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{{short description|Afghan politician}}
{| align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid; margin-left: 1em"
{{BLP sources|date=November 2010}}
|+ '''Sultan Ali Keshtmand'''
{{Infobox officeholder
! bgcolor="#efefef" colspan="2" |
| name = Sultan Ali Keshtmand
|-
|<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Kishtman.jpg|right|thumb|Two times Former Prime Minister of Afghanistan, Sultan Ali Keshtmand]] -->
| image = Sultan Ali Keshtmand.jpg
| caption = Keshtmand in 1978

| order = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan#Democratic Republic|Chairman]] of the [[Council of Ministers (Afghanistan)|Council of Ministers]]
|-
| president = [[Mohammad Najibullah]]
! Date of Birth:
| term_start = 21 February 1989
| [[1935]]
| term_end = 8 May 1990
|-
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Hasan Sharq]]
! Date of Death:
| successor = [[Fazal Haq Khaliqyar]]
|
| president2 = [[Babrak Karmal]]<br />[[Haji Mohammad Chamkani]]
|-
| term_start2 = 11 June 1981
! bgcolor="#efefef" colspan="2" | [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan]]
| term_end2 = 26 May 1988
|-
| predecessor2 = [[Babrak Karmal]]
! Tenure Order:
| successor2 = [[Mohammad Hasan Sharq]]
| 12th Prime Minister
| order3 = Minister of Planning
'''( 4th Premier of the DRA )'''
| term_start3 = 28 December 1979
|-
| term_end3 = April 1982
! Took Office
| predecessor3 = Muhammad Siddiq Alemyar
(1st time):
| successor3 =
| June 1981 &ndash; May 1988
| term_start4 = 30 April
|-
| term_end4 = 23 August 1978
! Predecessor:
| predecessor4 = Ali Ahmad Khurram
| [[Babrak Karmal]]
| successor4 = Muhammad Siddiq Alemyar
|-
| order5 = People's Representative for Kabul at the 12th Parliament of Afghanistan
! Successor:
| term_start5 = 1964
| [[Mohammad Hasan Sharq]]
| term_end5 = 1968
|-
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1935|5|22}}
! Took Office
| birth_place = [[Kabul]], [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]
(2nd time):
| residence = [[London]]
| February 1989 &ndash; May 1990
| alma_mater = [[Kabul University]]
|-
| spouse = Karima Keshtmand
! Predecessor:
| death_date =
| [[Mohammad Hasan Sharq]]
| death_place =
|-
| party = [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]]-[[Parcham]]
! Successor:
}}
| [[Fazal Haq Khaliqyar]]
'''Sultan Ali Keshtmand''' ({{langx|fa|سلطان‌علی کشتمند}}; born May 22, 1935, in [[Kabul]]), sometimes transliterated '''Kishtmand''', was an [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] communist politician, belonging to the [[Parcham]] faction of the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA). He served twice as [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan#Democratic Republic|Chairman]] of the [[Council of Ministers (Afghanistan)|Council of Ministers]] during the 1980s, from 1981 to 1988 and from 1989 to 1990 in the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]].
|}

'''Sultan Ali Keshtmand''' (b. [[1935]]) was a [[Hazara people|Hazara]] politician. He served twice as [[Prime Minister]] during the [[1980s]], from [[1981]] to [[1988]] and from [[1989]] to [[1990]] at the '''Democratic Republic of Afghanistan'''.

A [[Hazara people|Hazara]], occupied the highest ever position from his community in the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] regime that tenuously ruled [[Afghanistan]] in the 1980s.


==Early years==
==Early years==
Keshtmand was born in [[Kabul]]. He is a member of the minority [[Hazara people|Hazara]] ethnic group. He studied [[economics]] at Kabul University and became involved in the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]]. He joined the Parcham Faction of that party, which was led by [[Babrak Karmal]].
Keshtmand was born in Kabul. He is a member of the [[Hazara people|Hazara]] ethnic group. He studied [[economics]] at Kabul University and became involved in the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|PDPA]]. He joined the Parcham faction of that party, which was led by [[Babrak Karmal]]. He sought and received political asylum from British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[John Major]]. He lives in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/feb/26/afghanistan.comment|title = Analysis: Kabul's loss|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 26 February 2002}}</ref>


==Role in politics==
==Role in politics==
Immediately after the April [[1978]] coup in which the People's Democratic Party came to power, forming the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]], Keshtmand became minister of planning.
Immediately after the April 1978 [[coup d'état]] in which the PDPA came to power, Keshtmand became the minister of planning in the newly formed [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]].


He lost that post in August [[1978]] when he was arrested for an alleged plot against President [[Nur Mohammad Taraki]], a member of the rival Khalq faction of the party.
He lost that post in August 1978 when he was arrested for an alleged plot against President [[Nur Mohammad Taraki]], a member of the rival Khalq faction of the party. The PDPA Politburo ordered the arrest of Keshtmand and Public Works Minister Muhammad Rafi'i for their part in the possible anti-regime conspiracy. He and the other inmates went through severe torture and long imprisonment. He remained in prison and was sentenced to death, but this decision was revoked and he was resentenced to 15 years in prison.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}


In December 1979, the [[Soviet Union]] invaded Afghanistan, bringing Babrak Karmal and the Parcham faction to power. Keshtmand was released from jail, and once again joined the Politburo.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}
The PDPA Politburo ordered the arrest of Keshtmand and Public Works Minister '''Muhammad Rafi’i''' for their part in the possible anti-regime conspiracy. He and inmates went through severe torture and long imprisonment.


Friction among the People's Party members rose in 1980 when Karmal removed [[Assadullah Sarwari]] from his position as [[Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan|First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers]] and replaced him with Sultan Ali Keshtmand. Keshtmand, a [[Parcham]]i, soon became one of the most important leaders of the regime. In June 1981, Karmal retained his other offices, but resigned as Council of Ministers chairman and was succeeded by Keshtmand. A 21-member Supreme Defense Council headed by [[Mohammad Najibullah]] effectively assumed power.
He remained in prison and was sentenced to death, but this decision was soon revoked and he was resentenced to 15 years in prison.


The rise in the deficit greatly concerned the government, and as Council of Ministers chairman Keshtmand noted in April 1983, the tax collections were inadequate in view of the increased state spending. The security situation in the country, however, prevented the government from improving its tax collections.
On December [[1979]], the [[Soviet Union]] invaded Afghanistan, bringing Babrak Karmal and the Parcham faction to power. He was released from jail, and was once again restored in the Politburo.


In September 1987, the Kabul government sponsored a large convocation of Hazaras from various parts of the country and offered them [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]]. In his speech to the group, Keshtmand said that the government was going to set up several new provinces in the [[Hazarajat]] that would be administered by the local inhabitants.
Friction among the and People's members heightened in [[1980]] when Karmal removed [[Assadullah Sarwari]], a member of the People's Party, from his position as first deputy prime minister and replaced him with Sultan Ali Keshtmand.


==Rise and fall of power==
Keshtmand, a [[Parcham]]i, soon became one of the most important leaders of the regime. In June of [[1981]], Karmal retained his other offices, but resigned as prime minister and was succeeded by Keshtmand.
He served as [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Chairman]] of the [[Council of Ministers (Afghanistan)|Council of Ministers]] from 1981 to 1988 and 1989 to 1990, and as one of the [[Vice President of Afghanistan|vice presidents]] from May 1990 until April 1991,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435024019754|hdl = 2027/osu.32435024019754|title = Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments|year = 2003}}</ref> when he was dismissed shortly before the fall of the government.


A mujaheddin radio station reports intra-Parcham (a faction of the PDPA) (P) clashes in Kabul between supporters of Najibullah and Keshtmand, chairman of the executive committee of the Council of Ministers.
A 21-member Supreme Defense Council headed by [[Mohammad Najibullah]] effectively assumed power.


Non-PDPA member [[Mohammad Hassan Sharq]] was selected by President Najibullah to be the new Council of Ministers chairman, replacing Keshtmand. This move was made in order to free spaces in the new government for nonparty candidates.
The rise in the deficit greatly concerned the government, and as Prime Minister Keshtmand noted in April 1983 that the tax collections were inadequate in view of the increased state spending. The security situation in the country, however, prevented the government from improving its tax collections.


He then left Afghanistan, first moving to [[Russia]] and then to [[England]]. There he became an outspoken defender of the rights of Hazaras and other minorities, claiming that the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] majority in Afghanistan had had too much power in all of Afghanistan's regimes, past and present. After the communist [[Saur Revolution]], which toppled [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Daud Khan]]'s first [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973—1978)|Afghan Republic]], he reportedly said, "Brothers, today the five long centuries of Pashtun political domination has come to an end."
In September, 1987, the Kabul government sponsored a large convocation of Hazaras from various parts of the country and offered them [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]]. In his speech to the group, Keshtmand said that the government was going to set up several new provinces in the [[Hazarajat]] that would be administered by the local inhabitants.


==References==
==Rise to power and the fall==
{{Reflist}}
He served as Prime Minister from [[1981]] to [[1988]] and [[1989]] to [[1990]], and as vice-President from [[1990]] until [[1991]], when he was dismissed shortly before the fall of the government.


{{s-start}}
A mujaheddin radio station reports intra-Parcham (a faction of the PDPA) (P) clashes in [[Kabul]] between supporters of Najibullah and Keshtmand, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Council of Ministers.
{{s-off}}

{{Succession box
Non-PDPA member [[Mohammed Hassan Sharq]] was selected by President Najibullah to be the new prime minister, replacing Keshtmand. This move was made in order to free spaces in the new government for nonparty candidates.
| before = Unknown

| title = Ministry of Mines and Industry
He then left Afghanistan, first moving to [[Russia]] and then to [[England]]. There he became an outspoken defender of the rights of Hazaras, claiming that the [[Pashtun]] majority in Afghanistan had had too much power in all of Afghanistan's regimes.
| years = 1960–1972

| after = Unknown
== Latest ==
In his recent book "Yaad daashthaaye Syaasi wa Rooyidaadhaaye Taarikhi" (Political Notes and Historical Events)"<small><sup>[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|[Publication information needed]]]</sup></small>, Keshtmand has given an account of the rise and fall of the era in Afghanistan and his personal auto biography.

He has expressed his visit to Muslim Holy Places of Karbala and Najaf as "memorable and blessed" event in his life.

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Babrak Karmal]] |
title= [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan]] |
years= June 1981 &ndash; May 1988 |
after= [[Mohammad Hasan Sharq]]
}}
}}
{{succession box |
{{Succession box
| before = Ali Ahmad Khurram
before= [[Mohammad Hasan Sharq]] |
title= [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan]] |
| title = Minister of Planning
years= February 1989 &ndash; May 1990 |
| years = 1978
after= [[Fazal Haq Khaliqyar]]
| after = Muhammad Siddiq Alemyar
}}
}}
{{succession box |
{{Succession box
before= Unknown |
| before = [[Hafizullah Amin]]
title= Vicepresident of Afghanistan |
| title = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers]]
years= May 1990 &ndash; April 1991 |
| years = 1980–1981
after= Unknown
| after = Unknown
}}
}}
{{end box}}
{{Succession box
| before = Unknown
{{AfghaniPrimeMinisters}}
| title = Minister of Planning
| years = 1981
| after = Unknown
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Babrak Karmal]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Chairman]] of the [[Council of Ministers (Afghanistan)|Council of Ministers]]
| years = 1981–1988
| after = [[Mohammad Hasan Sharq]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Mohammad Hasan Sharq]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Chairman]] of the [[Council of Ministers (Afghanistan)|Council of Ministers]]
| years = 1989–1990
| after = [[Fazal Haq Khaliqyar]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Haji Mohammad Chamkani]]
| title = [[Vice President of Afghanistan|First Vice President of Afghanistan]]
| years = May 1990 - January 1991
| after = [[Abdul Wahed Sorabi]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Prime ministers of Afghanistan}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Keshtmand, Sultan Ali}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Keshtmand, Sultan Ali}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People involved in the Soviet war in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Afghan Muslims]]
[[Category:Afghan politicians]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Afghanistan]]

[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Afghanistan]]
[[de:Sultan Ali Keshtmand]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Afghanistan]]
[[ru:Кештманд, Султан Али]]
[[Category:Interior ministers of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Mining ministers of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan politicians]]
[[Category:Hazara politicians]]
[[Category:Afghan exiles]]
[[Category:Afghan emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in Russia]]

Latest revision as of 09:40, 7 November 2024

Sultan Ali Keshtmand
Keshtmand in 1978
Chairman of the Council of Ministers
In office
21 February 1989 – 8 May 1990
PresidentMohammad Najibullah
Preceded byMohammad Hasan Sharq
Succeeded byFazal Haq Khaliqyar
In office
11 June 1981 – 26 May 1988
PresidentBabrak Karmal
Haji Mohammad Chamkani
Preceded byBabrak Karmal
Succeeded byMohammad Hasan Sharq
Minister of Planning
In office
28 December 1979 – April 1982
Preceded byMuhammad Siddiq Alemyar
In office
30 April – 23 August 1978
Preceded byAli Ahmad Khurram
Succeeded byMuhammad Siddiq Alemyar
People's Representative for Kabul at the 12th Parliament of Afghanistan
In office
1964–1968
Personal details
Born (1935-05-22) May 22, 1935 (age 89)
Kabul, Kingdom of Afghanistan
Political partyPeople's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Parcham
SpouseKarima Keshtmand
ResidenceLondon
Alma materKabul University

Sultan Ali Keshtmand (Persian: سلطان‌علی کشتمند; born May 22, 1935, in Kabul), sometimes transliterated Kishtmand, was an Afghan communist politician, belonging to the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). He served twice as Chairman of the Council of Ministers during the 1980s, from 1981 to 1988 and from 1989 to 1990 in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Early years

[edit]

Keshtmand was born in Kabul. He is a member of the Hazara ethnic group. He studied economics at Kabul University and became involved in the PDPA. He joined the Parcham faction of that party, which was led by Babrak Karmal. He sought and received political asylum from British Prime Minister John Major. He lives in the UK.[1]

Role in politics

[edit]

Immediately after the April 1978 coup d'état in which the PDPA came to power, Keshtmand became the minister of planning in the newly formed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

He lost that post in August 1978 when he was arrested for an alleged plot against President Nur Mohammad Taraki, a member of the rival Khalq faction of the party. The PDPA Politburo ordered the arrest of Keshtmand and Public Works Minister Muhammad Rafi'i for their part in the possible anti-regime conspiracy. He and the other inmates went through severe torture and long imprisonment. He remained in prison and was sentenced to death, but this decision was revoked and he was resentenced to 15 years in prison.[citation needed]

In December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, bringing Babrak Karmal and the Parcham faction to power. Keshtmand was released from jail, and once again joined the Politburo.[citation needed]

Friction among the People's Party members rose in 1980 when Karmal removed Assadullah Sarwari from his position as First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and replaced him with Sultan Ali Keshtmand. Keshtmand, a Parchami, soon became one of the most important leaders of the regime. In June 1981, Karmal retained his other offices, but resigned as Council of Ministers chairman and was succeeded by Keshtmand. A 21-member Supreme Defense Council headed by Mohammad Najibullah effectively assumed power.

The rise in the deficit greatly concerned the government, and as Council of Ministers chairman Keshtmand noted in April 1983, the tax collections were inadequate in view of the increased state spending. The security situation in the country, however, prevented the government from improving its tax collections.

In September 1987, the Kabul government sponsored a large convocation of Hazaras from various parts of the country and offered them autonomy. In his speech to the group, Keshtmand said that the government was going to set up several new provinces in the Hazarajat that would be administered by the local inhabitants.

Rise and fall of power

[edit]

He served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1981 to 1988 and 1989 to 1990, and as one of the vice presidents from May 1990 until April 1991,[2] when he was dismissed shortly before the fall of the government.

A mujaheddin radio station reports intra-Parcham (a faction of the PDPA) (P) clashes in Kabul between supporters of Najibullah and Keshtmand, chairman of the executive committee of the Council of Ministers.

Non-PDPA member Mohammad Hassan Sharq was selected by President Najibullah to be the new Council of Ministers chairman, replacing Keshtmand. This move was made in order to free spaces in the new government for nonparty candidates.

He then left Afghanistan, first moving to Russia and then to England. There he became an outspoken defender of the rights of Hazaras and other minorities, claiming that the Pashtun majority in Afghanistan had had too much power in all of Afghanistan's regimes, past and present. After the communist Saur Revolution, which toppled Daud Khan's first Afghan Republic, he reportedly said, "Brothers, today the five long centuries of Pashtun political domination has come to an end."

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Analysis: Kabul's loss". TheGuardian.com. 26 February 2002.
  2. ^ Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments. 2003. hdl:2027/osu.32435024019754.
Political offices
Preceded by
Unknown
 Ministry of Mines and Industry
1960–1972 		Succeeded by
Unknown
Preceded by
Ali Ahmad Khurram
 Minister of Planning
1978 		Succeeded by
Muhammad Siddiq Alemyar
Preceded by Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers
1980–1981 		Succeeded by
Unknown
Preceded by
Unknown
 Minister of Planning
1981 		Succeeded by
Unknown
Preceded by Chairman of the Council of Ministers
1981–1988 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the Council of Ministers
1989–1990 		Succeeded by
Preceded by First Vice President of Afghanistan
May 1990 - January 1991 		Succeeded by


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