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image_flag = Flag of Chile.svg |
image_flag = Flag of Chile.svg |
image_coat = Chile COA.jpg |
image_coat = Chile COA.jpg |
national_anthem = ''[[National anthem of Chile|Himno Nacional]]'' |
image_map = LocationChile.png |
image_map = LocationChile.png |
national_motto = ''Por la Razón o la Fuerza''<br>([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: "By right or might") |
national_anthem = ''[[National anthem of Chile|Himno Nacional]]'' |
official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
capital = [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]<sup>1</sup> |
capital = [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]<sup>1</sup> |
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leader_name1 = [[Michelle Bachelet]] |
leader_name1 = [[Michelle Bachelet]] |
largest_city = [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] |
largest_city = [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] |
area = 756,963 |
area = 756,950 |
areami² = 292,183 |<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
areami² = 292,183 |<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
area_rank = 38th |
area_rank = 38th |
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population_density_rank = 184th |
population_density_rank = 184th |
GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |
GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |
GDP_PPP = $ 207.032&nbsp;million <!--[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)]]-->|
GDP_PPP = $193,213&nbsp;million <!--[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)]]-->|
GDP_PPP_rank = 43rd |
GDP_PPP_rank = 43rd |
GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12.737 <!--[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]]-->|
GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11,937 <!--[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]]-->|
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 56th |
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 56th |
GDP_year = 2006 |
GDP_year = 2005 |
GDP = $153,956 million |
GDP = $113,956 million |
GDP_per_capita = $9,840 |
GDP_per_capita = $7,040 |
Exports_2005 = 39.536,07 US$ |
Exports_2005 = 39.536,07 US$ |
Imports_2005 = 30.300,13 US$ |
Imports_2005 = 30.300,13 US$ |
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footnotes = <sup>1</sup> The [[Politics of Chile#Legislative branch|legislative body]] operates in [[Valparaíso]]<br><sup>2</sup> Includes [[Easter Island]] and [[Isla Sala y Gómez]]; does not include 1,250,000 km² of claimed territory in [[Antarctica]]
footnotes = <sup>1</sup> The [[Politics of Chile#Legislative branch|legislative body]] operates in [[Valparaíso]]<br><sup>2</sup> Includes [[Easter Island]] and [[Isla Sala y Gómez]]; does not include 1,250,000 km² of claimed territory in [[Antarctica]]
}}
}}
'''Chile''', officially the '''Republic of Chile''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''{{Audio|RepChile.ogg|República de Chile}}''), is a country in [[South America]] occupying a long coastal strip between the [[Andes]] mountains and the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It borders [[Argentina]] to the east, [[Bolivia]] to the northeast and [[Peru]] to the north.
[[Image:SantaCruz-CerroTorre-FitzRoyP2140126b-closeup.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Cerro Torre and Fitz Roy]]

'''Chile''', officially the '''Republic of Chile''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''{{Audio|RepChile.ogg|República de Chile}}''), is a country in [[South America]] occupying a long coastal strip between the [[Andes]] mountains and the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It borders [[Argentina]] to the east, [[Bolivia]] to the northeast, [[Peru]] to the north, and the [[Cape Horn]] to the south.
==Origin of the name==
==Origin of the name==

There are various theories about the origin of the word ''Chile.'' According to one theory the [[Inca]]s of Peru, who had failed to conquer the [[Araucanian]]s, called the valley of the [[Aconcagua]] "Chili" by corruption of the name of a [[tribal chief]] ("cacique") called ''Tili'', who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest. Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the [[Casma Valley]] in Peru, where there was a town and valley named ''Chili.'' Other theories say Chile may derive its name from the indigenous Mapuche word ''chilli,'' which may mean "where the land ends" or "the deepest point of the Earth," or from the Aymara ''tchili'' meaning "snow"; another meaning attributed to ''chilli'' is the onomatopoeic ''cheele-cheele''—the Mapuche imitation of a bird call. The Spanish [[conquistador]]s heard about this name from the Incas and the few survivors of [[Diego de Almagro]]'s first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535-36 called themselves the "men of Chilli."
There are various theories about the origin of the word ''Chile.'' According to one theory the [[Inca]]s of Peru, who had failed to conquer the [[Araucanian]]s, called the valley of the [[Aconcagua]] "Chili" by corruption of the name of a [[tribal chief]] ("cacique") called ''Tili'', who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest.<ref name="encina">Encina, Francisco A., and Leopoldo Castedo. Resumen de la Historia de Chile. 4th ed. Santiago: Zig-Zag, 1961.</ref> Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the [[Casma Valley]] in Peru, where there was a town and valley named ''Chili.''<ref name="encina"/> Other theories say Chile may derive its name from the indigenous Mapuche word ''chilli,'' which may mean "where the land ends,"<ref name="hudson">Hudson, Rex A., ed. "[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html Chile: A Country Study]." GPO for the Library of Congress. 1995. February 27, 2005</ref> "the deepest point of the Earth,"<ref>Pearson, Neale J. "[http://gme.grolier.com Chile]." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic Library Publishing, 2004. March 2, 2005</ref>, or "sea gulls;" <ref>"[http://ea.grolier.com Chile]." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2005. March 2, 2005</ref> or from the [[Quichua]] ''chin'', "cold," or the Aymara ''tchili'' meaning "snow."<ref>"[http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile_(república).html#S35 Chile (república)]." Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta Online. 2005. February 26, 2005</ref><ref>"CHILE." Encyclopædia Britannica. 11th ed. 1911.</ref> Another meaning attributed to ''chilli'' is the onomatopoeic ''cheele-cheele''—the Mapuche imitation of a bird call.<ref name="hudson"/> The Spanish [[conquistador]]s heard about this name from the Incas and the few survivors of [[Diego de Almagro]]'s first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535-36 called themselves the "men of Chilli."<ref name="hudson"/>


==History==
==History==
{{main|History of Chile}}
{{main|History of Chile}}

[[Image:Urville-Araucanians.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Mapuche]], the original inhabitants of central and southern Chile]]
[[Image:Urville-Araucanians.jpg|thumb|150px|left|The Mapuche were the original inhabitants of central and southern Chile]]


About 10,000 years ago, migrating [[Indigenous Peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] settled in fertile valleys and along the coast of what is now Chile. The [[Inca]]s briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the area's barrenness prevented extensive settlement.
About 10,000 years ago, migrating [[Indigenous Peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] settled in fertile valleys and along the coast of what is now Chile. The [[Inca]]s briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the area's barrenness prevented extensive settlement.


In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the earth, the Portuguese [[Ferdinand Magellan]], discovered the southern passage now named after him, the [[Strait of Magellan]]. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking [[gold]]. The Spanish encountered hundreds of thousands of Indians from various cultures in the area that modern Chile now occupies. These cultures supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn [[agriculture]] and [[hunting]].
In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the earth, the Portuguese [[Ferdinand Magellan]], discovered the southern passage now named after him, the [[Strait of Magellan]]. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking [[gold]]. The Spanish encountered hundreds of thousands of Indians from various cultures in the area that modern Chile now occupies. These cultures supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn [[agriculture]] and [[hunting]]. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by [[Pedro de Valdivia]], one of [[Francisco Pizarro]]'s lieutenants, who founded the city of [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] on [[February 12]], [[1541]]. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and [[silver]] they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]].

===Spanish Colony===
[[Image:Pedro de Valdivia.jpg|thumb|150px|Pedro de Valdivia]]
The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by [[Pedro de Valdivia]], one of [[Francisco Pizarro]]'s lieutenants, who founded the city of [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] on [[February 12]], [[1541]]. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and [[silver]] they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]].


[[Image:Pedro de Valdivia.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Pedro de Valdivia]]
Conquest of the land that is today called Chile took place only gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks at the hands of the local population. A massive [[Mapuche]] insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of [[slavery]] in 1683 defused tensions on the frontier between the colony and the Mapuche land to the south, and permitted increased trade between colonists and the Mapuche.
Conquest of the land that is today called Chile took place only gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks at the hands of the local population. A massive [[Mapuche]] insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of [[slavery]] in 1683 defused tensions on the frontier between the colony and the Mapuche land to the south, and permitted increased trade between colonists and the Mapuche.


The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish throne]] by [[Napoleon]]'s brother Joseph in 1808. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand—heir to the deposed king—was formed on [[September 18]], [[1810]]. The [[military dictatorship|junta]] proclaimed Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish [[monarchy]]. A movement for total independence soon won a wide following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the "[[Reconquista]]" led to a prolonged struggle.
The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish throne]] by [[Napoleon]]'s brother Joseph in 1808. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand—heir to the deposed king—was formed on [[September 18]], [[1810]]. The [[military dictatorship|junta]] proclaimed Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish [[monarchy]]. A movement for total independence soon won a wide following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the "[[Reconquista]]" led to a prolonged struggle.


===Independence===
[[Image:Ohiggins.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Bernardo O'Higgins]]
[[Image:Ohiggins.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Bernardo O'Higgins]]


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[[Image:Combate naval.jpg|thumb|[[War of the Pacific]]: The [[Battle of Iquique]] on [[May 21]] [[1879]]]]
[[Image:Combate naval.jpg|thumb|[[War of the Pacific]]: The [[Battle of Iquique]] on [[May 21]] [[1879]]]]


Toward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by ruthlessly suppressing the [[Mapuche]] Indians. In 1881, it signed a treaty with Argentina confirming Chilean sovereignty over the [[Strait of Magellan]]. As a result of the [[War of the Pacific]] with Peru and Bolivia (1879–83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. The [[Chilean Civil War]] in 1891 brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However, the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Hence the Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling [[oligarchy]].
Toward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by ruthlessly suppressing the [[Mapuche]] Indians. In 1881, it signed a treaty with Argentina confirming Chilean sovereignty over the [[Strait of Magellan]]. As a result of the [[War of the Pacific]] with Peru and Bolivia (1879–83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. The [[Chilean Civil War]] in 1891 brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However, the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Hence the Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling [[oligarchy]]. By the 1920s, the emerging middle and [[working class]]es were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, [[Arturo Alessandri Palma]], whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. Alessandri Palma's reformist tendencies were partly tempered later by an admiration for some elements of [[Mussolini]]'s Italian Corporate State. In the 1920s, [[Marxism|Marxist]] groups with strong popular support arose.
===Modern times===
By the 1920s, the emerging middle and [[working class]]es were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, [[Arturo Alessandri Palma]], whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. Alessandri Palma's reformist tendencies were partly tempered later by an admiration for some elements of [[Mussolini]]'s Italian Corporate State. In the 1920s, [[Marxism|Marxist]] groups with strong popular support arose.


A military coup led by General [[Luis Altamirano]] in 1924 set off a period of great political instability that lasted until 1932. The longest lasting of the ten governments between those years was that of General [[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]], who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto dictatorship, although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of [[Latin America]], and certainly not comparable to the violent and repressive regime of [[Augusto Pinochet]] decades later. By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period of [[Radical Party]] dominance (1932–52), the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez del Campo, now reincarnated as a sort of Chilean [[Juan Perón|Perón]], to office for another six years. [[Jorge Alessandri]] succeeded Ibáñez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term.
A military coup led by General [[Luis Altamirano]] in 1924 set off a period of great political instability that lasted until 1932. The longest lasting of the ten governments between those years was that of General [[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]], who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto dictatorship, although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of [[Latin America]], and certainly not comparable to the violent and repressive regime of [[Augusto Pinochet]] decades later. By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period of [[Radical Party]] dominance (1932–52), the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez del Campo, now reincarnated as a sort of Chilean [[Juan Perón|Perón]], to office for another six years. [[Jorge Alessandri]] succeeded Ibáñez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term.


The 1964 presidential election of [[Christian Democrat Party of Chile|Christian Democrat]] [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] by an [[absolute majority]] initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty," the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and [[agrarian reform]], including rural unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had accomplished many noteworthy objectives, but he had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals.
The 1964 presidential election of [[Christian Democrat Party of Chile|Christian Democrat]] [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] by an [[absolute majority]] initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty," the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and [[agrarian reform]], including rural unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had accomplished many noteworthy objectives, but he had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals.

===Turn to the left===
[[Image:Allende-Presidente-crop.jpg|thumb|left|152px|Salvador Allende (1970-1973)]]
[[Image:Allende-Presidente-crop.jpg|thumb|left|152px|Salvador Allende (1970-1973)]]


In 1970, Senator [[Salvador Allende|Salvador Allende Gossens]] won a [[plurality]] of votes in a three-way contest. Allende, trained as a physician, was a Marxist, a [[free mason ]] [http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/allende_s/allende_s.html] and a member of Chile's [[Socialist Party of Chile|Socialist Party]], who headed the "[[Popular Unity]]" (UP or "Unidad Popular") coalition of the Socialist, Communist, Radical, and Social-Democratic Parties, along with dissident Christian Democrats, ([[Movimiento de Acción Popular Unitaria]] or MAPU), and Acción Popular Independiente (Popular Independent Action). The [[National Congress of Chile|Chilean Congress]], keeping with tradition, conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president [[Jorge Alessandri]] and chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers party and could not make common cause with the oligarchs.
In 1970, Senator [[Salvador Allende|Salvador Allende Gossens]], a Marxist physician and member of Chile's [[Socialist Party of Chile|Socialist Party]], who headed the "[[Popular Unity]]" (UP or "Unidad Popular") coalition of the Socialist, Communist, Radical, and Social-Democratic Parties, along with dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement (MAPU), and the Independent Popular Action, won a [[plurality]] of votes in a three-way contest. Despite pressure from the government of the United States, the [[National Congress of Chile|Chilean Congress]], keeping with tradition, conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president [[Jorge Alessandri]] and chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers party and could not make common cause with the oligarchs.


Allende's program included advancement of workers' interests; a thoroughgoing implementation of agrarian reform; the reorganization of the national economy into socialized, mixed, and private sectors; a foreign policy of "international solidarity" and national independence; and a new institutional order (the "people's state" or "poder popular"), including the institution of a unicameral congress. The Popular Unity platform also called for nationalization of foreign (U.S.) ownership of Chile's major [[copper]] mines.
Allende's program included advancement of workers' interests; a thoroughgoing implementation of agrarian reform; the reorganization of the national economy into socialized, mixed, and private sectors; a foreign policy of "international solidarity" and national independence; and a new institutional order (the "people's state" or "poder popular"), including the institution of a unicameral congress. The Popular Unity platform also called for nationalization of foreign (U.S.) ownership of Chile's major [[copper]] mines.
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The nationalization of U.S. and other foreign-owned companies led to increased tensions with the [[United States]]. The [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] administration brought international financial pressure to bear in order to restrict economic credit to Chile. Simultaneously, the [[CIA]] funded opposition media, politicians, and organizations, helping to accelerate a campaign of domestic destabilization. By 1972, the economic progress of Allende's first year had been reversed and the economy was in crisis. Political polarization increased, and large mobilizations of both pro- and anti-government groups became frequent, often leading to clashes.
The nationalization of U.S. and other foreign-owned companies led to increased tensions with the [[United States]]. The [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] administration brought international financial pressure to bear in order to restrict economic credit to Chile. Simultaneously, the [[CIA]] funded opposition media, politicians, and organizations, helping to accelerate a campaign of domestic destabilization. By 1972, the economic progress of Allende's first year had been reversed and the economy was in crisis. Political polarization increased, and large mobilizations of both pro- and anti-government groups became frequent, often leading to clashes.


By early 1973, [[inflation]] was out of control. The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous [[strike action|strikes]] by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class. A [[Chilean coup of 1973|military coup]] overthrew Allende on [[September 11]] [[1973]]. As the armed forces bombarded the [[Palacio de La Moneda|presidential palace]] (Palacio de La Moneda), Allende reportedly committed suicide <ref>Óscar Soto ''El Último dia de Salvador Allende''</ref><ref>Eugeno Ahumada ''Chile: La memoria prohibida''</ref>[http://www.geocities.com/educhile_1970s/September11.html]. A military government, led by General [[Augusto Pinochet Ugarte]], took over control of the country. The first years of the regime were marked by serious [[human rights violation]]s. On October 1973, at least 70 persons were murdered by the [[Caravan of Death]]. At least a thousand people were executed during the first six months of Pinochet in office, and at least two thousand more were killed during the next sixteen years, as reported by the [[Valech Report]]. Some 30,000 were forced to flee the country. A new [[Constitution]] was approved by a highly irregular and undemocratic [[plebiscite]] characterized by the absence of registration lists, on [[September 11]] [[1980]], and General Pinochet became President of the Republic for an 8-year term.
===Coup d'Etat and military regime===
[[Image:Augusto Pinochet official portrait.jpg|thumb|right|152px|Augusto Pinochet (1973-1989)]]


[[Image:Michelle Bachelet with sash.jpg|thumb|150px|Michelle Bachelet (2006&ndash;), first woman president]]
By early 1973, [[inflation]] was out of control. The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous [[strike action|strikes]] by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class. A [[Chilean coup of 1973|military coup]] overthrew Allende on [[September 11]] [[1973]]. As the armed forces bombarded the [[Palacio de La Moneda|presidential palace]] (Palacio de La Moneda), Allende reportedly committed suicide <ref>Óscar Soto ''El Último dia de Salvador Allende''</ref><ref>Eugeno Ahumada ''Chile: La memoria prohibida''</ref>[http://www.geocities.com/educhile_1970s/September11.html]. A military government, led by General [[Augusto Pinochet Ugarte]], took over control of the country. The first years of the regime were marked by serious [[human rights violation]]s. On October 1973, at least 70 persons were murdered by the [[Caravan of Death]]. At least a thousand people were executed during the first six months of Pinochet in office, and at least two thousand more were killed during the next sixteen years, as reported by the Rettig Report. Some 30,000 were forced to flee the country, and tens of thousands of people were detained and tortured, as investigated by the 2004 Valech Commission. A new [[Constitution]] was approved by a highly irregular and undemocratic [[plebiscite]] characterized by the absence of registration lists, on [[September 11]] [[1980]], and General Pinochet became President of the Republic for an 8-year term.


The right-wing military government pursued decidedly ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economic policies. During its nearly 17 years in power, Chile moved away from economic statism toward a largely [[free market economy]] that saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the copper industry and other important mineral resources were not returned to foreign ownership.
In the late 1980s, the regime gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, [[Freedom of speech|speech]], and association, to include trade union and limited political activity. The right-wing military government pursued decidedly ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economic policies. During its nearly 17 years in power, Chile moved away from economic statism toward a largely [[free market economy]] that saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the copper industry and other important mineral resources were not returned to foreign ownership. In a plebiscite on [[October 5]], [[1988]], General Pinochet was denied a second 8-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on [[December 14]], [[1989]]. Christian Democrat [[Patricio Aylwin]], the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the ''[[Coalition of Parties for Democracy|Concertación]]'', received an absolute majority of votes (55%). President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.


In December 1993, Christian Democrat [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], the son of previous president [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]], led the Concertación coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%). Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist [[Ricardo Lagos]], who won the presidency in a unprecedented [[runoff election]] against [[Joaquín Lavín]] of the rightist [[Alliance for Chile]]. In January 2006 Chileans elected their first woman president, [[Michelle Bachelet Jeria]], of the Socialist Party. She was sworn in on [[March 11]] [[2006]], continuing the ''Concertación'' coalition governance for another four years.
===Return to Democracy===
[[Image:Michelle Bachelet with sash.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Michelle Bachelet (2006&ndash;), first woman president]]
In the late 1980s, the regime gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, [[Freedom of speech|speech]], and association, to include trade union and limited political activity. In a plebiscite on [[October 5]], [[1988]], General Pinochet was denied a second 8-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on [[December 14]], [[1989]]. Christian Democrat [[Patricio Aylwin]], the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the ''[[Coalition of Parties for Democracy|Concertación]]'', received an absolute majority of votes (55%). President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.

In December 1993, Christian Democrat [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], the son of previous president [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]], led the Concertación coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%). Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist [[Ricardo Lagos Escobar]], who won the presidency in a unprecedented [[runoff election]] against [[Joaquín Lavín]] of the rightist [[Alliance for Chile]].

In January 2006 Chileans elected their first woman as head of state, [[Michelle Bachelet Jeria]], of the Socialist Party. She was sworn in as [[President of Chile]] on [[March 11]] [[2006]], continuing the ''Concertación'' coalition governance for another four years.


==Politics==
==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Chile}}
{{main|Politics of Chile}}
[[Image:Ci-map.png|thumb|Map of Chile]]
[[Image:Ci-map.png|thumb|Map of Chile]]
Chile's [[Constitution of Chile|Constitution]] was approved in a democratic, though controversial, national [[plebiscite]] in September 1980, under the [[military Junta|military]] [[government]] of [[Augusto Pinochet]]. It entered into force in March 1981. After Pinochet's defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, the Constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President [[Ricardo Lagos]] signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and [[senators for life]], granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.


Chile's [[Constitution of Chile|Constitution]] was approved in a highly irregular national [[plebiscite]] in September 1980, under the [[military Junta|military]] [[government]] of [[Augusto Pinochet]]. It entered into force in March 1981. After Pinochet's defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, the Constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President [[Ricardo Lagos]] signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and [[senators for life]], granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.
Chileans voted in the first round of presidential elections on [[December 11]] [[2005]]. None of the four presidential candidates won more than 50% of the vote. As a result, the top two vote-getters—center-left Concertación coalition’s [[Michelle Bachelet]] and center-right Alianza coalition’s [[Sebastián Piñera]]—competed in a run-off election on [[January 15]] [[2006]], which Michelle Bachelet won. She was sworn in on [[March 11]] [[2006]]. This was Chile’s fourth presidential election since the end of the Pinochet era. All four have been judged free and fair. The President is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.

Chileans voted in the first round of presidential elections on [[December 11]] [[2005]]. None of the four presidential candidates won more than 50% of the vote. As a result, the top two vote-getters—center-left Concertación coalition’s [[Michelle Bachelet]] and center-right Alianza coalition's [[Sebastián Piñera]]—competed in a run-off election on [[January 15]] [[2006]], which Michelle Bachelet won. She was sworn in on [[March 11]] [[2006]]. This was Chile’s fourth presidential election since the end of the Pinochet era. All four have been judged free and fair. The President is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.


Chile's bicameral [[Congress of Chile|Congress]] has a 38-seat [[Senate of Chile|Senate]] and a 120-member [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]. Senators serve for 8 years with staggered terms, while Deputies are elected every 4 years. The current Senate has a 20-18 split in favor of pro-government Senators. The last congressional elections were held in [[December 11]] [[2005]], concurrently with the presidential election. The current lower house—the Chamber of Deputies—contains 63 members of the governing center-left coalition and 57 from the center-right opposition. The Congress is located in the port city of [[Valparaíso]], about 140 kilometers (84 mi.) west of the capital, [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]].
Chile's bicameral [[Congress of Chile|Congress]] has a 38-seat [[Senate of Chile|Senate]] and a 120-member [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]. Senators serve for 8 years with staggered terms, while Deputies are elected every 4 years. The current Senate has a 20-18 split in favor of pro-government Senators. The last congressional elections were held in [[December 11]] [[2005]], concurrently with the presidential election. The current lower house—the Chamber of Deputies—contains 63 members of the governing center-left coalition and 57 from the center-right opposition. The Congress is located in the port city of [[Valparaíso]], about 140 kilometers (84 mi.) west of the capital, [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]].


Chile's congressional elections are governed by a binomial system that rewards large representations. Therefore, there are only Senate and two Deputy seats apportioned to each electoral district, parties are forced to form wide coalitions and historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertación and Alianza for Chile) split most of the seats in a district. Only if the leading coalition ticket out-polls the second-place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does the winning coalition gain both seats. In the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative [[Independent Democratic Union]] surpassed the [[Christian Democratic Party of Chile|Christian Democrats]] for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house. In 2005, both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the [[UDI]] lost representation in favor of their respective allies [[Socialist Party]] (which became the biggest party in the Concertación block) and [[National Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] in the right-wing alliance. The [[Communist Party of Chile|Communist Party]] again failed to gain any seats in the election. (''See'' [[Chilean parliamentary election, 2005]].)
Chile's congressional elections are governed by a binomial system that rewards large representations. Therefore, there are only Senate and two Deputy seats apportioned to each electoral district, parties are forced to form wide coalitions and historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertación and Alianza) split most of the seats in a district. Only if the leading coalition ticket out-polls the second-place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does the winning coalition gain both seats. In the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative [[Independent Democratic Union]] (UDI) surpassed the [[Christian Democratic Party of Chile|Christian Democrats]] for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house. In 2005, both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation in favor of their respective allies [[Socialist Party]] (which became the biggest party in the Concertación block) and [[National Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] in the right-wing alliance. The [[Communist Party of Chile|Communist Party]] again failed to gain any seats in the election. (''See'' [[Chilean parliamentary election, 2005]].)


Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the [[Supreme Court of Chile|Supreme Court]]. In June 2005, Chile completed a nation-wide overhaul of its criminal justice system. The reform has replaced inquisitorial proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United States.
Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the [[Supreme Court of Chile|Supreme Court]]. In June 2005, Chile completed a nation-wide overhaul of its criminal justice system. The reform has replaced inquisitorial proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United States.


==Administrative divisions==
==Administrative divisions==
[[Image:Palacio de LaMoneda02.png|thumb|300px|[[Palacio de La Moneda]] in [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]],seat of the Executive authority.]]
{{main|Regions of Chile}}
{{main|Regions of Chile}}

Chile is divided into 13 [[region]]s, each of which is headed by an ''intendente'' appointed by the President. Every region is further divided into [[province]]s with a ''Gobernador Provincial'', also appointed by the President. Finally each province is divided into [[municipality|municipalities]].[http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp] which are sometimes referred to as [[comuna]]s, each with its own mayor, and [[councilor]]s, known as ''concejales'' elected by their inhabitants.
Chile is divided into 13 [[region]]s, each of which is headed by an ''intendente'' appointed by the President. Every region is further divided into [[province]]s with a ''Gobernador Provincial'', also appointed by the President. Finally each province is divided into [[municipality|municipalities]].[http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/organigrama/organigrama.asp] which are sometimes referred to as [[comuna]]s, each with its own mayor, and [[councilor]]s, known as ''concejales'' elected by their inhabitants.

[[Image:Tca map.png|thumb|left|140px|Chilean Antarctic Territory]]


Each region is designated by a name and a [[Roman numeral]], assigned from north to south. In general, the Roman numeral is used, rather than the name. The only exception is the region where Santiago is situated, which is designated ''RM'', that stands for ''Región Metropolitana'', ''Metropolitan Region''.
Each region is designated by a name and a [[Roman numeral]], assigned from north to south. In general, the Roman numeral is used, rather than the name. The only exception is the region where Santiago is situated, which is designated ''RM'', that stands for ''Región Metropolitana'', ''Metropolitan Region''.
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==Geography==
==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Chile}}
{{main|Geography of Chile}}
[[Image:Volcan Osorno.jpg|200px|left|thumb|[[Volcán Osorno| Osorno volcano]] in the south]]
[[Image:Parinacota.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Lake Chungará]] and [[Parinacota|Parinacota volcano]] in the north]]
[[Image:Parinacota.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Lake Chungará]] and [[Parinacota|Parinacota volcano]] in the north]]
[[Image:CapeHorn.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cape Horn from the South.]]
[[Image:Volcan Osorno.jpg|200px|left|thumb|[[Volcán Osorno| Osorno volcano]] in the south]]

A long and narrow coastal [[Southern Cone]] country on the west side of the [[Andes]] Mountains, Chile stretches over 4,630 [[kilometer]]s (2,880&nbsp;[[mile|mi]]) north to south, but only 430 kilometers (265&nbsp;mi) at its widest point east to west. This encompasses a remarkable variety of [[landscape]]s.
A long and narrow coastal [[Southern Cone]] country on the west side of the [[Andes]] Mountains, Chile stretches over 4,630 [[kilometer]]s (2,880&nbsp;[[mile|mi]]) north to south, but only 430 kilometers (265&nbsp;mi) at its widest point east to west. This encompasses a remarkable variety of [[landscape]]s.


At 292,240 [[square miles|mi²]] (756,950 [[square kilometer|km²]]), Chile is the world's 38th-largest country (after [[Turkey]]). It is comparable in size to [[Zambia]], and is somewhat larger than the US state of [[Texas]].
At 292,240 [[square miles|mi²]] (756,950 [[square kilometer|km²]]), Chile is the world's 38th-largest country (after [[Turkey]]). It is comparable in size to [[Zambia]], and is somewhat larger than the US state of [[Texas]].


The northern [[Atacama]] desert contains great mineral wealth, primarily copper and [[nitrate]]s. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area also is the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features like [[volcano]]es and [[lake]]s. The southern coast is a labyrinth of [[fjord]]s, [[inlet]]s, [[canal]]s, twisting [[peninsula]]s, and [[island]]s. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border. Chile is the longest (N-S) country in the world (over 4,200&nbsp;km&nbsp;/&nbsp;2,600&nbsp;mi), and also claims 1,250,000 square kilometers (482,628&nbsp;[[square mile|sq. mi]]) of [[Antarctica]] as part of its territory.
The northern [[Atacama]] desert contains great mineral wealth, primarily copper and [[nitrate]]s. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area also is the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands and features a string of [[volcano]]es and [[lake]]s. The southern coast is a labyrinth of [[fjord]]s, [[inlet]]s, [[canal]]s, twisting [[peninsula]]s, and [[island]]s. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border. Chile is the longest (N-S) country in the world (over 4,200&nbsp;km&nbsp;/&nbsp;2,600&nbsp;mi), and also claims 1,250,000 square kilometers (482,628&nbsp;[[square mile|sq. mi]]) of [[Antarctica]] as part of its territory.


Chile controls [[Easter Island]] and [[Sala y Gómez]] Island, the easternmost islands of [[Polynesia]], which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and [[Robinson Crusoe Island]], more than 600 kilometers (375&nbsp;mi) from the mainland, in the [[Juan Fernández]] archipelago. Easter Island is nowadays a province of Chile. Also controlled but uninhabited are the small islands of Sala y Gómez, San Ambrosio and San Felix, these islands are notable because they extend Chile's claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the Pacific.
Chile controls [[Easter Island]] and [[Sala y Gómez]] Island, the easternmost islands of [[Polynesia]], which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and [[Robinson Crusoe Island]], more than 600 kilometers (375&nbsp;mi) from the mainland, in the [[Juan Fernández]] archipelago. Easter Island is nowadays a province of Chile. Also controlled but uninhabited are the small islands of Sala y Gómez, San Ambrosio and San Felix, these islands are notable because they extend Chile's claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the Pacific.
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==Economy==
==Economy==
[[Image:Stgo Abril.jpg|thumb|350px|Santiago is Chile's financial center]]
{{main|Economy of Chile}}
{{main|Economy of Chile}}
[[Image:Stgo Abril.jpg|thumb|280px|Santiago is Chile's financial center]]
After a decade of impressive growth rates, Chile experienced a moderate downturn in 1999, brought on by the global economic slowdown. The economy remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery, achieving 3.3% real GDP growth. The Chilean economy finished 2004 with growth of 6.1%. Chile was on track to achieve real GDP growth of around 6% in 2005, mainly due to record-level copper prices.
[[Image:Chilean notes.jpg|thumb|left|Chilean notes currently in circulation]]
[[Image:Chilean notes.jpg|thumb|left|Chilean notes currently in circulation]]


After a decade of impressive growth rates, Chile experienced a moderate downturn in 1999, brought on by the global economic slowdown. The economy remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery, achieving 3.3% real GDP growth. The Chilean economy finished 2004 with growth of 6.1%. Chile was on track to achieve real GDP growth of around 6% in 2005, mainly due to record-level copper prices.
Chile has pursued generally sound economic policies for nearly three decades. The 1973-90 military government sold many state-owned companies, and the three democratic governments since 1990 have continued [[privatization]], though at a slower pace. The government's role in the economy is mostly limited to regulation, although the state continues to operate copper giant [[Codelco|CODELCO]] and a few other enterprises. Chile is strongly committed to free trade and has welcomed large amounts of [[foreign investment]]. Chile has signed [[free trade agreement]]s (FTAs) with several important economies, including an FTA with the [[United States]], which was signed in 2003 and implemented in January 2004. Over the last several years, Chile has signed FTAs with the [[European Union]], [[South Korea]], [[New Zealand]], [[Singapore]], [[Brunei]], and [[China]]. It reached a partial trade agreement with [[India]] in 2005 and began negotiations for full-fledged FTAs with India and [[Japan]] in 2006. High domestic savings and investment rates also helped propel Chile's economy to average growth rates of 8% during the 1990s. The privatized national [[pension system]] (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21% of GDP. However, the AFP is not without its critics, who cite low coverage rates (only 55% of the working population is covered) with whole groups such as the self-employed outside the system. There has also been criticism of the inefficiency and high costs due to a lack of competition among pension funds. Critics cite loopholes in the use of pension savings through lump sum withdraws for the purchase of a second home or payment of university fees as fundamental weaknesses of the AFP.


Chile has pursued generally sound economic policies for nearly three decades. The 1973-90 military government sold many state-owned companies, and the three democratic governments since 1990 have continued [[privatization]], though at a slower pace. The government's role in the economy is mostly limited to regulation, although the state continues to operate copper giant [[Codelco|CODELCO]] and a few other enterprises. Chile is strongly committed to free trade and has welcomed large amounts of [[foreign investment]]. Chile has signed [[free trade agreement]]s (FTAs) with several important economies, including an FTA with the [[United States]], which was signed in 2003 and implemented in January 2004. Over the last several years, Chile has signed FTAs with the [[European Union]], [[South Korea]], [[New Zealand]], [[Singapore]], [[Brunei]], and the [[People's Republic of China]]. It reached a partial trade agreement with [[India]] in 2005 and began negotiations for full-fledged FTAs with India and [[Japan]] in 2006. High domestic savings and investment rates also helped propel Chile's economy to average growth rates of 8% during the 1990s. The privatized national [[pension system]] (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21% of GDP. However, the AFP is not without its critics, who cite low coverage rates (only 55% of the working population is covered) with whole groups such as the self-employed outside the system. There has also been criticism of the inefficiency and high costs due to a lack of competition among pension funds. Critics cite loopholes in the use of pension savings through lump sum withdraws for the purchase of a second home or payment of university fees as fundamental weaknesses of the AFP.
Unemployment has hovered in the 8%-10% range in recent years, well above the 5%-6% average for the 1990s. Unemployment remained at 8.8% at the end of 2004 in spite of strong economic growth. Most international observers blame the high unemployment rate on Chile’s complicated and restrictive [[labor law]]s. Wages have risen faster than [[inflation]] as a result of higher productivity, boosting national [[living standard]]s. The percentage of Chileans with incomes below the [[poverty line]]—defined as twice the cost of satisfying a person's minimal nutritional needs—fell from 46% in 1987 to around 18.8% as procclaimed by the then president [[Ricardo Lagos]]

[[Image:Chile GDP growth.png|thumb|250px|Chile's GDP growth since [[1980]]]]

Unemployment has hovered in the 8%-10% range in recent years, well above the 5%-6% average for the 1990s. Unemployment remained at 8.8% at the end of 2004 in spite of strong economic growth. Most international observers blame the high unemployment rate on Chile’s complicated and restrictive [[labor law]]s. Wages have risen faster than [[inflation]] as a result of higher productivity, boosting national [[living standard]]s. The percentage of Chileans with incomes below the [[poverty line]]—defined as twice the cost of satisfying a person's minimal nutritional needs—fell from 46% in 1987 to around 18.8% as procclaimed by the then president [[Ricardo Lagos]] in 2005[http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/inequal/2005/0912redis.htm] Critics in Chile, however, argue true poverty numbers are considerably higher than officially published figures.[http://www.tcgnews.com/santiagotimes/index.php?nav=story&story_id=11917&topic_id=1] In 2006, according to statistics released by Chile's CAS Informática, around 58% of Chileans lived near or below poverty levels; 20.6% in extreme poverty.[http://www.tcgnews.com/santiagotimes/index.php?nav=story&story_id=11917&topic_id=1] Despite enjoying a comparatively high GDP compared to most other countries of [[Latin America]], Chile also suffers from one of the most uneven [[distribution of wealth|distributions of wealth]][http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/3148] in the world, ahead only of [[Brazil]] in the Latin American region and lagging behind even of most developing [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n nations. Chile's top 10 richest percentile possesses 90 percent of the country's wealth. On the national level, 6.2% of the population belonged to "Grupo ABC1" upper economic bracket, 15% belonged to "Grupo C2" middle economic bracket, 21% to "Grupo C3" lower middle economic bracket, 38% to "Grupo D" lower economic braket, and 20% to "Grupo E" extreme poor economic bracket.[http://www.tcgnews.com/santiagotimes/index.php?nav=story&story_id=11917&topic_id=1]

Chile also has a [http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/3148 very uneven wealth distribution] because of low wages for the workers that help produce Chile's main resources such as salmon cultivation, mining and agriculture. The top 10 richest percentile of Chile has 90 percent of its wealth.


[[Image:Chile GDP growth.png|thumb|250px|right|Chile's GDP growth since [[1980]]]]
Chile's independent [[Central bank|Central Bank]] pursues a policy of maintaining inflation between 2% and 4%. Inflation has not exceeded 5% since 1998. Chile registered an inflation rate of 2.4% in 2004. In 2005, inflation reached an estimated 3.7%. Stronger than expected domestic demand coupled with higher worldwide energy prices led to most of the inflationary rise in 2005. The Chilean peso’s rapid appreciation against the U.S. dollar in 2004 and 2005 helped keep down inflation while at the same time the strengthening peso played a role in the stronger than expected domestic consumption. Most wage settlements and spending decisions are indexed, reducing inflation's volatility. Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10% of their salaries into privately managed funds.
Chile's independent [[Central bank|Central Bank]] pursues a policy of maintaining inflation between 2% and 4%. Inflation has not exceeded 5% since 1998. Chile registered an inflation rate of 2.4% in 2004. In 2005, inflation reached an estimated 3.7%. Stronger than expected domestic demand coupled with higher worldwide energy prices led to most of the inflationary rise in 2005. The Chilean peso’s rapid appreciation against the U.S. dollar in 2004 and 2005 helped keep down inflation while at the same time the strengthening peso played a role in the stronger than expected domestic consumption. Most wage settlements and spending decisions are indexed, reducing inflation's volatility. Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10% of their salaries into privately managed funds.


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===Foreign Trade===
===Foreign Trade===
[[Image:APEC 2004 Official Photo.jpg|300px|thumb|right|APEC leaders during the 2004 summit held in Santiago]]
[[Image:Chuqui001.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Chuquicamata]] is the largest [[Open-pit mining|open pit]] [[copper]] mine in the world]]


Chile's economy is highly dependent on international trade. In 2005, exports accounted for about 39% of GDP. That figure was somewhat distorted by world-record copper prices. Chile’s overall trade profile has traditionally been dependent upon copper exports, and the rise in copper prices has reinforced it further. The state-owned firm CODELCO is the world's largest copper-producing company with recorded copper reserves of 200 years. Chile has made an effort to expand nontraditional exports. In 1975, non-mineral exports made up just over 30% of total exports, whereas now they account for about 60%. The most important non-mineral exports are [[forestry]] and wood products, fresh fruit and [[processed food]], fishmeal and seafood, and wine. The trade balance for 2005 showed a surplus of $8 billion. Total exports in 2005 were $38 billion, up nearly 20% from 2004. Chile's export markets are fairly balanced among [[Europe]] (25.1%), [[Asia]] (33.1%), [[Latin America]] (15.7%), and [[North America]] (19%). The U.S., the largest national market, takes in 17.3% of Chile's exports. Since the implementation of the U.S.-Chile FTA in January 2004, bilateral trade has increased 85%.
Chile's economy is highly dependent on international trade. In 2005, exports accounted for about 39% of GDP. That figure was somewhat distorted by world-record copper prices. Chile’s overall trade profile has traditionally been dependent upon copper exports, and the rise in copper prices has reinforced it further. The state-owned firm CODELCO is the world's largest copper-producing company with recorded copper reserves of 200 years. Chile has made an effort to expand nontraditional exports. In 1975, non-mineral exports made up just over 30% of total exports, whereas now they account for about 60%. The most important non-mineral exports are [[forestry]] and wood products, fresh fruit and [[processed food]], fishmeal and seafood, and wine. The trade balance for 2005 showed a surplus of $8 billion. Total exports in 2005 were $38 billion, up nearly 20% from 2004. Chile's export markets are fairly balanced among [[Europe]] (25.1%), [[Asia]] (33.1%), [[Latin America]] (15.7%), and [[North America]] (19%). The U.S., the largest national market, takes in 17.3% of Chile's exports. Since the implementation of the U.S.-Chile FTA in January 2004, bilateral trade has increased 85%.
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Higher effective tariffs are charged only on imports of wheat, wheat flour, and sugar as a result of a system of import price bands. The price bands were ruled inconsistent with Chile's [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) obligations in 2002, and the government has introduced legislation to modify them. Also, Chile will have to phase out the price bands within 12 years under the terms of the U.S.-Chile FTA.
Higher effective tariffs are charged only on imports of wheat, wheat flour, and sugar as a result of a system of import price bands. The price bands were ruled inconsistent with Chile's [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) obligations in 2002, and the government has introduced legislation to modify them. Also, Chile will have to phase out the price bands within 12 years under the terms of the U.S.-Chile FTA.


[[Image:Chuqui001.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Chuquicamata]] is the largest [[Open-pit mining|open pit]] [[copper]] mine in the world]]
[[Image:APEC 2004 Official Photo.jpg|250px|thumb|left|APEC leaders during the 2004 summit held in Santiago]]

Successive Chilean governments have actively pursued trade-liberalizing agreements. During the 1990s, Chile signed FTAs with Canada, Mexico, and Central America. Chile also concluded preferential trade agreements with [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]], and [[Ecuador]]. An association agreement with [[Mercosur]]—Argentina, [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], and [[Uruguay]]—went into effect in October 1996. Continuing its export-oriented development strategy, Chile completed landmark free trade agreements in 2002 with the [[European Union]] and [[South Korea]]. Chile, as a member of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) organization, is seeking to boost commercial ties to Asian markets. To that end, it has signed FTAs in recent years with [[New Zealand]], [[Singapore]], [[Brunei]], and most recently [[China]]. In 2006, Chile has begun FTA negotiations with [[Japan]] and [[India]].
Successive Chilean governments have actively pursued trade-liberalizing agreements. During the 1990s, Chile signed FTAs with Canada, Mexico, and Central America. Chile also concluded preferential trade agreements with [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]], and [[Ecuador]]. An association agreement with [[Mercosur]]—Argentina, [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], and [[Uruguay]]—went into effect in October 1996. Continuing its export-oriented development strategy, Chile completed landmark free trade agreements in 2002 with the [[European Union]] and [[South Korea]]. Chile, as a member of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) organization, is seeking to boost commercial ties to Asian markets. To that end, it has signed FTAs in recent years with [[New Zealand]], [[Singapore]], [[Brunei]], and most recently the [[People's Republic of China]]. In 2006, Chile has begun FTA negotiations with [[Japan]] and [[India]].


After two years of negotiations, the [[United States]] and Chile signed an agreement in June 2003. The agreement will lead to completely duty-free bilateral trade within 12 years. The U.S.-Chile FTA entered into force January 1, 2004 following approval by the U.S. and Chilean congresses. The bilateral FTA has inaugurated greatly expanded U.S.-Chilean trade ties. Chile is a strong proponent of pressing ahead on negotiations for a [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]] (FTAA) and active in the WTO’s [[Doha round|Doha round of negotiations]], principally through its membership in the [[G-20]] and [[Cairns Group]].
After two years of negotiations, the [[United States]] and Chile signed an agreement in June 2003. The agreement will lead to completely duty-free bilateral trade within 12 years. The U.S.-Chile FTA entered into force January 1, 2004 following approval by the U.S. and Chilean congresses. The bilateral FTA has inaugurated greatly expanded U.S.-Chilean trade ties. Chile is a strong proponent of pressing ahead on negotiations for a [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]] (FTAA) and active in the WTO’s [[Doha round|Doha round of negotiations]], principally through its membership in the [[G-20]] and [[Cairns Group]].
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===Finance===
===Finance===
[[Image:Vitacura at night.jpg|thumb|350px|Skyline of [[Santiago]]'s Financial District]]
[[Image:Vitacura at night.jpg|thumb|350px|Skyline of [[Santiago]]'s Financial District]]

Chile's financial sector has grown faster than other areas of the economy over the last few years; a banking reform law approved in 1997 broadened the scope of permissible foreign activity for Chilean banks. The Chilean Government implemented a further liberalization of [[capital market]]s in 2001. Chileans have enjoyed the recent introduction of new financial tools such as home [[equity loan]]s, currency futures and options, [[factoring]], [[leasing]], and [[debit card]]s. The introduction of these new products has also been accompanied by an increased use of traditional instruments such as loans and [[credit card]]s. Chile's private pension system, with assets worth roughly $54 billion at the end of 2004, has been an important source of investment capital for the capital market. Chile maintains one of the best credit ratings (S&P A+) in Latin America. There are three main ways for Chilean firms to raise funds abroad: bank loans, issuance of bonds, and the selling of stocks on U.S. markets through American Depository Receipts (ADRs). Nearly all of the funds raised through these means go to finance domestic Chilean investment. The government continues to pay down its foreign debt. Combined public and private foreign debt was roughly 50% of GDP at the end of 2004—low by Latin American standards.
Chile's financial sector has grown faster than other areas of the economy over the last few years; a banking reform law approved in 1997 broadened the scope of permissible foreign activity for Chilean banks. The Chilean Government implemented a further liberalization of [[capital market]]s in 2001. Chileans have enjoyed the recent introduction of new financial tools such as home [[equity loan]]s, currency futures and options, [[factoring]], [[leasing]], and [[debit card]]s. The introduction of these new products has also been accompanied by an increased use of traditional instruments such as loans and [[credit card]]s. Chile's private pension system, with assets worth roughly $54 billion at the end of 2004, has been an important source of investment capital for the capital market. Chile maintains one of the best credit ratings (S&P A+) in Latin America. There are three main ways for Chilean firms to raise funds abroad: bank loans, issuance of bonds, and the selling of stocks on U.S. markets through American Depository Receipts (ADRs). Nearly all of the funds raised through these means go to finance domestic Chilean investment. The government continues to pay down its foreign debt. Combined public and private foreign debt was roughly 50% of GDP at the end of 2004—low by Latin American standards.


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[[Image:SS_O'Higgins.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Scorpène class submarine]], SS O'Higgins.]]
[[Image:SS_O'Higgins.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Scorpène class submarine]], SS O'Higgins.]]


Chile's Armed Forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the President through the Minister of Defense. The President has the authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces. However, the Armed Forces still retain a significant autonomy from democratic decision making. For example, 10% of the revenue from Chile's copper exports flows directly into the pockets of the Armed Forces.
Chile's Armed Forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the President through the Minister of Defense. The President has the authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces.


The commander in chief of the [[Chilean Army]] (Ejército de Chile) is General Óscar Izurieta Ferrer. The Chilean Army is 55,000 strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, seven divisions throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in Rancagua, and a Special Forces Command in Colina. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.
The commander in chief of the [[Chilean Army]] is Gen. Óscar Izurieta Ferrer. The Chilean Army is 55,000 strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, seven divisions throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in Rancagua, and a Special Forces Command in Colina. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.


Adm. Rodolfo Codina Díaz directs the 25,000-person [[Chilean Navy]] (Armada de Chile), including 5,000 Marines. Of the fleet of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (destroyers and frigates). Those ships are based in Valparaíso. The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates three submarines based in Talcahuano.
Adm. Rodolfo Codina Díaz directs the 25,000-person [[Chilean Navy]], including 5,000 Marines. Of the fleet of 29 surface vessels, only six are operational major combatants (destroyers and frigates). Those ships are based in Valparaíso. The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates three submarines based in Talcahuano.

Gen. Osvaldo Sarabia Vilches heads a force of 12,500. Air assets are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The [[Chilean Air Force]] (Fuerza Aérea de Chile, FACH) also operates an airbase on [[King George Island]], Antarctica and on [[Easter Island]]. The FACH started taking delivery of 10 U.S. [[F-16]] aircraft in 2006, along with 28 refurbished second-hand F-16's from the Royal Dutch Air Force.
Gen. Osvaldo Sarabia Vilches heads a force of 12,500. Air assets are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The [[Chilean Air Force]] also operates an airbase on King George Island, Antarctica. The FACH started taking delivery of 10 U.S. [[F-16]] aircraft in 2006, along with 6 refurbished second-hand F-16's from the Royal Dutch Air Force.
[[Military of Chile|Chilean Armed Forces]] are currently performing major operations in [[Haiti]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] and [[Cyprus]], in accordance to specified [[UN]] mandates


After the military coup in September 1973, the Chilean national police, also known as [[Carabineros de Chile]], were incorporated into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. José Bernales is the head of the national police force of 30,000 men and women who are responsible for law enforcement, traffic management, borders surveillance, narcotics suppression and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.
After the military coup in September 1973, the Chilean national police, also known as [[Carabineros de Chile]], were incorporated into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. José Bernales is the head of the national police force of 30,000 men and women who are responsible for law enforcement, traffic management, borders surveillance, narcotics suppression and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.
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|}
|}
{{main|Demographics of Chile}}
{{main|Demographics of Chile}}
Chile is a relatively homogenous country and most of its population is of predominantly Spanish origin, with varying degrees of native Amerindian admixture, the product of the racial mixture between colonial Spanish immigrants and the native Amerindian tribes. About 85% of its population lives in urban areas, with 40% living in Greater Santiago. Chile's population growth is among the lowest in Latin America, at around 0.97%, it comes third only to Uruguay and Cuba.
Chile is a relatively homogenous country and most of its population is of [[mestizo]] descent[http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rmc/v132n9/art06.pdf][http://www.utalca.cl/htm/entorno/nuestro_pais.htm], the product of the intermarriage between colonial [[Spanish people|Spanish]] immigrants and the native [[Amerindian]] tribes, albeit in varying degrees that implicate socio-genetic factors. ''See [[Chile#Ethnography|Ethnography]] below''.

About 85% of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40% living in [[Santiago de Chile|Greater Santiago]]. Chile's population growth is among the lowest in [[Latin America]], at around 0.97%, it comes third only to [[Uruguay]] and [[Cuba]].

===Ethnography===
===Ethnography===
[[Image:Chile-demography.png|250px|thumb|right|Population of Chile from 1950, projected up to 2050 (INE)]]
[[Image:Chile-demography.png|250px|thumb|right|Population of Chile from 1950, projected up to 2050 (INE)]]
The ethnic composition of Chileans is marked by a socio-genetic gradient where Amerindian admixture typically correlates to social levels. Amerindian contribution tends to be strongest in the lower echelons of society, in the upper class and middle class, tend to register the lowest degree of Amerindian contribution. Almost the entirety of the population, however, presents a racially mixed origin, and only a small minority can truly be said to be unmixed European or unmixed Amerindian. The unmixed Amerindian population, in fact, is said to be now extinct. + Nevertheless, based solely on phenotypic structure, between 5 and 10% of the current population would be classified as Amerindian, some 40% would be classified as white, and the remaining majority, between 50 and 55%, would be the discernably mestizo population whose average racial mixture is not much lower than the average generalized racial contribution of Chile According to the Program of Human Genetics of the University of Chile, the generalized racial contribution of Chile's population, calculated by the use of nuclear markers, is approximately 70% European contribution and 30% Amerindian, depending on the socioeconomic level.
According to the 1992 Chilean census, a total of 10.5% of the total population declared themselves indigenous, irrespective of whether they currently practiced or spoke a native culture and language; almost one million people (9.7% of the total) declared themselves Mapuche, 0.6% declared to be Aymara, and a 0.2% reported as Rapanui. At the 2002 census, only indigenous people that still practiced or spoke a native culture and language were surveyed: 4.6% of the population (692,192 people) fit that description; of these, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche. [10]. - According to the 2002 census, only indigenous people that still practiced or spoke a native culture and language were surveyed: 4.6% of the population (692,192 people) fit that description; of these, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche
[[Image:Niños_Chilenos.JPG|thumb|400px|Chilean children during the annual ''[[Fiestas Patrias (Chile)|Fiestas Patrias]]'', or National Celebrations]]
[[Image:Niños_Chilenos.JPG|thumb|400px|Chilean children during the annual ''[[Fiestas Patrias (Chile)|Fiestas Patrias]]'', or National Celebrations]]
The ethnic composition of Chileans is marked by a socio-genetic gradient where Amerindian admixture typically correlates to [[Social class|social levels]]. [http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act][http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-98872002000200001&lng=es&nrm=i&tlng=es] Amerindian contribution tends to be strongest in the [[Social class|lower echelons of society]], with the middle echelons which represent the majority population presenting a more balanced degree of both [[European people|European]] and Amerindian ancestry, while those in the upper echelons tend to register the lowest degree of Amerindian contribution. Almost the entirety of the population, however, presents a racially mixed origin, and only a small minority can truly be said to be unmixed European or unmixed Amerindian. The unmixed Amerindian population is in fact said to be now extinct.

Nevertheless, based solely on [[phenotype|physical appearance]], between 5 and 10% of the current population would be classified as Amerindian, some 30% would be classified as [[White (people)|white]], and the remaining majority, between 60 and 65%, would be the discernably [[mestizo]] population that has a certain tendancy towards a slightly greater input on the European side and averages a racial mixture not much lower than the average ratio for Chile's overall population.[http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html]
According to the Program of Human Genetics of the [[University of Chile]], the average ratio of racial mixture for Chile's overall population, calculated by the use of nuclear markers, is approximately 60% European contribution and 40% Amerindian, depending on the socioeconomic level. [http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-98872002000200001&lng=es&nrm=i&tlng=es][http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:MWEEJcnZlXkJ:www2.anales.uchile.cl/CDA/an_simple/0,1278,SCID%25253D14941%252526ISID%25253D536%252526ACT%25253D0%252526PRT%25253D14930,00.html+mestizaje+chile+genetica&hl=es&gl=cl&ct=clnk&cd=22] According to Rothhammer (1987/2004), that average ratio stands at 57% European contribution and 43% Amerindian. [http://backintyme.com/admixture/sans02.pdf]

According to the 1992 Chilean census, a total of 10.5% of the total population declared themselves indigenous, irrespective of whether they currently practiced or spoke a native culture and language; almost one million people (9.7% of the total) declared themselves [[Mapuche]], 0.6% declared to be [[Aymara]], and a 0.2% reported as [[Rapanui]]. At the 2002 census, only indigenous people that still practiced or spoke a native culture and language were surveyed: 4.6% of the population (692,192 people) fit that description; of these, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche. [http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/sintesiscensal.pdf].


===Immigration===
===Immigration===
Non-Spanish European immigrants arrived in Chile - mainly to the northern and southern extremities of the country - during the XIX and XX centuries, including English, Irish, Italians, French, and Balkans. In 1848 a small but noteworthy German immigration took place, sponsored by the Chilean government with aims of colonising the southern region. The German immigration influenced the cultural composition of the southern provinces of Valdivia, Llanquihue and Osorno. The prevalence of german, french and english surnames among the governing body of modern Chile are a testament to their contribution to Chile. Also worth mentioning are the Korean and especially Palestinian communities, the latter being the largest colony of that people outside of the Arab world. The volume of immigrants from neighboring countries to Chile during those same periods was of a similar value.
Relative to its overall population, Chile never experienced any large scale wave of immigrants.[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=199] Compared to neighbouring [[Argentina]] or [[Uruguay]], where European immigration doubled to tripled their existing populations, the total number of immigrants to Chile, both originating from other Latin American countries and all other (mostly European) countries, never surpassed 4% of its total population.[http://www.utalca.cl/htm/entorno/nuestro_pais.htm][http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=199] This is not to say that immigrants were not important to the evolution of Chilean society and the Chilean nation. Small numbers of non-Spanish [[Europe]]an immigrants arrived in Chile - mainly to the northern and southern extremities of the country - during the [[XIX century|XIX]] and [[XX century|XX]] centuries, including [[English people|English]], [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Italians]], [[French people|French]], and [[Balkans]].[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=199] In [[1848]] a small but noteworthy German immigration took place, sponsored by the Chilean government with aims of colonising the southern region. With time, and although undertaken by no more than 7,000 people, that German immigration influenced the cultural composition of the southern provinces of [[Valdivia]], [[Llanquihue]] and [[Osorno]]. The prevalence of non-Hispanic European surnames among the governing body of modern Chile are a testament to their disproportionate contribution to Chile. Also worth mentioning are the [[Korean people|Korean]] and especially [[Palestinian]] communities, the latter being the largest colony of that people outside of the Arab world. The volume of immigrants from neighboring countries to Chile during those same periods was of a similar value.[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=199]

Currently, immigration from neighboring countries to Chile is greatest, and during the last decade immigration to Chile has doubled to 184,464 people in 2002, originating primarily from Argentina, Bolivia and Peru.
Currently, [[immigration]] from neighboring countries to Chile is greatest, and during the last decade immigration to Chile has doubled to 184,464 people in [[2002]], originating primarily from [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]] and [[Peru]].
Emigration of Chileans has decreased during the last decade: It is estimated that 857,781 Chileans live abroad, 50.1% of those being in Argentina, 13.3% in the United States, 4.9% in Sweden, and around 2% in Australia, with the rest being scattered in smaller numbers across the globe.

[[Emigration]] of Chileans has decreased during the last decade: It is estimated that 857,781 Chileans live abroad, 50.1% of those being in Argentina, 13.3% in the [[United States]], 4.9% in [[Sweden]], and around 2% in [[Australia]], with the rest being scattered in smaller numbers across the globe.


==Culture==
==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Chile}}
{{main|Culture of Chile}}
[[Image:Het dansen der Cueca-p1906-160-2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Dancing the [[cueca]] in [[1906]]. Proclaimed Chile's official national folk dance since [[September 18]], [[1979]].]]
[[Image:Het dansen der Cueca-p1906-160-2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Dancing the [[cueca]] in [[1906]]. Proclaimed Chile's official national folk dance since [[September 18]], [[1979]]]]

Northern Chile was an important center of culture in the medieval and early modern Inca empire. Afterwards, their culture was dominated by the Spanish during the Colonial and early Republican period. Other European influences, primarily English and French, began in the 19th century and have continued until today, as in other Western societies.
Northern Chile was an important center of culture in the medieval and early modern Inca empire. Afterwards, their culture was dominated by the Spanish during the Colonial and early Republican period. Other European influences, primarily English and French, began in the 19th century and have continued until today, as in other Western societies.


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{{seealso|Music of Chile}}
{{seealso|Music of Chile}}

==Religion==
{{unreferenced-section}}
According to the 2002 census, 7,853,428 Chileans aged 14 years or older identified themselves as [[Catholics]], equivalent to 71% of the total population, representing an important fall in the number of adepts. 25.14% of Chileans described themselves as members of various [[protestant]] denominations, 1.06% as [[Jehovah's witnesses]], 0.92% as [[Latter-day Saints]] and 0.13% as [[Jewish]]. Roughly 8.3% of the population declared themselves to be [[atheist]] or [[agnostic]], while 4.39% affirmed to follow other religions.

The centre of Protestantism is [[Temuco]]; here, most of the people are members of different protestant churches. We can find [[Anglicans]] (the oldest Anglican Church in Temuco is the "Santa Trinidad"), [[Lutherans]] (thanks to the Germans who came to the IX region), [[Evangelics]] ( in higher percentage), and other churches, such as the Adventists of the Seventh Day, and the Latter-Day Saints.

The [[Catholic Church]] has been separated from the state since [[1925]], the year in which President [[Arturo Alessandri Palma]] and Archbishop [[Crescente Errázuriz]], came to an agreement that effectively separated the Church from the Chilean State in the [[Constitution]], thus ending the recognition of Catholicism as the official religion of the country.

Although the power of the Catholic Church has declined in the past years, it still has great influence in society. At present, there are two Chilean [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinals]], both younger than 80, and therefore, with the right to vote in conclave: His Eminence [[Jorge Cardinal Medina]], Protodeacon of the Church, and His Eminence [[Francisco Javier Cardinal Errázuriz]], Archbishop of Santiago.


==Language==
==Language==
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==References==
==References==
<references />
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs], [[United States Department of State]], August 2006
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs], [[United States Department of State]], August 2006
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html Library of Congress country profile]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html Library of Congress country profile]
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* [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ci.html The (CIA) World Factbook: Chile]
* [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ci.html The (CIA) World Factbook: Chile]
* [http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/cecap/publicaciones/tercer.php Disputes between Chile and Argentine]
* [http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/cecap/publicaciones/tercer.php Disputes between Chile and Argentine]
<references />


==External links==
==External links==
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* [http://www.bcentral.cl/ Banco Central] - Central Bank
* [http://www.bcentral.cl/ Banco Central] - Central Bank
* [http://www.ine.cl/ Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE)] - National Statistics Institute
* [http://www.ine.cl/ Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE)] - National Statistics Institute

=== Universities ===
*Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile '''(Pontificial)''' [http://www.puc.cl spanish][http://www.puc.cl/webpuc/html/menuder/menuingles.html english]
*Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso '''(Pontificial)''' [http://www.pucv.cl spanish][http://www.ucv.cl/english english]
*[[Universidad de Chile]] '''(Of Chilean State)''' [http://www.uchile.cl spanish]
*Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María '''(Of Chilean State)''' [http://www.utfsm.cl spanish][http://www.utfsm.cl/english/index.html english]
*Universidad de Valparaíso '''(Of Chilean State)''' [http://www.uv.cl spanish]
*[[Universidad_de_Santiago_de_Chile|Universidad de Santiago]] '''(Of Chilean State)''' [http://www.usach.cl spanish]
*Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana '''(Of Chilean State)''' [http://www.utem.cl spanish]
*Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación '''(Of Chilean State)''' [http://www.umce.cl spanish]
*Universidad de los Andes '''(Private)''' [http://www.uandes.cl spanish]
*Universidad Adolfo Ibañez '''(Private)''' [http://www.uai.cl spanish]
*Universidad Finis Terrae '''(Private)''' [http://www.finisterrae.cl/ spanish]
*Universidad Andrés Bello '''(Private)''' [http://www.unab.cl spanish][http://www.unab.cl/sitio-html/rr_ii/welcome.asp english]
*Universidad del Desarrollo '''(Private)''' [http://www.udd.cl spanish]
*Universidad Mayor '''(Private)''' [http://www.umayor.cl/ spanish]
*Universidad Diego Portales '''(Private)''' [http://www.udp.cl spanish]


===General information===
===General information===
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*[http://www.patagonia-connection.com Chilean north Patagonia information]
*[http://www.patagonia-connection.com Chilean north Patagonia information]


{{Andean Community}}
{{South_America}}
{{South_America}}

{{G15}}
{{Mercosur}}
{{SACN}}
{{OAS}}


[[Category:Chile| ]]
[[Category:Chile| ]]

Revision as of 20:50, 29 October 2006

For other uses, see Chile (disambiguation).
Republic of Chile
República de Chile
Motto: Por la Razón o la Fuerza
(Spanish: "By right or might")
Anthem: Himno Nacional
Location of Chile
CapitalSantiago1
Largest citySantiago
Official languagesSpanish
GovernmentDemocratic republic
• President
Michelle Bachelet
Independence 
From Spain
• First Nat. Gov. Junta
September 18, 1810
• Declared
February 12, 1818
• Recognized
April 25 1844
• Water (%)
1.07%2
Population
• June 2006 estimate
16,432,674 (60th)
• 2002 census
15,116,435
GDP (PPP)2005 estimate
• Total
$193,213 million (43rd)
• Per capita
$11,937 (56th)
HDI (2003)0.854
very high (37th)
CurrencyPeso (CLP)
Time zoneUTC-4 (—)
• Summer (DST)
UTC-3 (—)
Calling code56
ISO 3166 codeCL
Internet TLD.cl
1 The legislative body operates in Valparaíso
2 Includes Easter Island and Isla Sala y Gómez; does not include 1,250,000 km² of claimed territory in Antarctica

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chileⓘ), is a country in South America occupying a long coastal strip between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It borders Argentina to the east, Bolivia to the northeast and Peru to the north.

Origin of the name

There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile. According to one theory the Incas of Peru, who had failed to conquer the Araucanians, called the valley of the Aconcagua "Chili" by corruption of the name of a tribal chief ("cacique") called Tili, who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest.[1] Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili.[1] Other theories say Chile may derive its name from the indigenous Mapuche word chilli, which may mean "where the land ends,"[2] "the deepest point of the Earth,"[3], or "sea gulls;" [4] or from the Quichua chin, "cold," or the Aymara tchili meaning "snow."[5][6] Another meaning attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of a bird call.[2] The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas and the few survivors of Diego de Almagro's first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535-36 called themselves the "men of Chilli."[2]

History

Main article: History of Chile
The Mapuche were the original inhabitants of central and southern Chile

About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys and along the coast of what is now Chile. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the area's barrenness prevented extensive settlement.

In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the earth, the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan, discovered the southern passage now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking gold. The Spanish encountered hundreds of thousands of Indians from various cultures in the area that modern Chile now occupies. These cultures supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarro's lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on February 12, 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Pedro de Valdivia

Conquest of the land that is today called Chile took place only gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks at the hands of the local population. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of slavery in 1683 defused tensions on the frontier between the colony and the Mapuche land to the south, and permitted increased trade between colonists and the Mapuche.

The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother Joseph in 1808. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand—heir to the deposed king—was formed on September 18, 1810. The junta proclaimed Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy. A movement for total independence soon won a wide following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the "Reconquista" led to a prolonged struggle.

Bernardo O'Higgins

Intermittent warfare continued until 1817, when an army led by Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's most renowned patriot, and José de San Martín, hero of the Argentine War of Independence, crossed the Andes into Chile and defeated the royalists. On February 12, 1818, Chile was proclaimed an independent republic under O'Higgins' leadership. The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained extremely powerful.

War of the Pacific: The Battle of Iquique on May 21 1879

Toward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by ruthlessly suppressing the Mapuche Indians. In 1881, it signed a treaty with Argentina confirming Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879–83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. The Chilean Civil War in 1891 brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However, the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Hence the Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling oligarchy. By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, Arturo Alessandri Palma, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. Alessandri Palma's reformist tendencies were partly tempered later by an admiration for some elements of Mussolini's Italian Corporate State. In the 1920s, Marxist groups with strong popular support arose.

A military coup led by General Luis Altamirano in 1924 set off a period of great political instability that lasted until 1932. The longest lasting of the ten governments between those years was that of General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto dictatorship, although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of Latin America, and certainly not comparable to the violent and repressive regime of Augusto Pinochet decades later. By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period of Radical Party dominance (1932–52), the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez del Campo, now reincarnated as a sort of Chilean Perón, to office for another six years. Jorge Alessandri succeeded Ibáñez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term.

The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva by an absolute majority initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty," the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian reform, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had accomplished many noteworthy objectives, but he had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals.

File:Allende-Presidente-crop.jpg
Salvador Allende (1970-1973)

In 1970, Senator Salvador Allende Gossens, a Marxist physician and member of Chile's Socialist Party, who headed the "Popular Unity" (UP or "Unidad Popular") coalition of the Socialist, Communist, Radical, and Social-Democratic Parties, along with dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement (MAPU), and the Independent Popular Action, won a plurality of votes in a three-way contest. Despite pressure from the government of the United States, the Chilean Congress, keeping with tradition, conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri and chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers party and could not make common cause with the oligarchs.

Allende's program included advancement of workers' interests; a thoroughgoing implementation of agrarian reform; the reorganization of the national economy into socialized, mixed, and private sectors; a foreign policy of "international solidarity" and national independence; and a new institutional order (the "people's state" or "poder popular"), including the institution of a unicameral congress. The Popular Unity platform also called for nationalization of foreign (U.S.) ownership of Chile's major copper mines.

An economic depression that began in 1967 peaked in 1970, exacerbated by capital flight, plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits by those opposed to Allende's socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms, which had the effect of increasing consumer spending and redistributing income downward. Joint public-private public works projects helped reduce unemployment. Much of the banking sector was nationalized. Many enterprises within the copper, coal, iron, nitrate, and steel industries were expropriated, nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration's first year.

Other reforms undertaken during the early Allende period included redistribution of millions of hectares of land to landless agricultural workers as part of the agrarian reform program, giving the armed forces an overdue pay increase, and providing free milk to children. The Indian Peoples Development Corporation and the Mapuche Vocational Institute were founded to address the needs of Chile's indigenous population.

The nationalization of U.S. and other foreign-owned companies led to increased tensions with the United States. The Nixon administration brought international financial pressure to bear in order to restrict economic credit to Chile. Simultaneously, the CIA funded opposition media, politicians, and organizations, helping to accelerate a campaign of domestic destabilization. By 1972, the economic progress of Allende's first year had been reversed and the economy was in crisis. Political polarization increased, and large mobilizations of both pro- and anti-government groups became frequent, often leading to clashes.

By early 1973, inflation was out of control. The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class. A military coup overthrew Allende on September 11 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace (Palacio de La Moneda), Allende reportedly committed suicide [7][8][1]. A military government, led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, took over control of the country. The first years of the regime were marked by serious human rights violations. On October 1973, at least 70 persons were murdered by the Caravan of Death. At least a thousand people were executed during the first six months of Pinochet in office, and at least two thousand more were killed during the next sixteen years, as reported by the Valech Report. Some 30,000 were forced to flee the country. A new Constitution was approved by a highly irregular and undemocratic plebiscite characterized by the absence of registration lists, on September 11 1980, and General Pinochet became President of the Republic for an 8-year term.

Michelle Bachelet (2006–), first woman president

In the late 1980s, the regime gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, speech, and association, to include trade union and limited political activity. The right-wing military government pursued decidedly laissez-faire economic policies. During its nearly 17 years in power, Chile moved away from economic statism toward a largely free market economy that saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the copper industry and other important mineral resources were not returned to foreign ownership. In a plebiscite on October 5, 1988, General Pinochet was denied a second 8-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on December 14, 1989. Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the Concertación, received an absolute majority of votes (55%). President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.

In December 1993, Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertación coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%). Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist Ricardo Lagos, who won the presidency in a unprecedented runoff election against Joaquín Lavín of the rightist Alliance for Chile. In January 2006 Chileans elected their first woman president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party. She was sworn in on March 11 2006, continuing the Concertación coalition governance for another four years.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Chile
Map of Chile

Chile's Constitution was approved in a highly irregular national plebiscite in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet. It entered into force in March 1981. After Pinochet's defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, the Constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and senators for life, granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.

Chileans voted in the first round of presidential elections on December 11 2005. None of the four presidential candidates won more than 50% of the vote. As a result, the top two vote-getters—center-left Concertación coalition’s Michelle Bachelet and center-right Alianza coalition's Sebastián Piñera—competed in a run-off election on January 15 2006, which Michelle Bachelet won. She was sworn in on March 11 2006. This was Chile’s fourth presidential election since the end of the Pinochet era. All four have been judged free and fair. The President is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.

Chile's bicameral Congress has a 38-seat Senate and a 120-member Chamber of Deputies. Senators serve for 8 years with staggered terms, while Deputies are elected every 4 years. The current Senate has a 20-18 split in favor of pro-government Senators. The last congressional elections were held in December 11 2005, concurrently with the presidential election. The current lower house—the Chamber of Deputies—contains 63 members of the governing center-left coalition and 57 from the center-right opposition. The Congress is located in the port city of Valparaíso, about 140 kilometers (84 mi.) west of the capital, Santiago.

Chile's congressional elections are governed by a binomial system that rewards large representations. Therefore, there are only Senate and two Deputy seats apportioned to each electoral district, parties are forced to form wide coalitions and historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertación and Alianza) split most of the seats in a district. Only if the leading coalition ticket out-polls the second-place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does the winning coalition gain both seats. In the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative Independent Democratic Union (UDI) surpassed the Christian Democrats for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house. In 2005, both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation in favor of their respective allies Socialist Party (which became the biggest party in the Concertación block) and National Renewal in the right-wing alliance. The Communist Party again failed to gain any seats in the election. (See Chilean parliamentary election, 2005.)

Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court. In June 2005, Chile completed a nation-wide overhaul of its criminal justice system. The reform has replaced inquisitorial proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United States.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Regions of Chile

Chile is divided into 13 regions, each of which is headed by an intendente appointed by the President. Every region is further divided into provinces with a Gobernador Provincial, also appointed by the President. Finally each province is divided into municipalities.[2] which are sometimes referred to as comunas, each with its own mayor, and councilors, known as concejales elected by their inhabitants.

Each region is designated by a name and a Roman numeral, assigned from north to south. In general, the Roman numeral is used, rather than the name. The only exception is the region where Santiago is situated, which is designated RM, that stands for Región Metropolitana, Metropolitan Region.

In 2005, the Chilean congress passed a reform to create two new regions, one in the north, around the city of Arica, and one in the south centered around Valdivia (aka Region of the Rivers). Being designated by numerals XIV and XV, both break the geographical numerical order from north to south. There is speculation that the numeral system will be dropped in favor of their formal names.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Chile
Lake Chungará and Parinacota volcano in the north
Osorno volcano in the south

A long and narrow coastal Southern Cone country on the west side of the Andes Mountains, Chile stretches over 4,630 kilometers (2,880 mi) north to south, but only 430 kilometers (265 mi) at its widest point east to west. This encompasses a remarkable variety of landscapes.

At 292,240 mi² (756,950 km²), Chile is the world's 38th-largest country (after Turkey). It is comparable in size to Zambia, and is somewhat larger than the US state of Texas.

The northern Atacama desert contains great mineral wealth, primarily copper and nitrates. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area also is the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border. Chile is the longest (N-S) country in the world (over 4,200 km / 2,600 mi), and also claims 1,250,000 square kilometers (482,628 sq. mi) of Antarctica as part of its territory.

Chile controls Easter Island and Sala y Gómez Island, the easternmost islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and Robinson Crusoe Island, more than 600 kilometers (375 mi) from the mainland, in the Juan Fernández archipelago. Easter Island is nowadays a province of Chile. Also controlled but uninhabited are the small islands of Sala y Gómez, San Ambrosio and San Felix, these islands are notable because they extend Chile's claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the Pacific.

Time Zones

Because of the distance between the mainland and Easter Island, Chile uses 4 different UTC offsets:

Economy

Main article: Economy of Chile
Santiago is Chile's financial center
Chilean notes currently in circulation

After a decade of impressive growth rates, Chile experienced a moderate downturn in 1999, brought on by the global economic slowdown. The economy remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery, achieving 3.3% real GDP growth. The Chilean economy finished 2004 with growth of 6.1%. Chile was on track to achieve real GDP growth of around 6% in 2005, mainly due to record-level copper prices.

Chile has pursued generally sound economic policies for nearly three decades. The 1973-90 military government sold many state-owned companies, and the three democratic governments since 1990 have continued privatization, though at a slower pace. The government's role in the economy is mostly limited to regulation, although the state continues to operate copper giant CODELCO and a few other enterprises. Chile is strongly committed to free trade and has welcomed large amounts of foreign investment. Chile has signed free trade agreements (FTAs) with several important economies, including an FTA with the United States, which was signed in 2003 and implemented in January 2004. Over the last several years, Chile has signed FTAs with the European Union, South Korea, New Zealand, Singapore, Brunei, and the People's Republic of China. It reached a partial trade agreement with India in 2005 and began negotiations for full-fledged FTAs with India and Japan in 2006. High domestic savings and investment rates also helped propel Chile's economy to average growth rates of 8% during the 1990s. The privatized national pension system (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21% of GDP. However, the AFP is not without its critics, who cite low coverage rates (only 55% of the working population is covered) with whole groups such as the self-employed outside the system. There has also been criticism of the inefficiency and high costs due to a lack of competition among pension funds. Critics cite loopholes in the use of pension savings through lump sum withdraws for the purchase of a second home or payment of university fees as fundamental weaknesses of the AFP.

Chile's GDP growth since 1980

Unemployment has hovered in the 8%-10% range in recent years, well above the 5%-6% average for the 1990s. Unemployment remained at 8.8% at the end of 2004 in spite of strong economic growth. Most international observers blame the high unemployment rate on Chile’s complicated and restrictive labor laws. Wages have risen faster than inflation as a result of higher productivity, boosting national living standards. The percentage of Chileans with incomes below the poverty line—defined as twice the cost of satisfying a person's minimal nutritional needs—fell from 46% in 1987 to around 18.8% as procclaimed by the then president Ricardo Lagos in 2005[3] Critics in Chile, however, argue true poverty numbers are considerably higher than officially published figures.[4] In 2006, according to statistics released by Chile's CAS Informática, around 58% of Chileans lived near or below poverty levels; 20.6% in extreme poverty.[5] Despite enjoying a comparatively high GDP compared to most other countries of Latin America, Chile also suffers from one of the most uneven distributions of wealth[6] in the world, ahead only of Brazil in the Latin American region and lagging behind even of most developing sub-Saharan African nations. Chile's top 10 richest percentile possesses 90 percent of the country's wealth. On the national level, 6.2% of the population belonged to "Grupo ABC1" upper economic bracket, 15% belonged to "Grupo C2" middle economic bracket, 21% to "Grupo C3" lower middle economic bracket, 38% to "Grupo D" lower economic braket, and 20% to "Grupo E" extreme poor economic bracket.[7]

Chile also has a very uneven wealth distribution because of low wages for the workers that help produce Chile's main resources such as salmon cultivation, mining and agriculture. The top 10 richest percentile of Chile has 90 percent of its wealth.

Chile's independent Central Bank pursues a policy of maintaining inflation between 2% and 4%. Inflation has not exceeded 5% since 1998. Chile registered an inflation rate of 2.4% in 2004. In 2005, inflation reached an estimated 3.7%. Stronger than expected domestic demand coupled with higher worldwide energy prices led to most of the inflationary rise in 2005. The Chilean peso’s rapid appreciation against the U.S. dollar in 2004 and 2005 helped keep down inflation while at the same time the strengthening peso played a role in the stronger than expected domestic consumption. Most wage settlements and spending decisions are indexed, reducing inflation's volatility. Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10% of their salaries into privately managed funds.

Total foreign direct investment rose to $7.1 billion in 2004, up from $2.5 billion in 2003. Both foreign and domestic investment in Chile had declined during the country’s period of slower economic growth from 1999-2003, but both now appear to be recovering strongly. The Chilean Government committed in early 2002 to undertake a series of microeconomic reforms designed to create new incentives for private investment. The government also has encouraged the use of Chile as an "investment platform" for multinational corporations planning to operate in the region. Chile's welcoming attitude toward foreign direct investment is codified in the country's Foreign Investment Law, which gives foreign investors the same treatment as Chileans. Registration is simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access to the official foreign exchange market to repatriate their profits and capital. The U.S.-Chile Free Trade Agreement offers a number of other investor protections.

Foreign Trade

Chuquicamata is the largest open pit copper mine in the world

Chile's economy is highly dependent on international trade. In 2005, exports accounted for about 39% of GDP. That figure was somewhat distorted by world-record copper prices. Chile’s overall trade profile has traditionally been dependent upon copper exports, and the rise in copper prices has reinforced it further. The state-owned firm CODELCO is the world's largest copper-producing company with recorded copper reserves of 200 years. Chile has made an effort to expand nontraditional exports. In 1975, non-mineral exports made up just over 30% of total exports, whereas now they account for about 60%. The most important non-mineral exports are forestry and wood products, fresh fruit and processed food, fishmeal and seafood, and wine. The trade balance for 2005 showed a surplus of $8 billion. Total exports in 2005 were $38 billion, up nearly 20% from 2004. Chile's export markets are fairly balanced among Europe (25.1%), Asia (33.1%), Latin America (15.7%), and North America (19%). The U.S., the largest national market, takes in 17.3% of Chile's exports. Since the implementation of the U.S.-Chile FTA in January 2004, bilateral trade has increased 85%.

Asia has been the fastest-growing export market in recent years. For example, Chile’s number two, three, and four trading partners are China, Japan, and South Korea, respectively. Chile’s recent FTAs with Asian trading partners and plans to sign more in 2006 underscore the growing importance of Asia to Chile’s trade portfolio.

Chilean imports increased 32% in 2005, to $30 billion (est.), reflecting a positive change in consumer demand and overall economic recovery. Capital goods made up about 66% of total imports. The United States provided 13.7% (est.) of Chilean imports in 2005. Chile unilaterally lowered its across-the-board import tariff—for all countries with which it does not have a trade agreement—to 6% in 2003.

Higher effective tariffs are charged only on imports of wheat, wheat flour, and sugar as a result of a system of import price bands. The price bands were ruled inconsistent with Chile's World Trade Organization (WTO) obligations in 2002, and the government has introduced legislation to modify them. Also, Chile will have to phase out the price bands within 12 years under the terms of the U.S.-Chile FTA.

File:APEC 2004 Official Photo.jpg
APEC leaders during the 2004 summit held in Santiago

Successive Chilean governments have actively pursued trade-liberalizing agreements. During the 1990s, Chile signed FTAs with Canada, Mexico, and Central America. Chile also concluded preferential trade agreements with Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. An association agreement with Mercosur—Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay—went into effect in October 1996. Continuing its export-oriented development strategy, Chile completed landmark free trade agreements in 2002 with the European Union and South Korea. Chile, as a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) organization, is seeking to boost commercial ties to Asian markets. To that end, it has signed FTAs in recent years with New Zealand, Singapore, Brunei, and most recently the People's Republic of China. In 2006, Chile has begun FTA negotiations with Japan and India.

After two years of negotiations, the United States and Chile signed an agreement in June 2003. The agreement will lead to completely duty-free bilateral trade within 12 years. The U.S.-Chile FTA entered into force January 1, 2004 following approval by the U.S. and Chilean congresses. The bilateral FTA has inaugurated greatly expanded U.S.-Chilean trade ties. Chile is a strong proponent of pressing ahead on negotiations for a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and active in the WTO’s Doha round of negotiations, principally through its membership in the G-20 and Cairns Group.

Finance

Skyline of Santiago's Financial District

Chile's financial sector has grown faster than other areas of the economy over the last few years; a banking reform law approved in 1997 broadened the scope of permissible foreign activity for Chilean banks. The Chilean Government implemented a further liberalization of capital markets in 2001. Chileans have enjoyed the recent introduction of new financial tools such as home equity loans, currency futures and options, factoring, leasing, and debit cards. The introduction of these new products has also been accompanied by an increased use of traditional instruments such as loans and credit cards. Chile's private pension system, with assets worth roughly $54 billion at the end of 2004, has been an important source of investment capital for the capital market. Chile maintains one of the best credit ratings (S&P A+) in Latin America. There are three main ways for Chilean firms to raise funds abroad: bank loans, issuance of bonds, and the selling of stocks on U.S. markets through American Depository Receipts (ADRs). Nearly all of the funds raised through these means go to finance domestic Chilean investment. The government continues to pay down its foreign debt. Combined public and private foreign debt was roughly 50% of GDP at the end of 2004—low by Latin American standards.

Defense

Main article: Military of Chile
File:SS O'Higgins.jpg
Scorpène class submarine, SS O'Higgins.

Chile's Armed Forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the President through the Minister of Defense. The President has the authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces.

The commander in chief of the Chilean Army is Gen. Óscar Izurieta Ferrer. The Chilean Army is 55,000 strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, seven divisions throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in Rancagua, and a Special Forces Command in Colina. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.

Adm. Rodolfo Codina Díaz directs the 25,000-person Chilean Navy, including 5,000 Marines. Of the fleet of 29 surface vessels, only six are operational major combatants (destroyers and frigates). Those ships are based in Valparaíso. The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates three submarines based in Talcahuano.

Gen. Osvaldo Sarabia Vilches heads a force of 12,500. Air assets are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Chilean Air Force also operates an airbase on King George Island, Antarctica. The FACH started taking delivery of 10 U.S. F-16 aircraft in 2006, along with 6 refurbished second-hand F-16's from the Royal Dutch Air Force.

After the military coup in September 1973, the Chilean national police, also known as Carabineros de Chile, were incorporated into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. José Bernales is the head of the national police force of 30,000 men and women who are responsible for law enforcement, traffic management, borders surveillance, narcotics suppression and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.

Created in 1933, the Investigation Police of Chile works as a civil police agency, similar in scope and function to the American FBI. Administratively part of the Ministry of Defense, its function is to serve as the investigative arm of the Judicial branch, carrying out the actual tasks of investigation and forensic analysis; Carabineros, by contrast, enforce the law and prevent crimes as they happen, but do not investigate crimes after the fact. Prefecto Arturo Herrera Verdugo is currently the head of the Policía de Investigaciones.

Foreign relations

Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international political arena. Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2005. Chile is an active member of the UN family of agencies and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC summit and the Community of Democracies ministerial in April 2005. An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been an important actor on international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.

The Chilean Government has diplomatic relations with most countries. It settled most of its territorial disputes with Argentina during the 1990s. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia's desire to reacquire territory it lost to Chile in 1879-83 War of the Pacific. The two countries maintain consular relations.

Demographics

Those belonging to recognised indigenous communities (2002)
Alacalufe 2.622 0,02% Mapuche 604.349 4,00%
Atacameño 21.015 0,14% Quechua 6.175 0,04%
Aymara 48.501 0,32% Rapanui 4.647 0,03%
Colla 3.198 0,02% Yámana 1.685 0,01%
Main article: Demographics of Chile

Chile is a relatively homogenous country and most of its population is of mestizo descent[8][9], the product of the intermarriage between colonial Spanish immigrants and the native Amerindian tribes, albeit in varying degrees that implicate socio-genetic factors. See Ethnography below.

About 85% of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40% living in Greater Santiago. Chile's population growth is among the lowest in Latin America, at around 0.97%, it comes third only to Uruguay and Cuba.

Ethnography

Population of Chile from 1950, projected up to 2050 (INE)
File:Niños Chilenos.JPG
Chilean children during the annual Fiestas Patrias, or National Celebrations

The ethnic composition of Chileans is marked by a socio-genetic gradient where Amerindian admixture typically correlates to social levels. [10][11] Amerindian contribution tends to be strongest in the lower echelons of society, with the middle echelons which represent the majority population presenting a more balanced degree of both European and Amerindian ancestry, while those in the upper echelons tend to register the lowest degree of Amerindian contribution. Almost the entirety of the population, however, presents a racially mixed origin, and only a small minority can truly be said to be unmixed European or unmixed Amerindian. The unmixed Amerindian population is in fact said to be now extinct.

Nevertheless, based solely on physical appearance, between 5 and 10% of the current population would be classified as Amerindian, some 30% would be classified as white, and the remaining majority, between 60 and 65%, would be the discernably mestizo population that has a certain tendancy towards a slightly greater input on the European side and averages a racial mixture not much lower than the average ratio for Chile's overall population.[12] According to the Program of Human Genetics of the University of Chile, the average ratio of racial mixture for Chile's overall population, calculated by the use of nuclear markers, is approximately 60% European contribution and 40% Amerindian, depending on the socioeconomic level. [13][14] According to Rothhammer (1987/2004), that average ratio stands at 57% European contribution and 43% Amerindian. [15]

According to the 1992 Chilean census, a total of 10.5% of the total population declared themselves indigenous, irrespective of whether they currently practiced or spoke a native culture and language; almost one million people (9.7% of the total) declared themselves Mapuche, 0.6% declared to be Aymara, and a 0.2% reported as Rapanui. At the 2002 census, only indigenous people that still practiced or spoke a native culture and language were surveyed: 4.6% of the population (692,192 people) fit that description; of these, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche. [16].

Immigration

Relative to its overall population, Chile never experienced any large scale wave of immigrants.[17] Compared to neighbouring Argentina or Uruguay, where European immigration doubled to tripled their existing populations, the total number of immigrants to Chile, both originating from other Latin American countries and all other (mostly European) countries, never surpassed 4% of its total population.[18][19] This is not to say that immigrants were not important to the evolution of Chilean society and the Chilean nation. Small numbers of non-Spanish European immigrants arrived in Chile - mainly to the northern and southern extremities of the country - during the XIX and XX centuries, including English, Irish, Italians, French, and Balkans.[20] In 1848 a small but noteworthy German immigration took place, sponsored by the Chilean government with aims of colonising the southern region. With time, and although undertaken by no more than 7,000 people, that German immigration influenced the cultural composition of the southern provinces of Valdivia, Llanquihue and Osorno. The prevalence of non-Hispanic European surnames among the governing body of modern Chile are a testament to their disproportionate contribution to Chile. Also worth mentioning are the Korean and especially Palestinian communities, the latter being the largest colony of that people outside of the Arab world. The volume of immigrants from neighboring countries to Chile during those same periods was of a similar value.[21]

Currently, immigration from neighboring countries to Chile is greatest, and during the last decade immigration to Chile has doubled to 184,464 people in 2002, originating primarily from Argentina, Bolivia and Peru.

Emigration of Chileans has decreased during the last decade: It is estimated that 857,781 Chileans live abroad, 50.1% of those being in Argentina, 13.3% in the United States, 4.9% in Sweden, and around 2% in Australia, with the rest being scattered in smaller numbers across the globe.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Chile
Dancing the cueca in 1906. Proclaimed Chile's official national folk dance since September 18, 1979

Northern Chile was an important center of culture in the medieval and early modern Inca empire. Afterwards, their culture was dominated by the Spanish during the Colonial and early Republican period. Other European influences, primarily English and French, began in the 19th century and have continued until today, as in other Western societies.

The national dance is the cueca. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody. In the mid-1960s native musical forms were revitalized by the Parra family with the Nueva Canción Chilena, which was associated with political activists and reformers, and by the folk singer and researcher on folklore and Chilean ethnography, Margot Loyola.

Chileans call their country país de poetas 'land of poets'. Gabriela Mistral was the first Chilean to win a Nobel Prize for Literature (1945). Chile's most famous poet, however, is Pablo Neruda, who also won the Nobel Prize (1971) and is world-renowned for his extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three highly individualistic homes, located in Isla Negra, Santiago and Valparaíso are popular tourist destinations.

See also: Music of Chile

Language

Main article: Chilean Spanish

Chilean Spanish is notoriously difficult for foreigners to understand due to the dropping of final syllables and 's' sounds, the very soft pronunciation of some consonants and the high levels of slang employed, particularly in Santiago and the surrounding areas. Chileans also tend to speak much faster than natives of neighboring countries. These factors all contribute to newly arrived visitors to the country, even proficient Spanish speakers, hearing no more than indecipherable mumbles in early encounters with locals. Books have been written (such as 'How to survive in the Chilean Jungle' by John Brennan and Alvaro Taboada) which attempt to detail and explain the difficulties and idiosyncrasies of Chilean Spanish.

English as a foreign language is widely studied, with varying degrees of success. Even with intensive preparation, culture shock can take a real toll on communication; many words have been absorbed into everyday speech from English, although may be unrecognizable due to Non-native pronunciations of English and misuse.

National symbols

A red copihue

The national flower is the copihue (Lapageria rosea, Chilean bellflower), which grows in the woods of southern Chile.

The coat of arms depicts the two national animals: the condor (Vultur gryphus, a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus, an endangered white tail deer). It also has the legend Por la razón o la fuerza (By right or might or By reason or by force).

Miscellaneous topics

International rankings

Overall

Economy

Other

References

  1. ^ a b Encina, Francisco A., and Leopoldo Castedo. Resumen de la Historia de Chile. 4th ed. Santiago: Zig-Zag, 1961.
  2. ^ a b c Hudson, Rex A., ed. "Chile: A Country Study." GPO for the Library of Congress. 1995. February 27, 2005
  3. ^ Pearson, Neale J. "Chile." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic Library Publishing, 2004. March 2, 2005
  4. ^ "Chile." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2005. March 2, 2005
  5. ^ "Chile (república)." Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta Online. 2005. February 26, 2005
  6. ^ "CHILE." Encyclopædia Britannica. 11th ed. 1911.
  7. ^ Óscar Soto El Último dia de Salvador Allende
  8. ^ Eugeno Ahumada Chile: La memoria prohibida

Official resources

Universities

General information

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