinical Neuroscience & Rehabilitation, 7, 10. 196. Baron-Cohen, S, Bor, D, Billington, J, Asher, J, Wheelwright, S, & Ashwin, C, (2007) Savant memory in a man with colour-number synaesthesia and Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 14, 237-251. 197. Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Burtenshaw, A, Hobson, E, (2007) Mathematical talent is linked to autism. Human Nature, 18, 125-131. 198. Billington, J, Baron-Cohen, S, & Wheelwright, S, (2007) Cognitive style predicts entry into physical sciences and humanities: Questionnaire and performance tests of empathy and systemizing. Learning and Individual Differences, 17, 260-268. 199. 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Ingudomnukul, E, Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, & Knickmeyer, R, (2007) Elevated rates of testosterone-related disorders in a sample of women with autism spectrum conditions. Hormones and Behavior, 5, 597-604 204. La Cava, P, G, Golan, O, Baron-Cohen, S, & Smith Myles, B, (2007) Using assistive technology to teach emotion recognition to students with Asperger Syndrome. Remedial and Special Education, 28, 174-181. 205. Lombardo, M, Barnes, J, L, Wheelwright, S & Baron-Cohen, S, (2007) Self-referential cognition and empathy in autism. PLOS One, 2, e883. 206. Wakabayashi, A, Baron-Cohen, S, Uchiyama, T, Tojo, Y, Yoshida, Y, Kuroda, M, & Wheelwright, S, (2007) The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Children’s Version in Japan: a cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 491-500. 207. 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Stahl D, Pickles A, Elsabbagh M, Johnson M.H, BASIS Team, (2012) Novel machine learning methods for ERP analysis: a validation from research on infants at risk for autism. Developmental Neuropsychology, 37 (3): 274-98. 318. Sundram, F, Deeley, Q, Sarkar, S, Daly, E, Latham, R, Craig, M, Raczek, M, Fahy, T, Picchioni, M, Barker, G.J, Murphy, D.G.M, Bailey, A.J, Baron-Cohen, S, Bolton, P.F, Bullmore, E.T, Carrington, S, Chakrabarti, B, Daly, E.M, Deoni, S.C, Ecker, C, Happe, F, Henty, J, Jezzard, P, Johnston, P, Jones, D.K, Lai, M-C, Lombardo, M.V, Madden, A, Mullins, D, Murphy, C.M, Pasco, G, Sadek, S, Spain, D, Steward, R, Suckling, J, Wheelwright, S, Williams, S.C (2012) White matter microstructural abnormalities in the frontal lobe of adults with antisocial personality disorder. Cortex, 48 (2): 216-229. 319. Tavassoli, T, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2012) Olfactory Detection Thresholds and Adaptation in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions. 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Clark-Elford, R, Nathan, P, Auyeung, B, Voon, V, Sule, A, Müller, U, Dudas, R, Sahakian, B, Phan, K,L, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2013) The effects of oxytocin on social reward learning in humans. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, (epub ahead of print). 334. Clifford, S, Hudry, K, Elsabbagh, M, Charman, T, Johnson, M, & The BASIS Team, (2013). Temperament in the first 2 years of life in infants at high-risk for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 673-686. 335. Ecker, C, Ginestet, C, Feng, Y, Johnston, P, Lombardo, M, Lai, M, Suckling, J, Palaniyyan, L, Daly, E, Murphy, C, Williams, S, Bullmore, E, Baron-Cohen, S, Brammer, M, Murphy, D, and the MRC AIMS Consortium, (2013) Brain surface anatomy in adults with autism: the relationship between surface area, cortical thickness and autistic symptoms. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 70(1), 59-70. 336. Ecker, C, Ronan, L, Feng, Y, Daly, E, Murphy, C, Ginestet, C, Brammer, M, Fletcher, P, Bullmore, E, Suckling, J, Baron-Cohen, S, Williams, S, Loth, E, MRC AIMS Consortium, & Murphy, D, (2013) The intrinsic grey-matter connectivity of the brain in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(32), 13222–13227. 337. Elsabbagh, M, Bedford, R, Senju, A, Charman, T, Pickles, A, Johnson, M, & The BASIS Team, (2013). What you see is what you get: contextual modulation of face scanning in typical and atypical development. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, (epub ahead of print). 338. Elsabbagh, M, Fernandes, J, Webb, S, Dawson, G, Charman, T, Johnson, M, & the BASIS Team, (2013) Disengagement of visual attention in infancy is associated with emerging autism in toddlerhood. Biological Psychiatry, 74(3), 189-194. 339. Elsabbagh, M, Gliga, T, Pickles, A, Hudry, K, Charman, T, Johnson, M, & The BASIS Team, (2013) The development of face orienting mechanisms in infants at-risk for autism. Behavioural Brain Research, 251, 147-154. 340. Fernández-Abascal, EG, Cabello, R, Fernández-Berrocal, P, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2013) Test-retest reliability of the ‘reading the mind in the eyes’ test: a one-year follow-up study. Molecular Autism, 4(1):33. 341. Fonville, L, Lao-Kaim, N, Giampietro, V, Van den Eynde, F, Davies, H, Lounes, N, Andrew, C, Dalton, J, Simmons, A, Williams, S, Baron-Cohen, S, Tchanturia, K, (2013) Evaluation of enhanced attention to local detail in anorexia nervosa using the Embedded Figures Test; an FMRI study. PLOS One, 8(5). 342. Floris, DL, Chura, LR, Holt, RJ, Suckling, J, Bullmore, E, (2013) Psychological correlates of handedness and corpus callosum asymmetry in autism: The left hemisphere dysfunction theory revisited. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 3:1758–1772. 343. Green, J, Wan, M,W, Guiraud, J, Hols, S, McNally, J, Slonims, V, Elsabbagh, M, Charman, T, Pickles, A, Johnson, M, & The BASIS Team, (2013) Intervention for infants at risk of developing autism: a case series. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43:2502-2514. 344. Gregersen, P, Kowalsky, E, Lee, A, Baron-Cohen, S, Fisher, S, Asher, J, Ballard, D, Freudenberg, J and Li, W, (2013) Absolute pitch exhibits phenotypic and genetic overlap with synaesthesia. Human Molecular Genetics, 22(10), 2097-104. 345. Grove, R, Baillie, A, Allison, C, Baron-Cohen, S, Hoekstra, R, (2013) Empathising, systemising and autistic traits: Latent structure in individuals with autism, their parents and general population controls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 600-609. 346. Lai, M-C, Lombardo, M, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2013) Autism. The Lancet (epub ahead of print). 347. Lai, M-C, Lombardo, M, Suckling, J, Ruigrok, A, Chakrabarti, B, Ecker, C, Deoni, S, Craig, M, Murphy, D, Bullmore, E, MRC AIMS Consortium, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2013) Biological sex affects the neurobiology of autism. Brain, 136, 2799-2815. 348. Lai, M-C, Lombardo, M, Chakrabarti, B, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2013) Subgrouping the autism ‘spectrum’: Reflections on DSM-5. PLOS Biology, 11(4). 349. Latham, K, Chung, S, Allen, P, Tavassoli, T, Baron-Cohen, S, (2013) Spatial localisation in autism: evidence for differences in early cortical visual processing. Molecular Autism, 4(1):4. 350. Lau Y, Hinkley L, Bukshpun P, Strominger Z, Wakahiro M, Baron-Cohen S, Allison C, Auyeung B, Jeremy R, Nagarajan S, Sherr, E, & Marco, E, (2013). Autism traits in individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(5):1106-1118. 351. Mavranezouli, I, Megnin-Viggars, O, Cheema, N, Howlin, P, Baron-Cohen, S, & Pilling, S, (2013) The cost-effectiveness of supported employment for adults with autism in the United Kingdom, Autism. 352. Moseley, R, Pulvermüller, F, Mohr, B, Lombardo, M, Baron-Cohen, S, & Shtyrov, Y, (2013) Brain routes for reading in adults with and without autism: EMEG evidence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, (epub ahead of print). 353. Moseley, R, Mohr, B, Lombardo, M, Baron-Cohen, S, Hauk, O, & Pulvermuller, F, (2013) Brain and behavioural correlates of action semantic deficits in autism. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, (epub ahead of print). 354. Robertson, C, Kravitz, D, Freyberg, J, Baron-Cohen, S, & Baker, C, (2013) Atypical Lateral Interactions in Autism. Journal of Vision, 13(9), 836. 355. Robertson, C, Kravitz, D, Freyberg, J, Baron-Cohen, S, & Baker, C, (2013) Slower rate of binocular rivalry in autism. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(43), 16983-16991. 356. 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References

^ "Seven Cambridge academics elected as Fellows of The British Academy". Cambridge University. 2009-07-17. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
^ Autismresearchcentre.com
^ ARC people: Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, Director Autism Research Centre. Retrieved on 2008-02-16
^ Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U (1985). "Does the autistic child have a 'theory of mind'?" (PDF). Cognition. 21 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8. PMID 2934210. Retrieved 2008-02-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2409181/
^ CHAT - The Checklist for Autism In Toddlers. University of Washington. Retrieved on 2008-02-16.
^ Ames, D.L., Jenkins, A.J., Banaji, M.R., & Mitchell, J.P. (2008). Taking another person's perspective increases self-referential neural processing. Psychological Science. 19(7), 642-624. http://intl-pss.sagepub.com/content/19/7/642.full
^ Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Bullmore ET, Sadek SA, Pasco G, Wheelwright SJ, Suckling J, MRC AIMS Consortium, Baron-Cohen S. Atypical neural self-representation in autism. Brain. 2010;133(2):611–624. doi:10.1093/brain/awp306. PMID 20008375.
^ Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Bullmore ET, MRC AIMS Consortium, Baron-Cohen S. Specialization of right temporo-parietal junction for mentalizing and its relation to social impairments in autism. Neuroimage. 2011;56(3):1832–1838. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.067. PMID 21356316.
^ Mind Reading. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Retrieved on 2008-02-16.
^ Home page. The Transporters. Retrieved on 2008-02-16.
^ Molecular Autism
^ Radio 3: "Private Passions".
^ Autism's Lone Wolf, TIME Magazine (August 29th, 2011)
^ "Time Out with Nick Cohen". New Statesman. 26 February 2007. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
^ Maia Szalavitz (May 30th, 2011). "Q&A: Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen on Empathy and the Science of Evil". Time Magazine. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/science-medicine/robert-b-greenblatt-1906-1987. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

External links

They just can't help it, Simon Baron-Cohen, The Guardian (17 April 2003)
The Male Condition, Simon Baron-Cohen, The New York Times Op-Ed Section, (8 August 2005)
The Assortative Mating Theory: A Talk with Simon Baron-Cohen, Edge Foundation discussion, 2005
Autism Research Centre - ARC people : Simon Baron-Cohen
The Short Life of a Diagnosis Simon Baron-Cohen, The New York Times Op-Ed Section, (November 9, 2009)
Why a lack of empathy is the root of all evil, Clint Witchalls, The Independent Featured Book Review in Health and Families Section, (5 April 2011)
The Science of Evil: On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty, Simon Baron-Cohen, (The Montréal Review, October, 2011)

Template:Persondata

[1] "Seven Cambridge academics elected as Fellows of The British Academy". Cambridge University. 2009-07-17. Retrieved 2009-07-17.

[2] Autismresearchcentre.com

[3] ARC people: Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, Director Autism Research Centre. Retrieved on 2008-02-16

[4] Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U (1985). "Does the autistic child have a 'theory of mind'?" (PDF). Cognition. 21 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8. PMID 2934210. Retrieved 2008-02-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2409181/

[6] CHAT - The Checklist for Autism In Toddlers. University of Washington. Retrieved on 2008-02-16.

[7] Ames, D.L., Jenkins, A.J., Banaji, M.R., & Mitchell, J.P. (2008). Taking another person's perspective increases self-referential neural processing. Psychological Science. 19(7), 642-624. http://intl-pss.sagepub.com/content/19/7/642.full

[8] Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Bullmore ET, Sadek SA, Pasco G, Wheelwright SJ, Suckling J, MRC AIMS Consortium, Baron-Cohen S. Atypical neural self-representation in autism. Brain. 2010;133(2):611–624. doi:10.1093/brain/awp306. PMID 20008375.

[9] Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Bullmore ET, MRC AIMS Consortium, Baron-Cohen S. Specialization of right temporo-parietal junction for mentalizing and its relation to social impairments in autism. Neuroimage. 2011;56(3):1832–1838. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.067. PMID 21356316.

[10] Mind Reading. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Retrieved on 2008-02-16.

[11] Home page. The Transporters. Retrieved on 2008-02-16.

[12] Molecular Autism

[13] Radio 3: "Private Passions".

[14] Autism's Lone Wolf, TIME Magazine (August 29th, 2011)

[15] "Time Out with Nick Cohen". New Statesman. 26 February 2007. Retrieved 2010-11-01.

[16] Maia Szalavitz (May 30th, 2011). "Q&A: Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen on Empathy and the Science of Evil". Time Magazine. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[17] ttp://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/science-medicine/robert-b-greenblatt-1906-1987. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

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