Republic of Central Lithuania

Map of the region, with Central Lithuania marked in Green

Central Lithuania (Polish: Litwa Środkowa, Lithuanian: Vidurio Lietuva or Vidurinė Lietuva, Belarusian: Сярэдняя Літва / Siaredniaja Litva) was a semi-independent state, created in 1920 by allegedly rebellious soldiers of the so called Lithuanian-Belarusian division of the Polish Army. Finally, on March 24, 1922, it was joined with Poland following parliamentary elections controlled by Polish armed forces and boycoted by lithianians, belarusians and other "minorities" who lived here, and held in newly proclaimed "Litwa Środkowa".

History

Background

Various demarcation lines during the struggle for central Lithuania

For fifty years following the January Uprising of 1864, the historical Grand Duchy of Lithuania was under a military government of Imperial Russia. Poles and Lithuanians were discriminated against: the Polish and Lithuanian languages were forbidden in public, Poles were forbidden to buy real estate and a special tax (contribution) had to be paid only by Poles.

In the aftermath of WWI, the area was divided into three sections.

• 'Lithuania proper', consisting of historical Samogitia, Sudovia and the western parts of historical Aukstaitija and Dzukija, with a mostly Roman Catholic and Lithuanian-speaking population, with Polish, Jewish and German minorities.
• The easternmost part, consisting mostly of present-day Belarus, which was significantly populated by Orthodox Belarusians with minorities of Poles and Jews inhabitating mostly the larger towns.
• Central Lithuania, populated by a Polish-speaking majority and Lithuanian, Belarusian, and Yiddish speaking minorities, with its capital at Wilno.

The national composition of the latter area is difficult to measure as many Lithuanian historians claim that both Russian, Polish and Soviet censuses are not reliable. The only source acceptable for both Poland and Lithuania, seems to be the Russian Empire Census of 1897, and to some extent, the Nazi 1942 census. According to the first census of the Russian Empire, 1897, the inhabitants of the city of Vilnius were distributed by native language as follows.

• Russian language — 20.9% (many of them were Russian-speaking Jews, as may be inferred from the "Religion" tables)
• Ukrainian language — 0.3%
• Belarusian language — 4.3%
• Polish language — 30.1%
• Lithuanian language — 2.1%
• German language — 1.4%
• Yiddish — 40.0%
• Tatar language — 0.5%
• Others — 0.4%

The population of the Vilna guberniya according to Russian census was distributed as follows. Keep in mind that the significant territory of the province had a Belarusian majority and as of today is included in Belarus (mostly into the Hrodna voblast, but also in the Minsk voblast, and Vitsebsk voblast).

• Russians — 4.9%
• Ukrainians — 0.1%
• Belarusians — 56.1% (including Roman Catholics)
• Poles — 8.2%
• Lithuanians — 17.6%
• Germans — 0.2%
• Jews — 12.7%
• Tatars — 0.1%
• Others — 0.1%

On the other hand, the Lithuanian authorities argued that the majority of Polish speaking inhabitants living there were Polish speaking Lithuanians, and that Lithuania had the same right to create a multi-national country as Poland.

• The map of the ethnic composition of Central Lithuania

Conflict

Main article: Polish-Lithuanian War

Following the start of the Polish-Soviet war, in 1919 the territory was occupied by the Red Army which defeated and pushed back Polish self-defence units, but shortly afterwards the Bolsheviks were pushed back by the Polish Army. 1920, saw Central Lithuania occupied by the Red Army for the second time, although Russia officially recognized the sovereignty of Lithuanian Soviet Republic over the city. Lenin was probably waiting for the capture of Warsaw, to occupy the remainder of Lithuania. However, when the Red Army was defeated in the Battle of Warsaw, the Soviets made the decision to hand the city back over to Lithuania. Despite these decisions, Lithuania seized the southern Suvalkai region (Polish: Suwałki region) as well. The rationale for this was that several parts of the region had clear Lithuanian ethnic majorities. When the Polish army reached the Lithuanian lines on (August 26, 1920), a war erupted that lasted October 7, 1920.

This made the compromise even harder to achieve, since the newly-established state of Lithuania declined to negotiate on the status of the Vilnius area, claiming it as its capital and denying any Polish influence over it, whatsoever. A cease-fire agreement was signed on October 7, 1920, but it did not solve the issue. The Polish commander Józef Piłsudski, ordered his subordinate, General Lucjan Żeligowski, to defect with his '1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Division' and capture the city, without declaring war on Lithuania.

General Żeligowski entered the city on October 8 1920, almost unopposed.

Republic of Central Lithuania

A new country was created under the name of the Republic of Central Lithuania (Template:Lang-pl, Template:Lang-lt, Belarusian Рэспубліка Сярэдняе Літвы / Respublika Siaredniaje Litvy). A General from the Polish armed forces Lucjan Żeligowski, took command of all the regular Polish military forces and proclaimed a "uprising of local people". On October 12, 1920, he announced the creation of a provisional government. Soon the courts and the police were formed by his decree of January 7, 1921, and the civil rights of Central Lithuania were granted to all people living in the area on January 1, 1919, or for five years prior to August 1, 1914.

The symbols of the state were a red flag with Polish White Eagle and Lithuanian Vytis and a coat of arms being a mixture of Polish, Lithuanian and Vilnian symbols, similar to the Coat of Arms of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Extensive diplomatic negotiatiations continued behind the scenes. Lithuania proposed creating a confederation of Baltic Western Lithuania (with Lithuanian as an official language) and Central Lithuania (with Polish as an official language). Poland added the condition that the new state must be also federated with Poland, pursuing the Józef Piłsudski's goal of creating the Międzymorze Federation. Lithuanians chose to reject this condition. With nationalistic sentiments rising all over Europe, many Lithuanians were afraid that such a Federation, resembling the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from centuries ago, would be a threat to Lithuanian culture, as during the Commonwealth times the many of the of Lithuanian upper class (nobility - the szlachta) polonized themselves.

General elections were decreed to take place on January 9, 1921, and the regulations governing this election were to be issued prior to November 28, 1920. However, due to the League of Nations mediation, and the Lithuanian boycott of the voting, the elections were postponed.

Mediation

Territory of Central Lithuania (green) as compared with other Lithuanian claims on neighbouring countries

Meanwhile in Brussels peace talks were held under the auspice of the League of Nations. The initial agreement had been signed by both sides on November 29 1920, and the talks started on March 3 1921. The League of Nations to accept the Polish proposal of a plebiscite on the future of Central Lithuania. As a compromise, the so called "Hymans' plan" was proposed (named after the Belgian envoy to the conference). It consisted of 15 points, among them were:

• Both sides guarantee each other's independence.
• Central Lithuania is incorporated into the Federation of Lithuania, composed of two cantons - the Lithuanian-inhabitated Samogitia and multiethnic (Belarusian, Polish, Jewish and Lithuanian) Wilno area. Both cantons will have separate governments, parliaments, official languages and a common federative capital in Vilnius/Wilno.
• Lithuanian and Polish governments will create interstate commissions on both foreign affairs, trade and industry measures and local policies.
• Poland and Lithuania will sign a defensive alliance treaty.
• Poland will gain usage of ports in Lithuania.

The plan was more or less acceptable for both sides, but it had certain disadvantages. The talks came to a halt when Poland demanded that a delegation from Central Lithuania (boycotted by Lithuania) be invited to Brussels. On the other hand Lithuanians demanded that the troops in Central Lithuania be relocated to the line of the October 7, 1920 cease-fire agreement. Both claims were a step too far.

A new plan was presented to the governments of Lithuania and Poland in September 1921. It was basically a modification of "Hymans' plan", with the difference that the area of Klaipėda was to be incorporated into Lithuania while Central Lithuania was to be granted a certain level of internal autonomy instead of a cantonal status. However, both Poland and Lithuania openly criticized it and finally this turn of talks came to a halt as well.

Resolution

Ribbon of the Cross of Military Merit of Central Lithuania

After the talks in Brussels failed, the tensions in the area grew. The most important issue was the huge army Central Lithuania fielded (27,000). General Żeligowski decided to pass the power to the civil authorities and confirmed the date of the elections (January 8 1922). There was a significant propaganda campaign over the issue of the elections as both Poles and Lithuanians tried to win the support of other ethnic groups present in the area. Eventually, Lithuania decided to boycott the elections stating that according to International law the territory is still a sovereign part of Lithuania proper and only the Bolshevist Socialist Party of Lithuania and Belarus took part in it.

Apart from the Lithuanian organisations that eventually decided to boycott the voting, most of the parties that took part in it were supporting the idea of incorporation of the area into Poland - with different grades of autonomy. 63,9% of the entire population took part in the voting, but among different ethnic groups the attendance was lower (41% of Belarusians, 15,3% Jews and 8,2% of Lithuanians). Poles were the only major ethnic group out of which the majority of people voted. This and possibility of fraud were the pretexts for Lithuania not to recognise it. Also, the Lithuanian side argued that the election area covered only the territory of Central Lithuania, that is the areas under Lithuanian administration prior to Żeligowski's action, while it should also cover the areas promised to Lithuania in the Lithuanian-Soviet agreement of July 12, 1920, known as the Vilnius region.

The two biggest political groups in the newly-elected parliament were the "Polish Voting Committee" (43 seats) and the "Popular Councils" (34 seats). All the other groups gained 29 seats altogether. The parliament gathered on February 1, 1922 and on February 20 after a fierce discussion, incorporation into Poland had been passed. The Polish Sejm passed the law proposed by the Central Lithuanian parliament on March 22, 1922 and two days later the Republic of Central Lithuania ceased to exist. All of its territory was incorporated into the newly-formed Wilno Voivodship.

The border changes were accepted by the League of Nations in 1923, but Lithuania declined to accept the Polish authority over the area of Wilno. Instead, it continued to treat the so-called Vilnius Region as part of its own territory and the city itself as its constitutional capital, with Kaunas being only a temporary seat of government.

Aftermath

It was not until the Polish ultimatum of 1938, when the Lithuanian authorities acquiesced to resume diplomatical relations with Poland, and de facto accepted the borders of its neighbour. After the Soviet-Nazi pact and the Polish Defence War of 1939, Lithuania was given Vilnius, and its surroundings up to 30 km, on October 10, 1939. A part of the region was given to the Belarusian SSR.

See also

• History of Vilnius
• Wilno Voivodship
• History of Poland
• History of Lithuania
• Former countries in Europe after 1815

External links

• ethnic composition
• Lithuanian-Belarusian language boundary in the 4th decade of the 19th century
• State symbols of Central Lithuania
• Depatriation and resettlement of Ethnic Poles