Jump to content

Dinosaur size: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→General records: Revising top 10 to top 5 (REASON:too many missing tags) and correcting legnth of Unnamed short theropod
Line 19: Line 19:
# ''[[Supersaurus vivianae]]'': {{convert|33|-|34|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=LHW07/>
# ''[[Supersaurus vivianae]]'': {{convert|33|-|34|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=LHW07/>
# ''[[Futalognkosaurus dukei]]'': {{convert|32|-|34|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="Calvo, J.O. 2008">Calvo, J.O.; Juárez Valieri, R.D. & Porfiri, J.D. 2008. Re-sizing giants: estimation of body length of ''Futalognkosaurus dukei'' and implications for giant titanosaurian sauropods. 3° Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología de Vertebrados. Neuquén, Argentina.</ref><ref name="calvoetal2007"/>
# ''[[Futalognkosaurus dukei]]'': {{convert|32|-|34|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="Calvo, J.O. 2008">Calvo, J.O.; Juárez Valieri, R.D. & Porfiri, J.D. 2008. Re-sizing giants: estimation of body length of ''Futalognkosaurus dukei'' and implications for giant titanosaurian sauropods. 3° Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología de Vertebrados. Neuquén, Argentina.</ref><ref name="calvoetal2007"/>

# ''[[Diplodocus hallorum]]'': {{convert|30|-|33|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=LHW07/><ref name=Herne&Lucas06>{{cite journal|last=Herne|first=Matthew C.|author2=Lucas, Spencer G.|title=Seismosaurus hallorum: Osteological reconstruction from the holotype|journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin|year=2006|volume=36}}</ref>
# ''[[Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis]]'': {{convert|30|-|32|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Xinjiangtitan>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Wen-hao |last2=Zhou |first2=Chang-Fu |last3=Wings |first3=Oliver |last4=Toru |first4=Sekiya |last5=Dong |first5=Zhi-ming |year=2013 |title= A new gigantic sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Shanshan, Xinjiang |journal=Global Geology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=437–446 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1004-5589.2013.03.002 |url=http://www.dinosaurhunter.org/files/globalgeol.-2013-wu_et_al-sauropod_xinjiangtitan__turpan_basin__china.pdf |format=PDF|doi_brokendate=2014-11-16 }}</ref>
# ''[[Daxiatitan binglingi]]'': {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Youetal08/>
# ''[[Sauroposeidon proteles]]'': {{convert|28|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Wedel&Cifelli2005/>
# <small>missing</small>


===Heaviest dinosaurs===
===Heaviest dinosaurs===
Line 35: Line 31:
# ''[[Dreadnoughtus schrani]]'': {{convert|59.3|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name=Lacovaraetal2014>{{cite journal|last1=Lacovara|first1=Kenneth J.|last2=Ibiricu|first2=L.M.|last3=Lamanna|first3=M.C.|last4=Poole|first4=J.C.|last5=Schroeter|first5=E.R.|last6=Ullmann|first6=P.V.|last7=Voegele|first7=K.K.|last8=Boles|first8=Z.M.|last9=Egerton|first9=V.M.|last10=Harris|first10=J.D.|last11=Martínez|first11=R.D.|last12=Novas|first12=F.E.|last13=Coughenour|first13=Christopher L.|last14=Schein|first14=Jason P.|last15=Harris|first15=Jerald D.|last16=Martínez|first16=Rubén D.|last17=Novas|first17=Fernando E.|title=A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=4|pages=6196|date=September 4, 2014|doi=10.1038/srep06196|pmid=25186586|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep06196}}</ref>
# ''[[Dreadnoughtus schrani]]'': {{convert|59.3|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name=Lacovaraetal2014>{{cite journal|last1=Lacovara|first1=Kenneth J.|last2=Ibiricu|first2=L.M.|last3=Lamanna|first3=M.C.|last4=Poole|first4=J.C.|last5=Schroeter|first5=E.R.|last6=Ullmann|first6=P.V.|last7=Voegele|first7=K.K.|last8=Boles|first8=Z.M.|last9=Egerton|first9=V.M.|last10=Harris|first10=J.D.|last11=Martínez|first11=R.D.|last12=Novas|first12=F.E.|last13=Coughenour|first13=Christopher L.|last14=Schein|first14=Jason P.|last15=Harris|first15=Jerald D.|last16=Martínez|first16=Rubén D.|last17=Novas|first17=Fernando E.|title=A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=4|pages=6196|date=September 4, 2014|doi=10.1038/srep06196|pmid=25186586|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep06196}}</ref>
# ''[[Paralititan stromeri]]'': {{convert|59|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name="burness&flannery2001">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.251548698 | last1 = Burness | first1 = G.P. | last2 = Flannery | first2 = T. | year = 2001 | title = Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size | url = | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 98 | issue = 25| pages = 14518–14523 | pmid=11724953 | pmc=64714 | last3 = Flannery | first3 = T|bibcode = 2001PNAS...9814518B }}</ref>
# ''[[Paralititan stromeri]]'': {{convert|59|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name="burness&flannery2001">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.251548698 | last1 = Burness | first1 = G.P. | last2 = Flannery | first2 = T. | year = 2001 | title = Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size | url = | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 98 | issue = 25| pages = 14518–14523 | pmid=11724953 | pmc=64714 | last3 = Flannery | first3 = T|bibcode = 2001PNAS...9814518B }}</ref>

# Unnamed (MPM-PV-39): {{convert|58|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name=PariAike>Lacovara, K; Harris J., Lammana M., Novas F., Martinez R., and Amrosio, A. 2004. An enormous sauropod from the Maastrichtian Pari Aike Formation of southernmost Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(3) Supplement, 81A</ref>
# ''[[Sauroposeidon proteles]]'': {{convert|50|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name=Wedel&Cifelli2005/>
# ''[[Elaltitan lilloi]]'': {{convert|42.9|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014" />
# ''[[Tehuelchesaurus benitezii]]'': {{convert|41.3|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014" />
# <small>missing</small>


===Shortest non-avian dinosaurs===
===Shortest non-avian dinosaurs===
Here are the shortest known non-avian dinosaur species, based on published length estimates.
Here are the shortest known non-avian dinosaur species, based on published length estimates.


# Unnamed (BEXHM: 2008.14.1): {{convert|17|-|50|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Tet Zoo 2012"/><ref>Naish, D. and Sweetman, S.C. (2011). "A tiny maniraptoran dinosaur in the Lower Cretaceous Hastings Group: evidence from a new vertebrate-bearing locality in south-east England." Cretaceous Research, '''32''': 464-471. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667111000334 10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.001]</ref>
# ''[[Epidexipteryx hui]]'': {{convert|25|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="zhangnature2008">{{Cite doi|10.1038/nature07447}}</ref>
# ''[[Epidexipteryx hui]]'': {{convert|25|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="zhangnature2008">{{Cite doi|10.1038/nature07447}}</ref>
# ''[[Eosinopteryx brevipenna]]'': {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=Eosinopteryx>{{Cite doi|10.1038/ncomms2389}}</ref>
# ''[[Eosinopteryx brevipenna]]'': {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=Eosinopteryx>{{Cite doi|10.1038/ncomms2389}}</ref>
# ''[[Nqwebasaurus thwazi]]'': {{convert|30|cm|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=TH07/>
# ''[[Nqwebasaurus thwazi]]'': {{convert|30|cm|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=TH07/>
# ''[[Parvicursor remotus]]'': {{convert|39|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Holtz2008">Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,'' [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Winter 2011 Appendix.]</ref><ref name="technosaurs">[http://www.technosaurs.ca/tag/default.aspx?id=114 Which was the smallest dinosaur?] Royal Tyrrell Museum. Last accessed 2008-05-23.</ref>
# ''[[Parvicursor remotus]]'': {{convert|39|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Holtz2008">Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,'' [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Winter 2011 Appendix.]</ref><ref name="technosaurs">[http://www.technosaurs.ca/tag/default.aspx?id=114 Which was the smallest dinosaur?] Royal Tyrrell Museum. Last accessed 2008-05-23.</ref>

# Unnamed (BEXHM: 2008.14.1): {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Tet Zoo 2012">Naish, D. (2012). [http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/2012/01/25/happy-6th-birthday-tetrapod-zoology-part-ii/ Happy 6th Birthday, Tetrapod Zoology (part II)] Tetrapod Zoology, January 25, 2012.</ref>
# <small>missing</small>
# <small>missing</small>
# <small>missing</small>
# <small>missing</small>
# <small>missing</small>


===Lightest non-avian dinosaurs===
===Lightest non-avian dinosaurs===
Line 59: Line 47:
Here are the ten smallest known non-avian dinosaurs by weight, based on published weight estimates.
Here are the ten smallest known non-avian dinosaurs by weight, based on published weight estimates.


<!-- # ''[[Anchiornis huxleyi]]'': {{convert|0.11|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="anchiadvance"/> -->
# ''[[Parvicursor remotus]]'': {{convert|137|-|162|g|oz|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/><ref name="technosaurs"/>
# ''[[Parvicursor remotus]]'': {{convert|137|-|162|g|oz|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/><ref name="technosaurs"/>
# ''[[Epidexipteryx hui]]'': {{convert|164|-|391|g|oz|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/><ref name="zhangnature2008"/>
# ''[[Epidexipteryx hui]]'': {{convert|164|-|391|g|oz|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/><ref name="zhangnature2008"/>
Line 65: Line 52:
# ''[[Ceratonykus oculatus]]'': {{convert|0.3|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/>
# ''[[Ceratonykus oculatus]]'': {{convert|0.3|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/>
# ''[[Juravenator starki]]'': {{convert|0.34|-|0.41|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/><ref name=TH07/>
# ''[[Juravenator starki]]'': {{convert|0.34|-|0.41|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/><ref name=TH07/>
# ''[[Ligabueino andesi]]'': {{convert|0.35|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/>
# ''[[Microraptor zhaoianus]]'': {{convert|0.4|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/>
# ''[[Fruitadens haagarorum]]'': {{convert|0.50|-|0.75|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/><ref name=butleretal2009>Butler, R.J., P.M. Galton, L.B. Porro, L.M. Chiappe, D.M. Henderson, and G.M. Erickson. (2009). "Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'', 10.1098/rspb.2009.1494</ref>
# ''[[Sinosauropteryx prima]]'': {{convert|0.55|-|0.99|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/><ref name=TH07/>
# ''[[Rahonavis ostromi]]'': {{convert|0.58|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/>


==Theropods==
==Theropods==

Revision as of 03:53, 8 January 2015

For other large prehistoric reptiles, see Largest prehistoric animals § Reptiles (Reptilia).

Size has been one of the most interesting aspects of dinosaur science to the general public. This article lists the largest and smallest dinosaurs from various groups, sorted in order of weight and length.

Scale diagram comparing a human and the largest known dinosaurs of five major clades

This list excludes unpublished size estimates. In some cases, dinosaurs are known that will be included on this list if/when they are officially described. In addition, weight estimates for dinosaurs are much more variable than length estimates, because estimating length for extinct animals is much more easily done from a skeleton than estimating weight. Estimating weight is most easily done with the laser scan skeleton technique that puts a "virtual" skin over it, but even this is only an estimate.[1]

General records

This section references only estimates that appear in peer-reviewed scientific publications.

Longest dinosaurs

See also Longest sauropods

Here are the ten longest known dinosaurs, based on published length estimates.

  1. Amphicoelias fragillimus: 58 m (190 ft)[2]
  2. Argentinosaurus huinculensis: 30–39.7 m (98–130 ft)[3][4]
  3. Turiasaurus riodevensis: 36–39 m (118–128 ft)[5]
  4. Supersaurus vivianae: 33–34 m (108–112 ft)[6]
  5. Futalognkosaurus dukei: 32–34 m (105–112 ft)[7][8]


Heaviest dinosaurs

See also Heaviest sauropods

Here are the ten largest known dinosaur species by weight, based on published weight estimates.

  1. Amphicoelias fragillimus: 122.4 t (134.9 short tons)[2]
  2. Argentinosaurus huinculensis: 73–90 t (80–99 short tons)[9][10]
  3. "Antarctosaurus" giganteus: 69 t (76 short tons)[9]
  4. Dreadnoughtus schrani: 59.3 t (65.4 short tons)[11]
  5. Paralititan stromeri: 59 t (65 short tons)[12]


Shortest non-avian dinosaurs

Here are the shortest known non-avian dinosaur species, based on published length estimates.

  1. Unnamed (BEXHM: 2008.14.1): 17–50 cm (6.7–19.7 in)[13][14]
  2. Epidexipteryx hui: 25 cm (9.8 in)[15]
  3. Eosinopteryx brevipenna: 30 cm (12 in)[16]
  4. Nqwebasaurus thwazi: 30 cm (0.98 ft)[17]
  5. Parvicursor remotus: 39 cm (15 in)[18][19]


Lightest non-avian dinosaurs

Here are the ten smallest known non-avian dinosaurs by weight, based on published weight estimates.

  1. Parvicursor remotus: 137–162 g (4.8–5.7 oz)[10][19]
  2. Epidexipteryx hui: 164–391 g (5.8–13.8 oz)[10][15]
  3. Compsognathus longipes: 0.26–3.5 kg (0.57–7.72 lb)[17][20]
  4. Ceratonykus oculatus: 0.3 kg (0.66 lb)[10]
  5. Juravenator starki: 0.34–0.41 kg (0.75–0.90 lb)[10][17]

Theropods

Main article: Theropoda

Sizes are given with a range, where possible, of estimates that have not been contradicted by more recent studies. In cases where a range of currently accepted estimates exist, sources are given for the sources with the lowest and highest estimates, respectively, and only the highest values are given if these individual sources give a range of estimates.

Longest theropods

Size comparison of selected giant theropod dinosaurs

Size by overall length, including tail, of all theropods over 12 m (39 ft).

  1. Spinosaurus aegyptiacus: 15 m (49 ft) + [21]
  2. Oxalaia quilombensis: 12–14 m (39–46 ft)[22]
  3. Giganotosaurus carolinii: 12.2–13.2 m (40–43 ft)[18][23]
  4. Carcharodontosaurus saharicus: 12–13 m (39–43 ft)[17][18]
  5. Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis: 11–13 m (36–43 ft)?[24][18]
  6. Saurophaganax maximus: 10.5–13 m (34–43 ft)?[18][24]
  7. Mapusaurus roseae: 12.2–12.6 m (40–41 ft)[18][23]
  8. Tyrannosaurus rex: 12.3–12.4 m (40–41 ft)[25]
  9. Tyrannotitan chubutensis: 12.2 m (40 ft)[18]
  10. Acrocanthosaurus atokensis: 11–12 m (36–39 ft)[18][24]
  11. Bahariasaurus ingens: 11–12 m (36–39 ft)?[18][24]
  12. Kelmayisaurus petrolicus: 10–12 m (33–39 ft)?[26]
  13. Torvosaurus tanneri: 9–12 m (30–39 ft)[24][18]
  14. Allosaurus fragilis: 8.5–12 m (28–39 ft)[18][24]

Heaviest theropods

Size by overall weight of all theropods with maximum weight estimates of over 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons).

  1. Spinosaurus aegyptiacus: 7–20.9 t (7.7–23.0 short tons)[17][27]
  2. Tyrannosaurus rex: 7.7–18.5 t (8.5–20.4 short tons)[25][28]
  3. Giganotosaurus carolinii: 6.6–14 t (7.3–15.4 short tons)[17][28]
  4. Carcharodontosaurus saharicus: 6.2–15.1 t (6.8–16.6 short tons)[17][20]
  5. Acrocanthosaurus atokensis: 3.7–7.3 t (4.1–8.0 short tons)[28][29]
  6. Oxalaia quilombensis: 5–7 t (5.5–7.7 short tons)[22]
  7. Deinocheirus mirificus: 6.4 t (7.1 short tons)[30]
  8. Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis: 2.5–6 t (2.8–6.6 short tons)[31][32]
  9. Tyrannotitan chubutensis: 5.6 t (6.2 short tons)[28]
  10. Therizinosaurus cheloniformis: 5 t (5.5 short tons)[24]
  11. Suchomimus tenerensis: 2.7–5.2 t (3.0–5.7 short tons)[17][20][28]

Shortest non-avian theropods

Size comparison of the smallest non-avialan theropods

A list of all known non-avian theropods with an adult length of under 60 cm (24 in), excluding soft tissue such as feathered tails.

  1. Unnamed (BEXHM: 2008.14.1): 17–50 cm (6.7–19.7 in)[13][33]
  2. Epidexipteryx hui: 25 cm (9.8 in)[15]
  3. Eosinopteryx brevipenna: 30 cm (12 in)[16]
  4. Nqwebasaurus thwazi: 30 cm (12 in)[17]
  5. "Ornithomimus" minutus: 30 cm (12 in)[18]
  6. Palaeopteryx thompsoni: 30 cm (12 in)?[18]
  7. Parvicursor remotus: 30–39 cm (12–15 in)[18][19]
  8. Microraptor zhaoianus: 42–120 cm (17–47 in)[34][35]
  9. Xixianykus zhangi: 50 cm (20 in)[18]
  10. Alwalkeria maleriensis: 50 cm (20 in)?[18]
  11. Jinfengopteryx elegans: 55 cm (1.80 ft)[36]
  12. Albinykus baatar: 60 cm (2.0 ft)[18]
  13. Linhenykus monodactylus: 60 cm (2.0 ft)[18]
  14. Pamparaptor micros: 60 cm (2.0 ft)[18]
  15. Shuvuuia deserti: 60 cm (2.0 ft)[18]


Lightest non-avian theropods

A list of all known non-avian theropods with an adult weight of 1 kg (2.2 lb) or less.

  1. Parvicursor remotus: 137–162 g (4.8–5.7 oz)[10][19]
  2. Epidexipteryx hui: 164–391 g (5.8–13.8 oz)[10][15]
  3. Compsognathus longipes: 0.26–3.5 kg (0.57–7.72 lb)[17][20]
  4. Ceratonykus oculatus: 0.3 kg (0.66 lb)[10]
  5. Juravenator starki: 0.34–0.41 kg (0.75–0.90 lb)[10][17]
  6. Ligabueino andesi: 0.35 kg (0.77 lb)[10]
  7. Microraptor zhaoianus: 0.4 kg (0.88 lb)[10]
  8. Sinosauropteryx prima: 0.55–0.99 kg (1.2–2.2 lb)[10][17]
  9. Rahonavis ostromi: 0.58 kg (1.3 lb)[10]
  10. Mahakala omnogovae: 0.76–0.79 kg (1.7–1.7 lb)[10][28]
  11. Xiaotingia zhengi: 0.79 kg (1.7 lb)[10]
  12. Mei long: 0.85 kg (1.9 lb)[10]
  13. Microraptor gui: 0.95–1.50 kg (2.1–3.3 lb)[10][34]
  14. Procompsognathus triassicus: 1 kg (2.2 lb)[37]

Sauropods

Main article: Sauropoda

Sauropod size is difficult to estimate given their usually fragmentary state of preservation. Sauropods are often preserved without their tails, so the margin of error in overall length estimates is high. Mass is calculated using the cube of the length, so for species in which the length is particularly uncertain, the weight is even more so. Estimates that are particularly uncertain (due to very fragmentary or lost material) are preceded by a question mark. Each number represents the highest estimate of a given research paper.

Note that, generally, the giant sauropods can be divided into two categories: the shorter but stockier and more massive forms (mainly titanosaurs and some brachiosaurids), and the longer but slenderer and more light-weight forms (mainly diplodocids).

Longest sauropods

Size comparison of selected giant sauropod dinosaurs

A list of sauropods that reached 30 m (98 ft) or more in length, including neck and tail.

  1. Amphicoelias fragillimus: 58 m (190 ft)[2]
  2. Argentinosaurus huinculensis: 30–39.7 m (98–130 ft)[3][38]
  3. Turiasaurus riodevensis: 30–39 m (98–128 ft)[18][24][5]
  4. Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum: 26–35 m (85–115 ft)[39][24][dubious – discuss]
  5. Supersaurus vivianae: 33–34 m (108–112 ft)[6]
  6. Futalognkosaurus dukei: 26–34 m (85–112 ft)[7][8][18]
  7. Diplodocus hallorum("Seismosaurus"): 30–33.5 m (98–110 ft)[6][40][9]
  8. "Antarctosaurus" giganteus: 30–33 m (98–108 ft)[24][18]
  9. Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis: 30–32 m (98–105 ft)[41]
  10. Paralititan stromeri: 20–32 m (66–105 ft)[18][24]
  11. Alamosaurus sanjuanensis: 30 m (98 ft) + [18][42]
  12. Puertasaurus reuili: 30 m (98 ft)[24]
  13. Ruyangosaurus giganteus: 30 m (98 ft)[24]
  14. Daxiatitan binglingi: 30 m (98 ft)[43]
  15. Sauroposeidon proteles: 28–30 m (92–98 ft)[44][18]
  16. Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum: 20–30 m (66–98 ft)[18][45]

Heaviest sauropods

Size by overall weight of all sauropods 35 t (39 short tons) and over.

  1. Amphicoelias fragillimus: 122.4 t (134.9 short tons)[2]
  2. Argentinosaurus huinculensis: 73–90 t (80–99 short tons)[9][10]
  3. "Antarctosaurus" giganteus: 69–80 t (76–88 short tons)[9][24]
  4. Apatosaurus sp.: 36–80 metric tons (40–88 short tons)[46]
  5. Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum: 75 t (83 short tons)[24][dubious – discuss]
  6. Dreadnoughtus schrani: 59.3 t (65.4 short tons)+[11]
  7. Paralititan stromeri: 59 t (65 short tons)[12]
  8. Unnamed (MPM-PV-39): 58 t (64 short tons)[47]
  9. Brachiosaurus altithorax: 28.7–56.3 t (31.6–62.1 short tons)[48][10]
  10. Turiasaurus riodevensis: 48–50.9 t (52.9–56.1 short tons)[5][10]
  11. Puertasaurus reuili: 50 t (55 short tons)+[24]
  12. Ruyangosaurus giganteus: 50 t (55 short tons)+[24]
  13. Sauroposeidon proteles: 40–50 t (44–55 short tons)[24][44]
  14. Futalognkosaurus dukei: 38.1–50 t (42.0–55.1 short tons)[10][24]
  15. Camarasaurus supremus: 23–47 t (25–52 short tons)[24][49]
  16. Elaltitan lilloi: 42.9 t (47.3 short tons)[10]
  17. Diplodocus hallorum ("Seismosaurus"): 30–42.5 t (33.1–46.8 short tons)[24][49]
  18. Tehuelchesaurus benitezii: 41.3 t (45.5 short tons)[10]
  19. Apatosaurus louisae: 16.4–41.3 t (18.1–45.5 short tons)[10][50]
  20. Supersaurus vivianae: 35–40.2 t (38.6–44.3 short tons)[6][49]
  21. Giraffatitan brancai: 23.3–39.5 t (25.7–43.5 short tons)[48][51][52]
  22. Alamosaurus sanjuanensis: 32.7–35.2 t (36.0–38.8 short tons)+[42][10]

Shortest sauropods

A list of all sauropods measuring 9 m (30 ft) or less in length.

  1. Ohmdenosaurus liasicus: 4 m (13 ft)[18]
  2. Lirainosaurus astibiae: 4–6 m (13–20 ft)[53]
  3. Blikanasaurus cromptoni: 5 m (16 ft)[18]
  4. Magyarosaurus dacus: 6 m (20 ft)[24]
  5. Europasaurus holgeri: 6.2 m (20 ft)[18][54]
  6. Vulcanodon karibaensis: 6.5 m (21 ft)[18]
  7. Isanosaurus attavipachi: 6.5 m (21 ft)[55]
  8. Neuquensaurus australis: 7 m (23 ft)[56]
  9. Antetonitrus ingenipes: 8–10 m (26–33 ft)[57]
  10. Shunosaurus lii: 8.7–11 m (29–36 ft)[18][20][24][58]
  11. Zizhongosaurus chuanchengensis: 9 m (30 ft)[18]
  12. Algoasaurus bauri: 9 m (30 ft)[18][59]
  13. Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis: 9 m (30 ft)[18]
  14. Volkheimeria chubutensis: 9 m (30 ft)[18]
  15. Zapalasaurus bonapartei: 9 m (30 ft)[24]
  16. Tazoudasaurus naimi: 9–10 m (30–33 ft)[18][60]
  17. Nigersaurus taqueti: 9–14.1 m (30–46 ft)[24][61]

Lightest sauropods

Size by overall weight of all sauropods 5 t (5.5 short tons) and under.

  1. Pleurocoelus nanus: 0.5 t (0.55 short tons)[10]
  2. Magyarosaurus dacus: 0.75–1.1 t (0.83–1.21 short tons)[10][62]
  3. Europasaurus holgeri: 0.8–1 t (0.88–1.10 short tons) [10][54]
  4. Bonatitan reigi: 1 t (1.1 short tons)[10]
  5. Lapparentosaurus madagascariensis: 1.4 t (1.5 short tons)[10]
  6. Lessemsaurus sauropoides: 1.8 t (2.0 short tons) [10]
  7. Lirainosaurus astibiae: 1.8–4 t (2.0–4.4 short tons) [10][53]
  8. Shunosaurus lii: 2.2–6.7 t (2.4–7.4 short tons) [10][20][61][63]
  9. Ampelosaurus atacis: 2.5 t (2.8 short tons)[10]
  10. Amargasaurus cazaui: 2.6–3.8 t (2.9–4.2 short tons) [9][63]
  11. Hypselosaurus priscus: 2.7–8 t (3.0–8.8 short tons) [64]
  12. Euhelopus zdanskyi: 3.4 t (3.7 short tons) [63]
  13. Neuquensaurus australis: 3.5–6.1 t (3.9–6.7 short tons) [10][54]
  14. Rinconsaurus caudamirus: 4.1 t (4.5 short tons)[10]
  15. Atacamatitan chilensis: 4.3 t (4.7 short tons)[10]
  16. Dicraeosaurus hansemanni 4.4–5 t (4.9–5.5 short tons) [20][63]
  17. Klamelisaurus gobiensis 5 t (5.5 short tons)[24]

Ornithopods

Main article: Ornithopoda

Longest ornithopods

Size comparison of selected giant ornithopod dinosaurs

Size by overall length, including tail, of all ornithopods over 11 meters.

  1. Huaxiaosaurus aigahtens: 18.7 m (61 ft)[65]
  2. Shantungosaurus giganteus: 15–17 m (49–56 ft)[18][20][66]
  3. Hypsibema crassicauda: 15 m (49 ft)?[18]
  4. Hypsibema missouriensis (Parrosaurus):[18] 15 m (49 ft)?[18]
  5. Edmontosaurus regalis: 9–13 m (30–43 ft)[24][67][68]
  6. Iguanodon bernissartensis: 10–13 m (33–43 ft)[18][69]
  7. Magnapaulia laticaudus: 12.5 m (41 ft)[70]
  8. Mandschurosaurus amurense: 12 m (39 ft)+[71]
  9. Saurolophus angustirostris: 12 m (39 ft)[24][72]
  10. Ornithotarsus immanis: 12 m (39 ft)?[18]
  11. Edmontosaurus annectens (Anatosaurus): 9–12 m (30–39 ft)[18][24][73]
  12. Kritosaurus sp.: 11 m (36 ft)[74]
  13. Brachylophosaurus canadensis: 8.5–11 m (28–36 ft)[18][24]

Heaviest ornithopods

Size by mass of all ornithopods over 5 tonnes.

  1. Magnapaulia laticaudus: 12–23 t (13–25 short tons)[24][75]
  2. Shantungosaurus giganteus: 9.9–22.5 t (10.9–24.8 short tons)[10][20][24][76]
  3. Iguanodon seeleyi: 15 t (17 short tons)[10]
  4. Saurolophus angustirostris: 6.6–9 t (7.3–9.9 short tons)[24]
  5. Iguanodon bernissartensis: 8.3–8.6 t (9.1–9.5 short tons)[10]
  6. Edmontosaurus annectens (Anatotitan): 3.2–7.6 t (3.5–8.4 short tons)[10][20][63]
  7. Brachylophosaurus canadensis: 4.5–7 t (5.0–7.7 short tons)[10][24]
  8. Saurolophus osborni: 6.6 t (7.3 short tons)[10]
  9. Lanzhousaurus magnidens: 6 t (6.6 short tons)[24]
  10. Parasaurolophus walkeri: 3–5.1 t (3.3–5.6 short tons)[10][20][77]
  11. Charonosaurus jiayinensis: 5 t (5.5 short tons)[24]
  12. Barsboldia sicinskii: 5 t (5.5 short tons)[24]

Shortest ornithopods

Size by length of all ornithopods under 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) long.

  1. Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis: 0.65–1.7 m (2.1–5.6 ft)[18][20][24]
  2. Leaellynasaura amicagraphica: 0.9–3 m (3.0–9.8 ft)[18][24]
  3. Valdosaurus canaliculatus: 1.3 m (4.3 ft)[24]
  4. Notohypsilophodon comodorensis: 1.3 m (4.3 ft)[24]
  5. Fulgurotherium australe: 1.3–2 m (4.3–6.6 ft)[18][24]
  6. Siluosaurus zhangqiani: 1.4 m (4.6 ft)[18]
  7. Qantassaurus intrepidus: 1.4–2 m (4.6–6.6 ft)[18][24]
  8. Changchunsaurus parvus: 1.5 m (4.9 ft)[24]
  9. Thescelosaurus sp.: 1.5 m (4.9 ft)[20]
  10. Yandusaurus hongheensis: 1.5–3.8 m (4.9–12.5 ft)[18][24]
  11. Yueosaurus tiantaiensis: 1.8 m (5.9 ft)[18]
  12. Haya griva: 1.8 m (5.9 ft)[18]
  13. Hypsilophodon foxii: 1.8–2 m (5.9–6.6 ft)[18][24]

Lightest ornithopods

Size by mass of all ornithopods under 20 kg.

  1. Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis: 1–13 kg (2.2–28.7 lb)[10][20][24][28]
  2. Yueosaurus tiantaiensis: 3.9 kg (8.6 lb)[10]
  3. Fulgurotherium australe: 6 kg (13 lb)[24]
  4. Notohypsilophodon comodorensis: 6 kg (13 lb)[24]
  5. Yandusaurus hongheensis: 6.6–7.5 kg (15–17 lb)[20][63]
  6. Hypsilophodon foxii: 7–21 kg (15–46 lb)[20][24][63]
  7. Thescelosaurus sp.: 7.9–86 kg (17–190 lb)[20][63]
  8. Valdosaurus canaliculatus: 10 kg (22 lb)[24]
  9. Haya griva: 11 kg (24 lb)[10]
  10. Agilisaurus louderbacki: 12 kg (26 lb)[24]
  11. Drinker nisti: 20 kg (44 lb)[24]
  12. Changchunsaurus parvus: 20 kg (44 lb)[24]
  13. Qantassaurus intrepidus: 20 kg (44 lb)[24]
  14. Zephyrosaurus schaffi: 20 kg (44 lb)[24]
  15. Oryctodromeus cubicularis: 20 kg (44 lb)[24]
  16. Orodromeus makelai: 20 kg (44 lb)[10]

Ceratopsians

Main article: Ceratopsia

Longest ceratopsians

Size comparison of selected giant ceratopsian dinosaurs

Size by overall length, including tail, of all ceratopsians measuring 7 meters or more in length.

  1. Eotriceratops xerinsularis: 8.5–9 m (28–30 ft)[18][24]
  2. Triceratops horridus: 8–9 m (26–30 ft)[18][20][24]
  3. Torosaurus latus: 8–9 m (26–30 ft)[18][24]
  4. Triceratops prorsus: 7.9–9 m (26–30 ft)[18][24][78][79]
  5. Titanoceratops ouranos: 6.8–9 m (22–30 ft)[18][80]
  6. Ojoceratops fowleri: 8 m (26 ft)[18]
  7. Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna: 8 m (26 ft)[18]
  8. Pentaceratops sternbergii: 6.4–8 m (21–26 ft)[18][20][24]
  9. Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis: 6–8 m (20–26 ft)[18][24]
  10. Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai: 5–8 m (16–26 ft)[18][24]
  11. Nedoceratops hatcheri: 7.6 m (25 ft)[18]
  12. Sinoceratops zhuchengensis: 7 m (23 ft)[18]
  13. Mojoceratops perifania: 7 m (23 ft)[18]
  14. Utahceratops gettyi: 6–7 m (20–23 ft)[18][81]
  15. Chasmosaurus belli: 4.8–7 m (16–23 ft)[18][24]
  16. Vagaceratops irvinensis: 4.5–7 m (15–23 ft)[18][24]
  17. Arrhinoceratops brachyops: 4.5–7 m (15–23 ft)[18][24]
  18. Agujaceratops mariscalensis: 4.3–7 m (14–23 ft)[18][24]
  19. Chasmosaurus russelli: 4.3–7 m (14–23 ft)[18][24]

Heaviest ceratopsians

A list of all ceratopsians over 2 tonnes.

  1. Triceratops horridus: 5–14 t (5.5–15.4 short tons)[10][20]
  2. Triceratops prorsus: 9–10.9 t (9.9–12.0 short tons)[10][24]
  3. Titanoceratops ouranos: 4.7–10.8 t (5.2–11.9 short tons)[10][82]
  4. Eotriceratops xerinsularis: 10 t (11 short tons)[24]
  5. Pentaceratops sternbergii: 4.7 t (5.2 short tons)[20]
  6. Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis: 3–4.4 t (3.3–4.9 short tons)[10][24][77]
  7. Styracosaurus albertensis: 2.7–4.2 t (3.0–4.6 short tons)[10][83]
  8. Utahceratops gettyi: 3–4 t (3.3–4.4 short tons)[81]
  9. Achelousaurus horneri: 2–3 t (2.2–3.3 short tons)[24]
  10. Agujaceratops mariscalensis: 2.6 t (2.9 short tons)[10]
  11. Centrosaurus apertus: 1.1–2.5 t (1.2–2.8 short tons)[10][20]
  12. Coronosaurus brinkmani: 2 t (2.2 short tons)[24]
  13. Rubeosaurus ovatus: 2 t (2.2 short tons)[24]
  14. Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai: 2 t (2.2 short tons)[24]
  15. Chasmosaurus belli: 2 t (2.2 short tons)[24]

Shortest ceratopsians

A list of all ceratopsians 100 centimetres (3.3 ft) or less in length.

  1. Yamaceratops dorngobiensis: 50–150 cm (1.6–4.9 ft)[18][24]
  2. Archaeoceratops yujingziensis: 55 cm (1.80 ft)[84]
  3. Microceratus gobiensis: 60 cm (2.0 ft)[18]
  4. Aquilops americanus: 60 cm (2.0 ft)[85]
  5. Chaoyangsaurus youngi: 60–100 cm (2.0–3.3 ft)[18][24]
  6. Xuanhuaceratops niei: 60–100 cm (2.0–3.3 ft)[18][24]
  7. Graciliceratops mongoliensis: 60–200 cm (2.0–6.6 ft)[18][86]
  8. Archaeoceratops oshimai: 67–150 cm (2.20–4.92 ft)[18][24][84]
  9. Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi: 80–90 cm (2.6–3.0 ft)[18][24]
  10. Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis: 90 cm (3.0 ft)[24]
  11. Ajkaceratops kozmai: 100 cm (3.3 ft)[87]
  12. Psittacosaurus gobiensis: 100 cm (3.3 ft)[24][88]
  13. Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis: 100 cm (3.3 ft)+[89]

Lightest ceratopsians

A list of all ceratopsians under 15 kg.

  1. Aquilops americanus: 1.5 kg (3.3 lb)[85]
  2. Liaoceratops yanzigouensis: 2 kg (4.4 lb)[24]
  3. Yamaceratops dorngobiensis: 2 kg (4.4 lb)[24]
  4. Psittacosaurus sinensis: 4.1 kg (9.0 lb)[10]
  5. Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis: 5 kg (11 lb)[24]
  6. Yinlong downsi: 5.5 kg (12 lb)[10]
  7. Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis: 5.9 kg (13 lb)[10]
  8. Chaoyangsaurus youngi: 6 kg (13 lb)[24]
  9. Xuanhuaceratops niei: 6 kg (13 lb)[24]
  10. Psittacosaurus gobiensis: 6–9.4 kg (13–21 lb)[10][24]
  11. Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi: 7 kg (15 lb)[24]
  12. Psittacosaurus meileyingensis: 8 kg (18 lb)[24]
  13. Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis: 8–8.4 kg (18–19 lb)[10][24]
  14. Archaeoceratops oshimai: 10 kg (22 lb)[24]
  15. Psittacosaurus mongoliensis: 12.1–20 kg (27–44 lb)[20][24][90]
  16. Psittacosaurus houi (Hongshanosaurus): 15 kg (33 lb)[24]
  17. Psittacosaurus sibiricus: 15 kg (33 lb)[24]

Pachycephalosaurs

Main article: Pachycephalosauria

Longest pachycephalosaurs

Size comparison of an adult P. wyomingensis (green), potential growth stages, and a human

Size by overall length, including tail, of all pachycephalosaurs measuring 3 meters or more in length.

  1. Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis: 4.5–7 m (15–23 ft)[18][24]
  2. Stygimoloch spinifer: 3 m (9.8 ft)[18]
  3. Gravitholus albertae: 3 m (9.8 ft)?[18]

Shortest pachycephalosaurs

Size by overall length, including tail, of all pachycephalosaurs measuring 2 meters or less in length as adults.

  1. Colepiocephale lambei: 1.8 m (5.9 ft)[18]
  2. Stegoceras validum: 2 m (6.6 ft)[18]
  3. Texacephale langstoni: 2 m (6.6 ft)[18]

Stegosaurs and basal thyreophorans

Main articles: Stegosauria and Thyreophora

Longest stegosaurs

Size of Stegosaurus armatus compared to a human

Size by overall length, including tail, of all stegosaurs measuring 7 meters or more in length.

  1. Stegosaurus ungulatus: 7–9 m (23–30 ft)[18][24]
  2. Stegosaurus stenops: 6.5–9 m (21–30 ft)[18][24]
  3. Dacentrurus armatus: 7–8 m (23–26 ft)[18][24][91]
  4. Tuojiangosaurus multispinus: 6.5–7 m (21–23 ft)[18][20][24]
  5. Wuerhosaurus homheni: 6.1–7 m (20–23 ft)[18][24]
  6. Jiangjunosaurus junggarensis: 6–7 m (20–23 ft)[18][24]
  7. Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis: 4.2–7 m (14–23 ft)[18][24]

Heaviest stegosaurs

All stegosaurs over 2.5 tonnes

  1. Dacentrurus armatus: 5–7.4 t (5.5–8.2 short tons)[10][24]
  2. Stegosaurus stenops: 2.6–5.3 t (2.9–5.8 short tons)[20][24][49][77]
  3. Hesperosaurus mjosi: 3.5–5 t (3.9–5.5 short tons)[10][24][49]
  4. Tuojiangosaurus multispinus: 4.8 t (5.3 short tons)[10]
  5. Wuerhosaurus homheni: 4 t (4.4 short tons)[24]
  6. Stegosaurus ungulatus: 3.5 t (3.9 short tons)[24]
  7. Tuojiangosaurus multispinus: 2.8 t (3.1 short tons)[24]
  8. Jiangjunosaurus junggarensis: 2.5 t (2.8 short tons)[24]

Shortest stegosaurs

All basal thyreophorans 2 metres or under in length.

  1. Tatisaurus oehleri: 1.2 m (3.9 ft)[18]
  2. Scutellosaurus lawleri: 1.2–1.3 m (3.9–4.3 ft)[18][24]

Lightest thyreophorans

All thyreophorans 300 kg or lighter.

  1. Scutellosaurus lawleri: 3 kg (6.6 lb)[24]
  2. Emausaurus ernsti: 50 kg (110 lb)[24]

Ankylosaurs

Main article: Ankylosauria

Longest ankylosaurs

Estimated size of Ankylosaurus compared to a human.

Size by overall length, including tail, of all ankylosaurs measuring 7 meters or more in length.

  1. Ankylosaurus magniventris: 6.25–9 m (20.5–29.5 ft)[18][92]
  2. Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum: 5–9 m (16–30 ft)[18][24][93]
  3. Tarchia gigantea: 4.5–8 m (15–26 ft)[18][24]
  4. Sauropelta edwardsorum: 5–7.6 m (16–25 ft)[18][94]
  5. Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus: 7 m (23 ft)?[18]
  6. Edmontonia rugosidens: 6–7 m (20–23 ft)[18][24]
  7. Edmontonia longiceps: 6–7 m (20–23 ft)[18][24]
  8. Edmontonia schlessmani: 6–7 m (20–23 ft)[18][24]
  9. Euoplocephalus tutus: 5.5–7 m (18–23 ft)[18][24]
  10. Saichania chulsanensis: 5.2–7 m (17–23 ft)[18][20][24]
  11. Panoplosaurus mirus: 5–7 m (16–23 ft)[18][24]
  12. Shamosaurus scutatus: 5–7 m (16–23 ft)[18][24]
  13. Tsagantegia longicranialis: 3.5–7 m (11–23 ft)[18][24]

Heaviest ankylosaurs

All ankylosaurs over 2.5 tonnes.

  1. Ankylosaurus magniventris: 1.7–6 t (1.9–6.6 short tons)[10][20][24]
  2. Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum: 5 t (5.5 short tons)[24]
  3. Niobrarasaurus coleii: 4 t (4.4 short tons)[24]
  4. Gobisaurus domoculus: 3.5 t (3.9 short tons)[24]
  5. Nodosaurus textilis: 3.5 t (3.9 short tons)[24]
  6. Palaeoscincus costatus: 3.5 t (3.9 short tons)[95]
  7. Sauropelta edwardsorum: 3 t (3.3 short tons)[10]
  8. Edmontonia rugosidens: 3 t (3.3 short tons)[24]
  9. Edmontonia schlessmani: 3 t (3.3 short tons)[24]
  10. Edmontonia longiceps: 2.3–3 t (2.5–3.3 short tons)[10][24]
  11. Euoplocephalus tutus: 2–2.7 t (2.2–3.0 short tons)[10][20][24][77]

Shortest ankylosaurs

All ankylosaurs under 3 metres.

  1. Propanoplosaurus marylandicus: 0.6 m (2.0 ft)[18]
  2. Dracopelta zbyszewskii: 2 m (6.6 ft)[18]
  3. Minmi paravertebra: 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft)[18][24]

Lightest ankylosaurs

  1. Animantarx ramaljonesi: 300 kg (660 lb)[24]
  2. Struthiosaurus transylvanicus: 300 kg (660 lb)[24]
  3. Struthiosaurus austriacus: 300 kg (660 lb)[24]
  4. Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum: 300 kg (660 lb)[24]
  5. Mymoorapelta maysi: 300 kg (660 lb)[24]
  6. Minmi paravertebra: 300 kg (660 lb)[24]

Other thyreophorans

Scelidosauridae

Main article: Scelidosaurus
  1. Scelidosaurus harrisonii: 3.8–4 m (12–13 ft); [24][83] 64.5–270 kg (142–595 lb)[20][24]
  2. ?Bienosaurus lufengensis: ???
  3. ?Lusitanosaurus liasicus: ???

Basal thyreophorans

Main articles: Dinosaur size § Stegosaurs and basal thyreophorans, and Thyreophora
  1. ?Lusitanosaurus liasicus: ???

Shortest basal thyreophorans

All basal thyreophorans under 2 m (6.6 ft).

  1. ?Tatisaurus oehleri: 1.2 m (3.9 ft)[18]
  2. Scutellosaurus lawleri: 1.2–1.3 m (3.9–4.3 ft)[18][24]

Lightest basal thyreophorans

All basal thyreophorans under 300 kg (660 lb).

  1. Scutellosaurus lawleri: 3 kg (6.6 lb)[24]
  2. Emausaurus ernsti: 50 kg (110 lb)[24]

References

  1. ^ Strauss, Bob."Why Were Dinosaurs So Big? The Facts and Theories Behind Dinosaur Gigantism". About Education. http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/dinosaurevolution/a/bigdinos.htm
  2. ^ a b c d Carpenter, Kenneth (2006). Foster, John R.; Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus". Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science: 131–138.
  3. ^ a b Jianu, Coralia-Maria; Weishampel, David B. (1999). "The smallest of the largest: a new look at possible dwarfing in sauropod dinosaurs". Geologie en Mijinbouw. 78.
  4. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078733, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078733 instead.
  5. ^ a b c Royo-Torres, R.; Cobos, A.; Alcalá, L. (2006). "A Giant European Dinosaur and a New Sauropod Clade". Science. 314 (5807): 1925–1927. Bibcode:2006Sci...314.1925R. doi:10.1126/science.1132885. PMID 17185599.
  6. ^ a b c d Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. (2007). "Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny". Arquivos do Museu Nacional. 65 (4): 527–544.
  7. ^ a b Calvo, J.O.; Juárez Valieri, R.D. & Porfiri, J.D. 2008. Re-sizing giants: estimation of body length of Futalognkosaurus dukei and implications for giant titanosaurian sauropods. 3° Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología de Vertebrados. Neuquén, Argentina.
  8. ^ a b Calvo, J.O., Porfiri, J.D., González-Riga, B.J., and Kellner, A.W. (2007) "A new Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem from Gondwana with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur". Anais Academia Brasileira Ciencia, 79(3): 529-41.[1]
  9. ^ a b c d e f Mazzetta, G.V.; Christiansen, P.; Farina, R.A. (2004). "Giants and bizarres: body size of some southern South American Cretaceous dinosaurs" (PDF). Historical Biology. 2004: 1–13.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo Benson, RBJ; Campione, NE; Carrano, MT; Mannion, PD; Sullivan, C; Evans, David C.; et al. (2014). "Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage". PLoS Biol. 12 (5): e1001853. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author6= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first5= (help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ a b Lacovara, Kenneth J.; Ibiricu, L.M.; Lamanna, M.C.; Poole, J.C.; Schroeter, E.R.; Ullmann, P.V.; Voegele, K.K.; Boles, Z.M.; Egerton, V.M.; Harris, J.D.; Martínez, R.D.; Novas, F.E.; Coughenour, Christopher L.; Schein, Jason P.; Harris, Jerald D.; Martínez, Rubén D.; Novas, Fernando E. (September 4, 2014). "A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina". Scientific Reports. 4: 6196. doi:10.1038/srep06196. PMID 25186586.
  12. ^ a b Burness, G.P.; Flannery, T.; Flannery, T (2001). "Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (25): 14518–14523. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9814518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.251548698. PMC 64714. PMID 11724953.
  13. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Tet Zoo 2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Naish, D. and Sweetman, S.C. (2011). "A tiny maniraptoran dinosaur in the Lower Cretaceous Hastings Group: evidence from a new vertebrate-bearing locality in south-east England." Cretaceous Research, 32: 464-471. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.001
  15. ^ a b c d Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1038/nature07447, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1038/nature07447 instead.
  16. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1038/ncomms2389, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1038/ncomms2389 instead.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Therrien, F.; Henderson, D.M. (2007). "My theropod is bigger than yours...or not: estimating body size from skull length in theropods". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (1): 108–115. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[108:MTIBTY]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2011 Appendix.
  19. ^ a b c d Which was the smallest dinosaur? Royal Tyrrell Museum. Last accessed 2008-05-23.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Seebacher, F. (2001). "A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  21. ^ Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Maganuco, Simone; Fabri, Matteo; Martill, David M.; Zouhri, Samir; Myhrvold, Nathan; Lurino, Dawid A. (2014). "Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory dinosaur". Science. 345 (6204). doi:10.1126/science.1258750.
  22. ^ a b Kellner, Alexander W.A.; Sergio A.K. Azevedeo; Elaine B. Machado; Luciana B. Carvalho; Deise D.R. Henriques (2011). "A new dinosaur (Theropoda, Spinosauridae) from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Alcântara Formation, Cajual Island, Brazil" (PDF). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83 (1): 99–108. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100006. ISSN 0001-3765.
  23. ^ a b Coria, R. A.; Currie, P. J. (2006). "A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 28 (1): 71–118.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press. Cite error: The named reference "G.S.Paul2010" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  25. ^ a b Hutchinson J.R., Bates K.T., Molnar J., Allen V, Makovicky P.J. (2011). "A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth". PLoS ONE. 6 (10): e26037. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626037H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  26. ^ Stephen L. Brusatte, Roger B. J. Benson and Xing Xu (2011). "A reassessment of Kelmayisaurus petrolicus, a large theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China" Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. in press: 65. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0125
  27. ^ dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Buffetaut, E.; Mendez, M.A. (2005). "New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod Spinosaurus, with remarks on its sizes and affinities". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (4): 888–896. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0888:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Nicolás E. Campione, David C. Evans, Caleb M. Brown, Matthew T. Carrano (2014). Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12226
  29. ^ Bates, KT; Manning, PL; Hodgetts, D; Sellers, WI (2009). "Estimating Mass Properties of Dinosaurs Using Laser". PLoS ONE. 4 (2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004532.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  30. ^ Lee, Yuong-Nam; Barsbold, Rinchen; Currie, Philip J.; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Lee, Hang-Jae; Godefroit, Pascal; Escuillié, François; Chinzorig, Tsogtbaatar (2014) [22 October 2014]. "Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature13874.
  31. ^ Brusatte, S.L.; Chure, D.J.; Benson, R.B.J.; Xu, X. (2010). "The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2334: 1–46.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Benson R.B.J., Carrano M.T, Brusatte S.L. (2010). "A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (1): 71–78. Bibcode:2010NW.....97...71B. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0614-x. PMID 19826771.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Naish, D. and Sweetman, S.C. (2011). "A tiny maniraptoran dinosaur in the Lower Cretaceous Hastings Group: evidence from a new vertebrate-bearing locality in south-east England." Cretaceous Research, 32: 464-471. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.001
  34. ^ a b Chatterjee, S., and Templin, R.J. (2007). "Biplane wing planform and flight performance of the feathered dinosaur Microraptor gui." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(5): 1576-1580. [2]
  35. ^ Prehistoric Life. London: Dorling Kindersley. 2012. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-7566-9910-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  36. ^ Ji, Q.; Ji, S.; Lu, J.; You, H.; Chen, W.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y. (2005). "First avialan bird from China (Jinfengopteryx elegans gen. et sp. nov.)". Geological Bulletin of China. 24 (3): 197–205.
  37. ^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 72
  38. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078733, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078733 instead.
  39. ^ Russell, Dale A.; Zheng, Zhong (1993). "A large mamenchisaurid from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 30 (10). doi:10.1139/e93-180.
  40. ^ Cite error: The named reference Herne&Lucas06 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference Xinjiangtitan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ a b Fowler, Denver W.; Sullivan, R.M. (2011). "The first giant titanosaurian sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of North America". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (4): 685–690. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0105.
  43. ^ You, H.-L.; Li, D.-Q.; Zhou, L.-Q.; Ji, Q (2008). "Daxiatitan binglingi: a giant sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China". Gansu Geology. 17 (4): 1–10.
  44. ^ a b Wedel, Mathew J.; Cifelli, Richard L. (Summer 2005). "Sauroposeidon: Oklahoma's Native Giant" (PDF). Oklahoma Geology Notes. 65 (2): 40–57.
  45. ^ Dong, Z. (1997). "A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China." Pp. 102-110 in Dong, Z. (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing.
  46. ^ Wedel, M. 2013.A giant, skeletally immature individual of Apatosaurus from the Morrison Formation of Oklahoma. The Annual Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy 2013:45.
  47. ^ Lacovara, K; Harris J., Lammana M., Novas F., Martinez R., and Amrosio, A. 2004. An enormous sauropod from the Maastrichtian Pari Aike Formation of southernmost Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(3) Supplement, 81A
  48. ^ a b Taylor, M.P. (2009). "A Re-evaluation of Brachiosaurus altithorax Riggs 1903 (Dinosauria, Sauropod) and its generic separation from Giraffatitan brancai (Janensh 1914)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 787–806. doi:10.1671/039.029.0309.
  49. ^ a b c d e Foster, J.R. (2003). Paleoecological analysis of the vertebrate fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain region, U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 23. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
  50. ^ Henderson, Donald M. (2006). "Burly Gaits: Centers of mass, stability, and the trackways of sauropod dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrae Paleontology. 26 (4): 907–921. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[907:BGCOMS]2.0.CO;2.
  51. ^ Paul, G.S. (1988). "The brachiosaur giants of the Morrison and Tendaguru with a description of a new subgenus, Giraffatitan, and a comparison of the world's largest dinosaurs". Hunteria, 2(3): 1–14.
  52. ^ Christiansen, P. (1997). "Feeding mechanisms of the sauropod dinosaurs Brachiosaurus, Camarasaurus, Diplodocus and Dicraeosaurus." Historical Biology, 14(3): 137-152.
  53. ^ a b V. D. Diaz, X. P. Suberpiola, and J. L. Sanz. 2013. Appendicular skeleton and dermal armour of the Late Cretaceous titanosaur Lirainosaurus astibia (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from Spain. Palaeontologia Electronica 16(2):19A
  54. ^ a b c Stein, K.; Csiki, Z.; Curry Rogers, K.; Weishampel, D.B.; Redelstorff, R.; Carballidoa, J.L.; Sandera, P.M. (2010). "Small body size and extreme cortical bone remodeling indicate phyletic dwarfism in Magyarosaurus dacus (Sauropoda: Titanosauria)" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 20. 107 (20): 9258–9263. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000781107. PMC 2889090. PMID 20435913.
  55. ^ Buffetaut, E.; Suteethorn, V.; Cuny, G.; Tong, H.; Le Loeuff, J.; Khansubha, S.; and Jongautchariyakul, S. (2000). "The earliest known sauropod dinosaur". Nature. 407 (6800): 72–74. doi:10.1038/35024060. PMID 10993074.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ Wilson. J. A. (2006): An Overview of Titanosaur Evolution and Phylogeny. En (Colectivo Arqueológico-Paleontológico Salense, Ed.): Actas de las III Jornadas sobre Dinosaurios y su Entorno. 169-190. Salas de los Infantes, Burgos, España. 169
  57. ^ Yates, A.M.; Kitching, J.W. (2003). "The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps towards sauropod locomotion". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1525): 1753–1758. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2417. PMC 1691423. PMID 12965005.
  58. ^ Y. Zhang. 1988. The Middle Jurassic dinosaur fauna from Dashapu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol. III. Sauropod dinosaur (1). Shunosaurus. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu 1-89
  59. ^ Lessem, Don; Glut, Donald F.; Dodson, Peter (1993). The Dinosaur Society's dinosaur encyclopedia. illust. by Tracy Ford. New York: Random House. p. 16. ISBN 0-679-41770-2.
  60. ^ Peyer, Karin, and Ronan Allain. "A reconstruction of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco." Historical Biology 22.1-3 (2010): 134-141.
  61. ^ a b Henderson, Donald (2013). "Sauropod Necks: Are They Really for Heat Loss?". PLoS ONE. 8 (10): e77108. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077108. PMC 3812985. PMID 24204747.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  62. ^ Scott, C. (2012). ""Change of Die". In McArthur, C. & Reyal, M. Planet Dinosaur. Firefly Books. pp. 200–208". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ISBN 978-1-77085-049-1
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h Paul, Gregory S. (1997). "Dinosaur models: the good, the bad, and using them to estimate the mass of dinosaurs". Dinofest International 1997: 129–154.
  64. ^ Case. (1978). "Speculation on the Growth Rate and Reproduction of Some Dinosaurs." Paleobiology' 4(3): 320-328
  65. ^ Zhao Xijin, Wang Kebai, & Li Dunjing (2011). "Huaxiaosaurus aigahtens". Geological Bulletin of China. 30 (11): 1671–1688.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ Zhao, X.; Li, D.; Han, G.; Hao, H.; Liu, F.; Li, L.; Fang, X. (2007). "Zhuchengosaurus maximus from Shandong Province". Acta Geoscientia Sinica. 28 (2): 111–122. doi:10.1007/s10114-005-0808-x.
  67. ^ Glut, Donald F. (1997). "Edmontosaurus". Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. pp. 389–396. ISBN 0-89950-917-7.
  68. ^ Lambert, David; the Diagram Group (1990). The Dinosaur Data Book. New York: Avon Books. p. 60. ISBN 0-380-75896-2.
  69. ^ Naish, Darren; David M. Martill (2001). "Ornithopod dinosaurs". Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight. London: The Palaeontological Association. pp. 60–132. ISBN 0-901702-72-2.
  70. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038207, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038207 instead.
  71. ^ allen, tom. "dino dictionary".
  72. ^ Glut, Donald F. (1997). "Saurolophus". Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. pp. 788–789. ISBN 0-89950-917-7.
  73. ^ Sues, Hans-Dieter (1997). "ornithopods". In James Orville Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman (eds.) (ed.). The Complete Dinosaur. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 338. ISBN 0-253-33349-0. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  74. ^ Kirkland, James I.; Hernández-Rivera, René; Gates, Terry; Paul, Gregory S.; Nesbitt, Sterling; Serrano-Brañas, Claudia Inés; Garcia-de la Garza, Juan Pablo (2006). "Large hadrosaurine dinosaurs from the latest Campanian of Coahuila, Mexico". In Lucas, S.G.; and Sullivan, Robert M. (eds.) (ed.). Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 35. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 299–315. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  75. ^ Morris, William J. (1981). "A new species of hadrosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Baja California: ?Lambeosaurus laticaudus". Journal of Paleontology. 55 (2): 453–462. JSTOR 1304231.
  76. ^ Horner, John R.; Weishampel, David B.; Forster, Catherine A (2004). "Hadrosauridae". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (ed.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 438–463. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  77. ^ a b c d Bakker, R. T. 1980. Dinosaur heresy-dinosaur renaissance; pp. 351-462 in R. D. K. Thomas and E. C. Olson (eds.), A Cold Look at the Warm-blooded Dinosaurs. AAAS Selected Symposia Series No. 28.
  78. ^ "T Dinosaurs Page 2". DinoDictionary.com. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  79. ^ "Triceratops in The Natural History Museum's Dino Directory". Internt.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  80. ^ Lehman, T.M. (1998). "A gigantic skull and skeleton of the horned dinosaur Pentaceratops sternbergi". From New Mexico: Journal of Paleontology,. 72 (5): 894–906.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  81. ^ a b "Descubren nuevos dinosaurios con cuernos". La Nación (in Spanish). 26 September 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  82. ^ Longrich, N.R. (2011). "Titanoceratops ouranos, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 32 (3): 264–276. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007.
  83. ^ a b Lambert, D. (1993). The Ultimate Dinosaur Book. Dorling Kindersley: New York, 152–167. ISBN 1-56458-304-X.
  84. ^ a b You, Hai-Lu; Tanque, Kyo; Dodson, Peter (2010). "A new species of Archaeoceratops (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Early Cretaceous of the Mazongshan area, northwestern China". New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 59–67. ISBN 978-0-253-35358-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  85. ^ a b Farke, Andrew A.; Maxwell, W. Desmond; Cifelli, Richard L.; Wedel, Mathew J. (2014-12-10). "A Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Western North America, and the Biogeography of Neoceratopsia". PLoS ONE. 9 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112055.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  86. ^ Sereno, P.C.2000. ""The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia." The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia:480–516". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  87. ^ Ősi, Attila; Butler, R.J.; Weishampel, David B.; Weishampel, David B. (2010-05-27). "A Late Cretaceous ceratopsian dinosaur from Europe with Asian affinities". Nature. 465 (7297): 466–468. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..466O. doi:10.1038/nature09019. PMID 20505726.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  88. ^ Sereno, Paul C.; Xijin, Zhao; Lin, Tan (2010). "A new psittacosaur from Inner Mongolia and the parrot-like structure and function of the psittacosaur skull" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1679): 199–209. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0691. PMID 19535376.
  89. ^ Butler, R.J. and Zhao, Q. (2009). "The small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis and Wannanosaurus yansiensis from the Late Cretaceous of China". Cretaceous Research. 30 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.03.002.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  90. ^ Erickson; Tumanova (2000). "Growth curve of Psittacosaurus mongoliensis Osborn (Ceratopsia: Psittacosauridae) inferred from long bone histology". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 130 (4): 551–566. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb02201.x.
  91. ^ Galton, Peter M.; Upchurch, Paul, 2004, "Stegosauria" In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd edition, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 344-345
  92. ^ Carpenter, K. (2004). "Redescription of Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 41 (8): 961–986. Bibcode:2004CaJES..41..961C. doi:10.1139/e04-043.
  93. ^ Carpenter, Kenneth; Bartlett, Jeff; Bird, John; Barrick, Reese (2008). "Ankylosaurs from the Price River Quarries, Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), east-central Utah". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (4): 1089–1101. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1089.
  94. ^ Carpenter, Kenneth. (1984). "Skeletal reconstruction and life restoration of Sauropelta (Ankylosauria: Nodosauridae) from the Cretaceous of North America". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 21 (12): 1491–1498. doi:10.1139/e84-154.
  95. ^ Colbert, E. (1962). "The weights of dinosaurs." American Museum Novitates, 2076: 1-16.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dinosauria size comparisons.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinosaur_size&oldid=641525351"