Heavy equipment: Difference between revisions
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{{redirect|Heavy machinery|other uses|Heavy machinery (disambiguation)}} |
{{redirect|Heavy machinery|other uses|Heavy machinery (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Redirect|Earthmover|other uses|Earthmover (disambiguation)}} |
{{Redirect|Earthmover|other uses|Earthmover (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Further|Equipment}} |
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'''Heavy equipment''', '''heavy machinery''', '''earthmovers''', '''construction vehicles''', or '''construction equipment''', refers to [[Heavy-duty vehicle|heavy-duty vehicles]] specially designed to execute [[construction]] tasks, most frequently involving [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthwork operations]] or other large construction tasks. ''Heavy equipment'' usually comprises five equipment systems: the [[Heavy_equipment#Implements_and_hydromechanical_work_tools|implement]], [[Traction (engineering)|traction]], structure, [[power train]], and control/information. |
'''Heavy equipment''', '''heavy machinery''', '''earthmovers''', '''construction vehicles''', or '''construction equipment''', refers to [[Heavy-duty vehicle|heavy-duty vehicles]] specially designed to execute [[construction]] tasks, most frequently involving [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthwork operations]] or other large construction tasks. ''Heavy equipment'' usually comprises five [[equipment]] systems: the [[Heavy_equipment#Implements_and_hydromechanical_work_tools|implement]], [[Traction (engineering)|traction]], structure, [[power train]], and control/information. |
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Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC when the [[Roman engineering|ancient Roman engineer]] [[Vitruvius]] described a [[Roman crane|crane]] in ''[[De architectura]]'' |
Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC, when the [[Roman engineering|ancient Roman engineer]] [[Vitruvius]] described a [[Roman crane|crane]] powered by human or animal labor in ''[[De architectura]]''. |
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Heavy equipment functions through the [[mechanical advantage]] of a [[simple machine]] |
Heavy equipment functions through the [[mechanical advantage]] of a [[simple machine]] that multiplies the [[ratio]] between input force applied and force exerted, easing and speeding tasks which often could otherwise take hundreds of people and many weeks' labor. Some such equipment uses [[Hydraulic drive system|hydraulic drives]] as a primary source of motion. |
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The word '''plant''', in this context, has come to mean any type of industrial equipment, including mobile equipment (e.g. in the same sense as [[powerplant]]). However, plant originally meant "structure" or "establishment" – usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises; as such, it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery, |
The word '''plant''', in this context, has come to mean any type of industrial equipment, including mobile equipment (e.g. in the same sense as [[powerplant]]). However, plant originally meant "structure" or "establishment" – usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises; as such, it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery, often in the phrase "plant and equipment". |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic=== |
===From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic=== |
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[[File:Fresno scrapers Miocene ditch.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Fresno scrapers Miocene ditch.jpg|thumb|Horse-drawn [[Fresno scraper]] digging water-supply ditch]] |
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[[File:Steam lokomobile 2 (aka).jpg|thumb|A [[portable engine]]; a precursor to modern engineering vehicles]] |
[[File:Steam lokomobile 2 (aka).jpg|thumb|A [[portable engine]]; a precursor to modern engineering vehicles]] |
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[[File:1903 Tractor.JPG|thumb|An early gasoline-powered tractor]] |
[[File:1903 Tractor.JPG|thumb|An early gasoline-powered tractor]] |
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The first commercial [[continuous track]] vehicle was the 1901 [[Lombard Steam Log Hauler]]. The use of tracks became popular for [[tank]]s during [[World War I]], and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are [[bucket-wheel excavator]]s, built since the 1920s. |
The first commercial [[continuous track]] vehicle was the 1901 [[Lombard Steam Log Hauler]]. The use of tracks became popular for [[tank]]s during [[World War I]], and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are [[bucket-wheel excavator]]s, built since the 1920s. |
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<blockquote>Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the [[hand shovel]]—moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a [[wheelbarrow]], or a cart or wagon drawn by a [[draft animal]]. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the [[inclined plane]], levers, and [[pulley]]s to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Haycraft | first1 = William R. | year = 2011| title = History of Construction Equipment | doi = 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374 | journal = Journal of Construction Engineering and Management | volume = 137| issue = 10| pages = 720–723}}</ref></blockquote> |
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[[Container crane]]s were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made [[containerization]] possible. |
[[Container crane]]s were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made [[containerization]] possible. |
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Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites. |
Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites. |
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Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://electrek.co/2019/01/29/caterpillar-electric-excavator-giant-battery-pack/ |title=Caterpillar unveils an all-electric 26-ton excavator with a giant 300 kWh battery pack |last=Lambert |first=Fred |
Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://electrek.co/2019/01/29/caterpillar-electric-excavator-giant-battery-pack/ |title=Caterpillar unveils an all-electric 26-ton excavator with a giant 300 kWh battery pack |last=Lambert |first=Fred |date=January 29, 2019 |publisher=Electrek |access-date=July 14, 2020}}</ref> Volvo,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.equipmentworld.com/volvo-ce-test-electric-excavator-loader/ |title=Volvo CE gets $2M grant to test electric excavator, loader in California |last=McLoud |first=Don |publisher=Randall-Reilly |date=April 24, 2020 |website=Equipment World |access-date=July 14, 2020}}</ref> Liebherr,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.equipmentworld.com/liebherrs-prototype-battery-powered-lb-16-drilling-rig-has-10-hour-run-time-video/ |title=Liebherr's prototype battery-powered LB 16 drilling rig has 10-hour run time (VIDEO) |last=Gruver Doyle |first=Marcia |publisher=Randall-Reilly |date=November 18, 2019 |website=Equipment World |access-date=July 14, 2020}}</ref> and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric-powered heavy equipment. Commercially-available models and R&D models were announced in 2019 and 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.enr.com/articles/47007-construction-equipment-goes-electric-but-hurdles-remain |title=Construction Equipment Goes Electric, But Hurdles Remain |last=Rubenstone |first=Jeff |publisher=BNP Media |date=June 5, 2019 |website=Engineering News-Record |access-date=July 14, 2020}}</ref> |
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Robotics and autonomy has been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition.<ref>{{ |
Robotics and autonomy has been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.cat.com/en_GB/news/machine-press-releases/caterpillar-announces-acquisition-of-robotic-expertise.html |title=Caterpillar Announces Acquisition of Robotic Expertise |date=June 2020 |publisher=Caterpillar |access-date=July 14, 2020}}</ref> A [[Autonomous_robot#Construction_robots|number of companies]] are currently developing ([[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] and [[Bobcat_Company|Bobcat]]) or have launched ([[Built Robotics]]) commercial solutions to the market. |
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==Types== |
==Types== |
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'''Timber''' |
'''Timber''' |
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*[[Feller buncher]] |
*[[Feller buncher]] |
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*[[ |
*[[Harvester (forestry)|Harvester]] |
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*[[Forwarder]] |
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*[[Skidder]] |
*[[Skidder]] |
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*[[Saw|Power saw]] |
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*[[Track harvester]] |
*[[Track harvester]] |
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*[[ |
*[[Forwarder|Wheel forwarder]] |
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*[[ |
*[[Skidder|Wheel skidder]] |
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'''Pipelayer''' |
'''Pipelayer''' |
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*[[Excavator attachments|Attachment]]s |
*[[Excavator attachments|Attachment]]s |
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*[[Drilling rig]] |
*[[Drilling rig]] |
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*[[Horizontal directional drilling]] |
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*[[Earth auger]] |
*[[Earth auger]] |
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*[[Pile driver]] |
*[[Pile driver]] |
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*[[Post pounder]] |
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*[[Rotary tiller]] (rototiller, rotovator) |
*[[Rotary tiller]] (rototiller, rotovator) |
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|width=33%| |
|width=33%| |
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*F.O.G. |
*F.O.G. |
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**[[ |
**[[Fuel]] |
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**[[lubricants]], [[lube oil]]s, [[oil filter|filters (oil, air, fuel, hydraulic)]] |
**Oil: [[lubricants]], [[lube oil]]s, [[oil filter|filters (oil, air, fuel, hydraulic)]] |
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**[[grease (lubricant)|Grease]] |
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|width=33%| |
|width=33%| |
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*[[repairs]] |
*[[repairs]] |
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The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a ''major repair'' or a ''minor repair''. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in [[service life]], while a minor repair is normal [[maintenance, repair and operations|maintenance]]. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}} as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job – therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment. |
The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a ''major repair'' or a ''minor repair''. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in [[service life]], while a minor repair is normal [[maintenance, repair and operations|maintenance]]. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}} as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job – therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment. |
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==Models== |
==Models== |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Construction equipment theft]] |
* [[Construction equipment theft]] |
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*[[Non-road engine]] |
* [[Non-road engine]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 20:30, 17 November 2024
Heavy equipment, heavy machinery, earthmovers, construction vehicles, or construction equipment, refers to heavy-duty vehicles specially designed to execute construction tasks, most frequently involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment systems: the implement, traction, structure, power train, and control/information.
Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC, when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane powered by human or animal labor in De architectura.
Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine that multiplies the ratio between input force applied and force exerted, easing and speeding tasks which often could otherwise take hundreds of people and many weeks' labor. Some such equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.
The word plant, in this context, has come to mean any type of industrial equipment, including mobile equipment (e.g. in the same sense as powerplant). However, plant originally meant "structure" or "establishment" – usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises; as such, it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery, often in the phrase "plant and equipment".
History
[edit]
The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura. The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818.
From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic
[edit]
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Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene and ethanol engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917.
The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901 Lombard Steam Log Hauler. The use of tracks became popular for tanks during World War I, and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket-wheel excavators, built since the 1920s.
Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel—moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane, levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time.[1]
Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible.
Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites.
Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar,[2] Volvo,[3] Liebherr,[4] and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric-powered heavy equipment. Commercially-available models and R&D models were announced in 2019 and 2020.[5]
Robotics and autonomy has been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition.[6] A number of companies are currently developing (Caterpillar and Bobcat) or have launched (Built Robotics) commercial solutions to the market.
Types
[edit]These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization.
Tractor
- Bulldozer (dozer, track dozer)
- Snowcat
- Snowplow
- Skidder
- Tractor (wheel tractor)
- Track tractor
- Locomotive
- Artillery tractor
- Crawler-transporter
- Military engineering vehicles
Grader
Excavator
- Amphibious excavator
- Compact excavator
- Dragline excavator
- Dredger
- Bucket-wheel excavator
- Excavator (digger)
- Long reach excavator
- Power shovel
- Reclaimer
- Suction excavator
- Walking excavator
- Trencher
- Yarder
Backhoe
Timber
Pipelayer
Scraper
- Fresno scraper
- Scraper
- Wheel tractor-scraper (belly scraper)
Mining
- Construction and mining tractor
- Construction and mining truck
- Dumper
- Dump truck
- Haul truck
- Mining equipment
Articulated
Compactor
- Wheel dozer (soil compactor)
- Soil stabilizer
Loader
- Loader (payloader, front loader, wheel loader, integrated tool carrier)
- Skip loader (skippy)
Track loader
Skid-steer loader
Material handler
- Aerial work platform, Lift table
- Crane
- Block-setting crane
- Bulk-handling crane
- Crane vessel
- Aerial crane
- Container crane
- Gantry crane
- Overhead crane
- Electric overhead traveling crane
- Ring crane
- Level luffing crane
- Mobile crane
- Travel lift
- Forklift
- Garbage truck
- Grapple truck, Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)
- Straddle carrier
- Sidelifter
- Reach stacker
- Telescopic handlers
- Tow truck
Paving
- Asphalt paver
- Asphalt plant
- Cold planer
- Cure rig
- Paver
- Pavement milling
- Pneumatic tire compactor
- Roller (road roller, roller compactor)
- Slipform paver
- Vibratory compactor, Compactor
Underground
Hydromatic tool
- Ballast tamper
- Attachments
- Drilling rig
- Horizontal directional drilling
- Earth auger
- Pile driver
- Post pounder
- Rotary tiller (rototiller, rotovator)
Highway
- Tractor unit
- Ballast tractor
- Pushback tractor
- Railcar mover
- Highway 10 yard rear dump
- Highway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly train), triple
- Highway end dump and side dump
- Highway transfer, Transfer train
- Concrete mixer
- Concrete mix truck
- Concrete mix dozer
- Lowboy (trailer)
- Street sweeper
- Street sweep truck
- Street sweep dozer
Images
[edit]-
The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from tracked-type tractors and is characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials, such as earth. -
The bucket excavator Komatsu PC210-LC. -
The wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R. -
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Fixed crane in a coal mine in Germany -
Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parked near a quarry in Israel -
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Wheel loader -
Grader cleaning and leveling -
Heavy duty excavator with large bucket equipped. -
Landfill compactor (tamping tip) -
Komatsu Dozer pushing coal on the job site -
A wheeled front loader tractor equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams. -
Folded conveyor on a tracked grinder
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- Military engineering vehicles
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The militarized Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer allows for earthmoving projects in a combat environment. In the picture: IDF Caterpillar D9R. -
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Military scraper -
PiPz Dachs armoured engineering vehicle of the German Army (2008) -
Temporary roads deployment complex during the "Armiya 2021" exhibition
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Implements and hydromechanical work tools
[edit]- auger
- backhoe
- bale spear
- broom
- bulldozer blade
- clam shell bucket
- cold plane
- demolition shears
- equipment bucket
- excavator bucket
- forks
- grapple
- hydraulic hammer, hoe ram
- hydraulics
- hydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1)
- landscape tiller
- material handling arm
- mechanical pulverizer, crusher
- multi processor
- pavement removal bucket
- pile driver
- power take-off (PTO)
- quick coupler
- rake
- ripper
- rotating grab
- sheep's foot compactor
- skeleton bucket
- snow blower
- stump grinder
- stump shear
- thumb
- tiltrotator
- trencher
- vibratory plate compactor
- wheel saw
Traction: Off-the-road tires and tracks
[edit]
Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earthmoving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.
Heavy equipment operator
[edit]A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in engineering and construction projects.[7][8] Typically only skilled workers may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment.
Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers. The field of occupational medicine researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions.
Equipment cost
[edit]Due to the small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization, repairs and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and operating cost.[9]
Ownership cost
[edit]To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows:
- purchase expense
- salvage value
- tax savings from depreciation
- major repairs and overhauls
- property taxes
- insurance
- storage
Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:
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m = some year in the future N = equipment useful life (years) and Dn = Annual depreciation amount
Book value (BV) in year m
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example: N = 5 purchase price = $350,000 m = 3 years from now
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Operating cost
[edit]For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows:[10]
|
|
The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded[citation needed] as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job – therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment.
Models
[edit]Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.
Notable manufacturers
[edit]The largest 10 heavy equipment manufacturers in 2022[12]
| No. | Company | Country | Sales (billion USD) | Share of total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Caterpillar |  United States |
37,5 | 16.3% |
| 2 | Komatsu |  Japan |
24,7 | 10.7% |
| 3 | XCMG |  China |
13,4 | 5.8% |
| 4 | John Deere | United States |
12,5 | 5.4% |
| 5 | Sany | China |
11,9 | 5.2% |
| 6 | Volvo Construction Equipment |  Sweden |
9,9 | 4.3% |
| 7 | Liebherr |  Switzerland |
9,9 | 4.3% |
| 8 | Hitachi Construction Machinery | Japan |
9,2 | 4.0% |
| 9 | Sandvik | Sweden |
7,8 | 3.4% |
| 10 | JCB |  United Kingdom |
7,0 | 3.0% |
Other manufacturers include:
- Anhui Heli
- Atlas Copco
- BEML Limited
- Bobcat Company
- Case Construction Equipment
- Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
- CNH Global
- Demag
- Fiat-Allis
- HEPCO
- HIAB
- Hidromek
- Hyundai Heavy Industries
- Ingersoll Rand
- Kubota
- Kobelco
- LiuGong
- MARAIS
- Navistar International Corporation
- NCK
- New Holland
- Track Marshall
- Orenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K)
- Paccar
- Poclain
- Rototilt
- Shantui
- ST Kinetics
- Takeuchi Manufacturing
- Wacker Neuson
- Yanmar
- Zoomlion
See also
[edit]- Associated Equipment Distributors, the trade association for heavy equipment distributors
- Construction equipment theft
- Non-road engine
References
[edit]- ^ Haycraft, William R. (2011). "History of Construction Equipment". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 137 (10): 720–723. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374.
- ^ Lambert, Fred (January 29, 2019). "Caterpillar unveils an all-electric 26-ton excavator with a giant 300 kWh battery pack". Electrek. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ^ McLoud, Don (April 24, 2020). "Volvo CE gets $2M grant to test electric excavator, loader in California". Equipment World. Randall-Reilly. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ^ Gruver Doyle, Marcia (November 18, 2019). "Liebherr's prototype battery-powered LB 16 drilling rig has 10-hour run time (VIDEO)". Equipment World. Randall-Reilly. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ^ Rubenstone, Jeff (June 5, 2019). "Construction Equipment Goes Electric, But Hurdles Remain". Engineering News-Record. BNP Media. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ^ "Caterpillar Announces Acquisition of Robotic Expertise" (Press release). Caterpillar. June 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ^ U.S. Department of Labor – Occupational Outlook Handbook
- ^ V. J. Davies, Ken Tomasin (1996). Construction Safety Handbook. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2519-X.
- ^ Peurifoy & Schexnayder "Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods" McGraw Hill 6th edition ISBN 0-07-232176-8, 2002.
- ^ Bartholomew, S.H. "Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction" CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-598327-4, 2000
- ^ "Heavy Equipment parts catalog". AGA Parts. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
- ^ "Construction equipment manufacturers: world equipment sales". Statista. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Heavy equipment at Wikimedia Commons
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