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{{Short description|Ideology based on a Tamil nation}}
{{Other uses|Tamil nationalism (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{multiple issues|disputed =February 2010|essay-like =February 2009}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Tamil distribution.png|thumb|Distribution of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speakers in South India and Sri Lanka (1961).]]
{{Tamils}}
'''Tamil nationalism''' has developed among the [[Tamil people|Tamils]] of both [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lanka]]. It expresses itself in the form of [[linguistic purism]] ("[[Pure Tamil]]"), of nationalism and [[irredentism]] ("[[Dravida Nadu]]"), and of [[Anti-Brahminism]] ("[[Self-Respect Movement]]").
{{Nationalism sidebar|all}}
Tamil nationalists in Sri Lanka attempted to create an independent state ([[Tamil Eelam]]) amid the increasing political and physical violence against ordinary Tamils by the Sri Lankan government since the pogroms of 1983, known as Black July. During the Island's independence from its the British colonisers, the Sri Lankan government passed the Citizenship Act of 1948, which made more than a millon Tamils of Indian origin stateless; furthermore, the government also passed a Sinhala Only Act-therefore paving the way to sujugation of Tamils in all areas of life-education, law, being able to vote; since the majority of Tamils (in the North-East of the Island) cannot speak Sinhala language.http://www.scribd.com/doc/12755079/Genocide-of-Tamils-in-Sri-Lanka-The-Unspeakable-Truth-BTF-Publication. Within India, Tamil irredentism led to the [[Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965|anti-Hindi agitation]] during the 1960s.
[[File:Tamil Nadu government will be announced tamil vallka light board.jpg|thumb|A lightboard that reads ''Long live Tamil'' (''Tamil Valga'' in Tamil) outside a public building in [[Tamil Nadu]].]]
'''Tamil nationalism ''' is the ideology which asserts that the [[Tamils|Tamil people]] constitute a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Tamil people. Tamil nationalism is primarily a [[secular]] nationalism, that focus on language and homeland.<ref>Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)</ref> It expresses itself in the form of [[linguistic purism]] ("[[Pure Tamil]]"), linguistic [[nationalism]], [[Social equality]] ("[[Self-Respect Movement]]") and [[Tamil Renaissance]].


Since the independence of [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]], Tamil separatist movements have been actively suppressed in both countries.<ref>India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976–1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.</ref>
==Linguistic purism==
{{main|Pure Tamil}}
===History===
{{see|Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}


==Sri Lanka==
In late 1964, an attempt was made to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with [[Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965|protests]]. Some of these protests also turned violent.<ref>Hardgrave, Robert L. (August 1965). "The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis". Asian Survey (University of California Press)</ref> As a result, the proposal was dropped,<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html|title=The force of words|accessdate=2007-06-05 | work=Time | date=1965-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Forrester |first=Duncan B. |title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=39 |issue=1/2 |pages=19–36 |date=Spring&nbsp;— Summer 1966 |doi=10.2307/2755179}}.</ref> and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.<ref>Official Languages Act, 1963, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolacteng.htm S. 3(5)].</ref> The exact extent to which, and the areas in which, the Union government uses Hindi and English, respectively, is determined by the provisions of the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Languages Rules, 1976, and [[statutory instrument]]s made by the Department of Official Language under these laws.
{{Main|Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism}}
Since the adoption of the [[Vaddukoddai Resolution]] in 1976 under the leadership of [[S.J.V. Chelvanayakam]], Tamil nationalists in Sri Lanka have repeatedly attempted to create an independent state ([[Tamil Eelam]])<ref name=Hin>{{cite web |title=TULF leader passes away |author=DBS Jeyaraj |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/06/06/stories/2002060603761100.htm |publisher=Hindu News |access-date=2008-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124134744/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/06/06/stories/2002060603761100.htm |archive-date=2009-01-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> amid the increasing political and physical violence against ordinary Tamils by the Sri Lankan government which was dominated by [[Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism]].


Shortly after the island's independence from [[British Ceylon|Britain]], the Sri Lankan government passed the [[Ceylon Citizenship Act|Citizenship Act of 1948]], which made more than a million [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Tamils of Indian origin]] stateless. The government also passed a [[Sinhala Only Act]], which severely threatened the status of Tamil as a minority language, as well as hindering the social mobility of Tamil speakers.[https://www.scribd.com/doc/12755079/Genocide-of-Tamils-in-Sri-Lanka-The-Unspeakable-Truth-BTF-Publication]. In addition, the government also initiated the [[Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes|state-sponsored colonisation schemes]], with the aim of lessening the numerical presence of minorities as well as monopolising traditionally shared economic activities such as agriculture and fisheries, which have been part of the livelihood of [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] since time immemorial.<ref>''Scarred Communities: Psychosocial Impact of Man-made and Natural Disasters on Sri Lankan Society'' by Daya Somasundaram, 2014</ref>
Four states - [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]]<ref>[http://www.barandbench.com/index.php?title=Language%20in%20Courts%20-%20a%20bridge%20or%20a%20barrier?&page=brief&id=805&gn=0 Language in Courts - a bridge or a barrier?]</ref>- have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power - [[Tamil Nadu]], which sought the right to conduct proceedings in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in its [[Madras High Court|High Court]] - had its application rejected by the central government earlier, which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{citation |last= Special Correspondent |title=Karunanidhi stands firm on Tamil in High Court | newspaper = The Hindu |pages=1 |date=12 March 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031205180100.htm |location=Chennai, India}}.</ref> In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conduct [[Madras High Court]] proceedings in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120306220800.htm The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Thanjavur News : No objection to Tamil as court language: A.P. Shah<!-- Bot-generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.silobreaker.com/DocumentReader.aspx?Item=5_848171789 Silobreaker: Make Tamil the language of Madras High Court: Karu<!-- Bot-generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/21/stories/2008042159970800.htm The Hindu : Tamil Nadu News : Karunanidhi hopeful of Centre’s announcement<!-- Bot-generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/299161.html indianexpress.com<!-- Bot-generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/archives/pr2007/pr110307/pr110307_45.pdf Tamil Nadu government press release]</ref> In 2010, the Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court]] allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil..<ref>{{cite news|title= Advocate argues in Tamil in High Court |url=http://expressbuzz.com/cities/chennai/advocate-argues-in-tamil-in-high-court/183847.html|accessdate=27 June 2010|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=23 June 2010}}</ref>.


After anti-Tamil [[pogrom]]s in [[1956 Ceylonese riots|1956]], [[1958 anti-Tamil pogrom|1958]] and [[1977 anti-Tamil pogrom|1977]] and [[police brutality]] against Tamils protesting against these acts, guerilla groups like [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) were created to safeguard the interest and rights of Tamils in their own land. The [[burning of Jaffna library]] in 1981 and [[Black July]] in 1983 finally led to over 25 years of war between the [[Sri Lankan army]] and the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Tigers]]. Persistent use of violence, including assassinations, led the LTTE to be declared as a [[terrorist organization]] by India, Malaysia, the European Union, Canada, and the USA. The civil war came to an end in 2009 with the military defeat of LTTE and the death of its leader, [[Prabhakaran]]. The [[Sri Lankan civil war]] led to death of over 100,000 people according to the [[UN|United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-20/up-to-100000-killed-in-sri-lankas-civil-war-un/1689524| title = Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN| website = ABC News| date = 20 May 2009| language = en-AU| access-date = 2016-03-01}}</ref> The Sri Lankan Government are alleged to have committed [[war crimes]] against the civilian Sri Lankan Tamil people during the final months of the [[Eelam War IV]] phase in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/05/20/sri-lanka-new-evidence-wartime-abuses|title=Sri Lanka: New Evidence of Wartime Abuses|website=Human Rights Watch|date=20 May 2010 |access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref> A [[Permanent Peoples' Tribunal|PPT]] verdict declared it as a [[genocide]] committed against ethnic Tamils by the Sri Lanka, government.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.ptsrilanka.org/en/verdict| title = Permanent Peoples' Tribunal verdict on Tamil Genocide| website = PT Srilanka}}</ref> Following the conclusion of the Civil War, the [[Tamil National Alliance]] (TNA) dropped their demand for an independent Tamil Eelam<ref>{{Cite news| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/14/sri-lanka-tamils-self-rule| title =Sri Lankan Tamil alliance drops independence demand| newspaper = The Guardian| date =14 March 2010}}</ref> in favour of [[decentralization|regional autonomy]] in a remerged [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North Eastern Province]].<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/tna-reiterates-self-determination-northeast-remerger/article7464674.ece| title = TNA reiterates self determination, North-East re-merger| website = The Hindu| date = 25 July 2015}}</ref> The idea of [[Federalism in Sri Lanka]] is opposed by the Sri Lankan Government, which prefers a [[unitary state]].<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/world/sri-lanka-tna-threatens-to-quit-constitution-process-if-terms-not-met-4475365/| title = Sri Lanka: TNA threatens to quit constitution process if terms not met| website = Indian express| date = 15 January 2017}}</ref>
===Basis in pre-modern literature===


In 2010, the [[Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam]] (TGTE) was founded by [[Visvanathan Rudrakumaran]] who aim to create an independent Tamil Eelam in peaceful democratic means. The [[Tamil People's Council]] (TPC) led by chief minister [[C. V. Vigneswaran]] organized "[[Eluga Tamil]]" ("Arise, Tamils") rally in northern [[Jaffna]] and eastern [[Batticaloa]] to address that Tamil rights are still refused by Sri Lankan Government.<ref>{{Cite web| url =http://colombogazette.com/2017/02/10/large-crowds-gather-at-eluga-tamil-rally-in-batticaloa/| title = Large crowds gather at 'Eluga Tamil' rally in Batticaloa| website = colombogazette.com| date = 10 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url =http://www.dailymirror.lk/116325/-Eluga-Tamil-demonstration-in-Jaffna| title = 'Eluga Tamil' demonstration in Jaffna| website = dailymirror.lk}}</ref>
Although [[nationalism]] itself is a modern phenomenon, the expression of linguistic identity found in the modern [[Pure Tamil]] movement has pre-modern antecedents, in a "loyalty to Tamil" (as opposed to Sanskrit) visible in ancient [[Sangam literature]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Steever|1987|p=355}}</ref>
The poems of Sangam literature imply a consciousness of independence or separateness from neighbouring regions, which is significantly stronger than suggested by the archaeological evidence as to the material culture of the Tamil region.<ref>{{Harvnb|Abraham|2003|pp=211, 217}}</ref> Similarly, [[Silappadhikaaram]], a post-Sangam epic, posits a cultural integrity for the entire Tamil region<ref name=Sub1981p23-24>{{Harvnb|Subrahmanian|1981|pp=23–24}}</ref> and has been interpreted by Parthasarathy as presenting "an expansive vision of the Tamil imperium" which "speaks for all Tamils."<ref>{{Harvnb|Parthasarathy|1993|pp=1–2}}</ref> Subrahmanian sees in the epic the first expression of Tamil nationalism,<ref name=Sub1981p23-24 /> while Parthasarathy says that the epic shows "the beginnings of Tamil separatism."<ref>{{Harvnb|Parthasarathy|1993|p=344}}</ref>


==India==
Medieval Tamil texts also demonstrate features of modern Tamil linguistic purism, most notably the claim of parity of status with Sanskrit which was traditionally seen in the rest of the Indian subcontinent as being a prestigious, trans-local language. Texts on [[Meter (poetry)|prosody]] and [[poetics]] such as the 10th century Yaapparungalakkaarihai and the 11th century Veerasoazhiyam, for example, treat Tamil as the equal of [[Sanskrit]] in terms of literary prestige, and use the rhetorical device of describing Tamil as a beautiful young lady and as a pure, divine language<ref>{{Harvnb|Monius|2000|pp=12–13}}</ref> both of which are also central in modern Tamil nationalism.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1993|pp=690–698}}</ref> [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Narayanan|1994|p=26}}</ref> and [[Shaivism|Shaivite]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Peterson|1982|p=77}}</ref> commentators took the claim of divinity one step further, claiming for Tamil a liturgical status, and seeking to endow Tamil texts with the status of a "[[fifth Veda]]."<ref>{{Harvnb|Cutler|1991|p=770}}.</ref>
Vaishnavite commentators such as Nanjiyar went one step further, declaring that people who were not Tamil lamented the fact that they were not born in a place where such a wonderful language was spoken.<ref>{{Harvnb|Clooney|1992|pp=205–206}}</ref> This trend was not universal, and there were also authors who sought to argue and work against Tamil distinctiveness through, amongst other things, [[Sanskritisation]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Pandian|1994|p=87}}; {{Harvnb|Kailasapathy|1979|p=32}}</ref>


Indian Tamil Nationalism comprises the vast majority of [[Dravidian Nationalism]] which consisted of all the four major Dravidian languages in [[South India]]. Dravidian Nationalism was popularised by a series of small movements and organisations who contended that the South Indians composed a cultural entity that was different from the [[Indo-Aryans]] of North India. A new morphed ideology of Dravidian nationalism gained momentum within the Tamil speakers during the 1930s and 1950s. Dravidian nationalism failed to find support outside of Tamil Nadu. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Nationalist ideologies lead to the argument by Tamil leaders that, at a minimum, that Tamils must have self-determination or, at maximum, secession from India.<ref name=Kohli2004>{{cite journal
==Dravidian identity==
|author = Kohli, A.
[[File:Periyanaickenpalayam tamil pride sign.jpg|thumb|An official signboard in [[Tamil Nadu]], which praises the Tamil language]]
|year = 2004
|title = Federalism and the Accommodation of Ethnic Nationalism
|journal = Federalism and Territorial Cleavages
|pages = 285–288
|isbn = 9780801874086
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=49O1L3LzkVgC&pg=PA281
|access-date = 2008-04-25
}}</ref> By the late 1960, the political parties who were espousing Dravidian ideologies gained power only within the state of Tamil Nadu.<ref>Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order, p. 57-71.</ref><ref name=Moorti2004>{{cite journal
|author = Moorti, S.
|year = 2004
|title = Fashioning a Cosmopolitan Tamil Identity: Game Shows, Commodities and Cultural Identity
|journal = Media, Culture & Society
|volume = 26
|issue = 4
|pages = 549–567
|doi = 10.1177/0163443704044217
|s2cid = 145618990
}}</ref>


Since the 1969 election victory of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) under [[C N Annadurai]], Tamil nationalism has been a permanent feature of the government of Tamil Nadu. The DMK came to power positively on the plank of opposing Hindi monopoly/imposition. Prior to coming to power, they also openly declared to fight for Tamil independence from India. But since the Indian government had added a new legislation that outlawed anyone wanting independence from India, under the sedition act, and that made political parties to lose their right to stand in election, the DMK dropped this demand. With this, the drive for secession became weaker with most mainstream political parties, except a few, who instead committed to development of Tamil Nadu within a united India. Most major Tamil Nadu regional parties such as DMK, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (VCK), [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) and [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK) frequently participate as coalition partners of other pan-Indian parties in the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] at [[New Delhi]].
Tamil nationalism in [[Tamil Nadu]] developed a '''Dravidian identity''' (as opposed to a Tamil identity distinct from other Dravidian-speaking peoples).
"Dravidian nationalism" in this sense comprises the four major ethno-linguistic groups in [[South India]]. This idea was popularized during the 1930s to 1950s by a series of small movements and organizations that contended that the South Indians (Dravidians) formed a racial and a cultural entity that was different from the north Indians.


=== Tamil secessionist and militants groups===
This particular moment claimed that the [[Brahmins]] were originally from the north and they imposed their language, [[Sanskrit]], religion and heritage on the southern people. A new morphed ideology of the Dravidian nationalism gained momentum within the Tamil speakers during the 1930 and 1950.


In 1958, [[S. P. Adithanar]] founded the "We Tamils" party who supported the creation of a homogeneous [[Greater Tamil Nadu]] incorporating Tamil speaking areas of India and Sri Lanka. In 1960, the party organized a statewide protest which demanded the establishment of a sovereign [[Tamil Nadu]]. During the protest maps of [[Republic of India]] (with [[Tamil Nadu]] left out) were burnt. The We Tamils party lost the elections of 1962 and was merged in 1967 with the DMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alphabet-xyz.club/blog/2015/09/15/we-tamils-party-s-p-adithanar/|title=We Tamils party S. P. Adithanar|publisher=WordPress}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref>Dynamics of Tamil Nadu Politics in Sri Lankan Ethnicity, capter IV</ref> The outbreak of the [[Sri Lankan civil war]] between the Majority Sinhalese and indigenous Tamils lead the Tamil nationalism in India to take a new shape. In India small Tamil militant groups emerged such as [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army]] led by Thamizharasan, who aspired to an independent [[Tamil Nadu]]. After his death, the group is believed to have splintered into factions. The TNLA was [[List of organisations banned by the Government of India|banned by the Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/TNLA.htm|title=Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA)|publisher=www.satp.org}}</ref> Another banned Tamil secessionist group in India was the [[Tamil National Retrieval Troops]] (TNRT) founded by P. Ravichandran in the late-1980s. TNRT, a Tamil Nationalist organization, fought for an independent Tamil homeland and followed the goal to unite [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Tamil Eelam]] to be a Greater Tamil Nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/TNRT.htm|title=Tamil National Retrieval Troops (TNRT)|publisher=www.satp.org}}</ref>
Tamil Nationalism was thus based on three ideologies: dismantling of Brahmin hegemony; revitalization of the "[[Pure Tamil Language]]" and social reform by abolition of existing caste systems, religious practices and recasting women's equal position in the society.
By the late 1960s, the political parties who were espousing Dravidian ideologies gained power within the state of Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Moorti2004>{{Harvnb|Moorti|2004|p=549}}</ref> Subsequently the Nationalist ideologies lead to the argument by Tamil leaders that, at minimal, that Tamils must have self determination or, at maximum, secession from India<ref name=Kohli2004>{{Harvnb|Kohli|2004|pp=285–299}}</ref>


===Support for Sri Lankan Tamils===
Dravidian nationalism has given rise to various doctrines of [[national mysticism]] and [[antiquity frenzy|fanciful anachronism]], such as [[Thaevanaeyap Paavaanar]]'s [[Kumari Kandam]], a continent spanning the Indian Ocean, submerged in 16,000 BC, or an "original Veda" composed by [[Mamuni Mayan]] some 10,000 years ago, [[Devaneya Pavanar]]'s ''Homo Dravida'' of 200,000 BC, his [[Kumari Kandam]] civilization of 50,000 BC, his "Second Tamil Sangam" under a [[Pandyan]] king in 6097 BC, etc.


In October 2008, amid intensified in shelling on Tamil civilian areas by the Sri Lankan military, with the army moving in on the [[LTTE]] and the navy battling the latter's sea patrol, Indian Tamil MP's, including those supporting the Singh government in the DMK and PMK, threatened to resign en masse if the Indian government did not pressure the Lankan government to cease firing on civilians. In response, the Indian government reported it had upped the ante on the Lankan government to ease tensions.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/India_asks_Lanka_to_protect_civilians/articleshow/3610295.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=India asks Lanka to protect civilians | date=18 October 2008}}</ref>
==Political parties==
{{main|Dravidian parties}}
{{see|Politics of Tamil Nadu}}
Since the 1969 election victory of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) under [[C. N. Annadurai]], Tamil nationalism has been a permanent feature of the government of Tamil Nadu. After the Tamil people achieved self determination the claim for secession became weaker with most mainstream political parties, except a fringe few, are committed to development of Tamil Nadu within a united India. Most major Tamil Nadu regional parties such as DMK, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) and [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK) frequently participate as coalition partners of other pan-Indian parties in the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] at [[New Delhi]]. The inability of the national parties of India to comprehend and capitalize on Tamil nationalism is one of the main reasons for the lack of presence in Modern Tamil Nadu. The modern day Tamil Nationalism have actually contributed to a more flaccid celebration of Tamil identity and the ‘uplift’ of the poor.<ref name=Palanithurai1989>{{Harvnb|Palanithurai|1989}}</ref>


[[K. Muthukumar]] a Tamil journalist and activist in Tamil Nadu committed suicide, because the government failed to save [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]. His death instantly triggered [[Protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War|widespread strikes, demonstrations and public unrest]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salem-news.com/articles/february082012/tamil-immolation-tk.php|title=Indian journalist's self-immolation was an attempt to prevent Sri Lanka's Tamil Genocide |publisher=salem-news.com}}</ref> There is also deep resentment against India among some Tamils, that it aided the Sri Lankan state in the 2009 genocide.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-forces-took-part-in-Lankan-war-Plea/articleshow/33758131.cms|title=Indian forces took part in Lankan war: Plea|newspaper=Times Of India|date=15 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Sri+Lanka:+A+call+for+arms/1/1439.html|title=Sri Lanka: A call for arms|publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=1502|title=Russia and India to sell arms to Sri Lanka |publisher=Tamil Guardian}}</ref> This led to minor incidents like Tamil nationalists turning out in support of the Eelam rebels when Chennai-based ''[[The Hindu]]'' was alleged to have been supporting the Government of Sri Lanka. Editor-in-Chief of The Hindu, N Ram named members of the [[Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam]], [[Thamizh Thesiya Periyakkam]], some lawyers, and law college students as responsible for incidents of vandalism at their offices.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
==Cross-straits nationalism==
In October 2008, amongst an alleged build up in shelling into the Tamil civilian areas by the Lankan military, with the army moving in on the LTTE and the navy battling the latter's sea patrol, Indian Tamil MPs, including those supporting the Singh government in the DMK and PMK, threatened to resign en masse if the Indian government did not pressure the Lankan government to cease firing on civilians. In response, to this strain of nationalistic pressure, the Indian government reported it had upped the ante on the Lankan government to ease tensions.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/India_asks_Lanka_to_protect_civilians/articleshow/3610295.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=India asks Lanka to protect civilians | date=18 October 2008}}</ref>


The Tamil nationalist party [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] arose 18 May 2010 as a result of the bloody end of the Sri Lankan civil war. Main agenda of this party is the liberation of [[Tamil Eelam]], here only Tamils should rule in Tamil Nadu and to spread the importance of Tamil language and unity of Tamils, irrespective of religion and caste.<ref name="tvb">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article193786.ece | title=Seeman calls for vote bank to protect Tamils | publisher=The New Indian Express | access-date=7 April 2015 | archive-date=18 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418125809/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article193786.ece | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Tamil nationalists turn out in support of the Eelam rebels when Chennai-based ''[[The Hindu]]'' was alleged to have been supporting the Government of Sri Lanka. Editor-in-Chief of The Hindu, N. Ram named members of the [[Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam]], [[Thamizh Thesa Pothuvudaimai Katchi]],<ref>http://www.tamizhdesiyam.blogspot.com</ref> some lawyers, and law college students as responsible for incidents of vandalism at their offices.

2013 it came to series of [[2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests|Anti-Sri Lanka protests]] initiated by the [[Students Federation for Freedom of Tamil Eelam]]. The students demanded justice for Sri Lankan Tamils and a UN referendum on the formation of [[Tamil Eelam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Students-across-Tamil-Nadu-join-anti-Lanka-stir/articleshow/19026952.cms|title=Students across Tamil Nadu join anti-Lanka stir|work=indiatimes.com|date=18 March 2013 }}</ref> Tamil organizations, parties and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu demand an International Investigation of [[Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War|Sri Lankan war crimes]] and a UN referendum among [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] on the formation of [[Tamil Eelam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jayalalithaa-calls-for-a-referendum-on-separate-Eelam/articleshow/19239891.cms|title=Jayalalithaa calls for a referendum on separate Eelam|work=indiatimes.com|date=27 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-assembly-demands-referendum-on-eelam/article4554161.ece|title=T.N. Assembly demands referendum on Eelam|work=thehindu.com|date=27 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tamil-nadu-assembly-calls-for-probe-into-sri-lankas-alleged-war-crimes-1218255|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Calls for Probe Into Sri Lanka's Alleged War Crimes|work=ndtv.com}}</ref>

===Protests against Jallikattu ban===

The ban on [[Jallikattu]] was seen by Tamils as an attack on their culture and identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-witnesses-sudden-surge-in-protests-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56646352.cms|title=Tamil Nadu witnesses sudden surge in protests for Jallikattu|work=mumbaimirror}}</ref> In 2017, it came to a statewide [[2017 pro-jallikattu protests|pro-jallikattu protests]] in Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], which lasted several days. Tamils from all over the world expressed their solidarity with the protesters in Tamil Nadu. The government claimed that anti-national elements would be among the protesters who raised slogans for a separate [[Tamil Nadu]] and against [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/827379/on-the-fringes-of-jallikattu-protests-tamil-nationalism-attempts-to-emerge|title=On the fringes of jallikattu protests, Tamil nationalism attempts to emerge|work=scroll.in|date=23 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/anti-nationals-infiltrated-pro-jallikattu-protests-says-cm/355686.html|title=Anti-nationals infiltrated pro-jallikattu protests, says CM|work=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> The Tamil rapper [[Hiphop Tamizha]] distanced himself from the protest, because he felt uncomfortable with the anti-national and secessionist elements in the protests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jan/22/hip-hop-tamizha-adhi-distances-from-jallikattu-protests-says-it-has-lost-direction-1562377.html|title=Hip Hop Tamizha Adhi distances from Jallikattu protests, says it has lost direction which had no impact on the protests until Tamil Nadu police used a brute force to arrest agitators|work=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> Tamil cinema actor turned politician [[Kamal Haasan]] claimed that seeking a separate country for Tamils is not anti-national and that many political leaders have done so in the past.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/kamal-haasan-speech-about-separate-tamil-nadu-jallikattu-protest-violence-in-chennai-tamil-news-177390.html|title=People seeking separate Tamil Nadu are not anti-nationals"- Kamal Haasan|work=indiaglitz.com|access-date=14 February 2017|archive-date=26 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126161913/http://www.indiaglitz.com/kamal-haasan-speech-about-separate-tamil-nadu-jallikattu-protest-violence-in-chennai-tamil-news-177390.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Demand for state flag===

Officially [[Tamil Nadu]] does not have its own state flag and a flag like the [[Kannada flag]] of [[Karnataka]] is proposed for Tamil Nadu by various Tamil nationalists. [[Thanthai Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam]] and [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] each hoisted different self-proclaimed Tamil Nadu flags on 1 November 2020 [[Tamil Nadu Day]]. The police warned and booked members for violating the [[Indian constitution]] by raising an unofficial flag for Tamil Nadu proceeded by Naam Tamilar Katchi among the public.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/activists-warned-against-hoisting-flag/article32994105.ece|title=Activists warned against hoisting flag |work=The Hindu|date=31 October 2020 |last1=Kumar |first1=S. Vijay }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/police-book-ntk-functionaries-for-hoisting-tamil-nadu-flag/article32998815.ece |title= Police book NTK functionaries for hoisting 'Tamil Nadu' flag |work=The Hindu|date= November 2020 }}</ref>

===2022 response to Amit Shah's Hindi unity proposal===
On 3 July 2022, as a response to Indian Home Minister [[Amit Shah|Amit Shah's]] Hindi proposal to be the nationwide link language, DMK politician [[A. Raja]] said that the Union government is not giving the state autonomy and the Prime Minister and the Home Minister should not force them into demanding a "''thani nadu''" (separate nation) while speaking at a meeting held for [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] local body representatives, in the presence of Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin|M K Stalin]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title='Propagates separatism' — A. Raja's 'separate Tamil Nadu' comment draws BJP, AIADMK rebuke |url=https://theprint.in/politics/propagates-separatism-a-rajas-separate-tamil-nadu-comment-draws-bjp-aiadmk-rebuke/1024655/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=DMK MP Raja's heated pitch on 'separate Tamil Nadu', autonomy sets off fiery row |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/dmk-mp-raja-heated-pitch-on-separate-tamil-nadu-autonomy-8008646/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Making 'Separate Country' Comment, DMK's A Raja Cites Periyar, But He Dumped The Dream 66 Yrs Ago |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/while-making-separate-country-comment-dmks-a-raja-cites-periyar-but-he-dumped-the-dream-66-years-ago-5497453.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-07-04 |title=Don't nudge us to seek independent Tamil Nadu: DMK's A. Raja seeks autonomy with CM Stalin on stage |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dont-nudge-us-to-seek-independent-tamil-nadu-dmks-a-raja-seeks-autonomy-with-cm-stalin-on-stage/article65599513.ece |access-date=2022-07-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title=DMK's A Raja says don't push us to walk Periyar's path for separate Tamil Nadu, sparks row |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dmks-a-raja-says-don-t-push-us-to-walk-periyar-s-path-for-separate-tamil-nadu-101656940583584.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><blockquote>“Prime Minister Narendra Modi says all states are to be seen the same, and Home Minister Amit Shah says if you want unity, learn Hindi. The party’s founding father [[Periyar]], until [his] death, demanded a ''thani nadu''. But we (DMK) kept aside that demand for our democracy and national integrity, So, I am saying this with the utmost humility. Our CM is travelling in Anna’s [<nowiki/>[[C. N. Annadurai]]] path so far, do not push us into following Periyar’s path. Do not make us revive our demand for a separate state”<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /></blockquote>DMK immediately distanced itself from the comments and said that the comments made in support of a separate nation is not the stand of the party.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Tamil Nadu [[BJP]] chief K. Annamalai even opposed Amit Shah's Hindi push.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/breaking-news/hindi-imposition-remark-amit-shah-tamil-nadu-bjp-leader-k-annamalai-opposes | title=Amit Shah Pushes for Hindi; Tamil Nadu BJP Chief Annamalai Says 'Won't Allow' | date=14 April 2022 }}</ref>

==Linguistic purism==
[[File:Tamil distribution.png|thumb|Distribution of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speakers in South India and Sri Lanka (1961).]]
{{main|Pure Tamil}}

===History===
{{further|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}
The anti-Hindi agitation was a form of resistance to the imposition of the Hindi language throughout India. [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) tried to impose Hindi as the national language, with Hindi taught in all Indian schools. This move was opposed by Periyar, who started an agitation that lasted for about three years. The agitation involved fasts, conferences, marches, picketing and protests. The government responded with a crackdown resulting in the death of two protesters and the arrest of 1,198 persons including women and children. The Congress Government of the Madras State, called in paramilitary forces to quell the agitation; their involvement resulted in the deaths of about seventy persons (by official estimates) including two policemen. Several Tamil leaders supported the continuation of the usage of English as the official language of India. To calm the situation, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri gave assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long the non-Hindi speaking states wanted. The riots subsided after Shastri's assurance, as did the student agitation.

Four states – [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barandbench.com/index.php?title=Language%20in%20Courts%20-%20a%20bridge%20or%20a%20barrier?&page=brief&id=805&gn=0|title=Bar & Bench}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>- have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power – [[Tamil Nadu]], which sought the right to conduct proceedings in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in its [[Madras High Court|High Court]] – had its application rejected by the central government earlier, which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{citation |last= Special Correspondent |title=Karunanidhi stands firm on Tamil in High Court |pages=1 |date=12 March 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031205180100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313221430/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031205180100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2007 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}.</ref> In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conduct [[Madras High Court]] proceedings in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120306220800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107191048/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120306220800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-01-07|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-12-03|title=No objection to Tamil as court language: A.P. Shah}}</ref><ref>[http://www.silobreaker.com/DocumentReader.aspx?Item=5_848171789 Silobreaker: Make Tamil the language of Madras High Court: Karu<!-- Bot-generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230004201/http://www.silobreaker.com/DocumentReader.aspx?Item=5_848171789|date=2008-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/21/stories/2008042159970800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430135931/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/21/stories/2008042159970800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-04-30|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2008-04-21|title=Karunanidhi hopeful of Centre's announcement}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/299161.html indianexpress.com<!-- Bot-generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425182337/http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/299161.html|date=2008-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/archives/pr2007/pr110307/pr110307_45.pdf|title=Government of Tamil Nadu : Archives of Press Releases – Tamil Nadu Government Portal|work=tn.gov.in}}</ref> In 2010, the Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court]] allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil ...<ref>{{cite news|title= Advocate argues in Tamil in High Court |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article443474.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article443474.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=27 June 2010|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=23 June 2010}}</ref>

===Basis in pre-modern literature===

Although [[nationalism]] itself is a modern phenomenon, the expression of linguistic identity found in the modern [[Pure Tamil]] movement has pre-modern antecedents, in a "loyalty to Tamil" (as opposed to Sanskrit) visible in ancient [[Sangam literature]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Steever|1987|p=355}}</ref>
The poems of Sangam literature imply a consciousness of independence or separateness from neighbouring regions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Abraham|2003|pp=211, 217}}</ref> Similarly, [[Silappatikaram|Silappadhikaaram]], a post-Sangam epic, posits cultural integrity for the entire Tamil region<ref name=Sub1981p23-24>{{Harvnb|Subrahmanian|1981|pp=23–24}}</ref> and has been interpreted by Parthasarathy as presenting "an expansive vision of the Tamil imperium" which "speaks for all Tamils."<ref>{{Harvnb|Parthasarathy|1993|pp=1–2}}</ref> Subrahmanian sees in the epic the first expression of Tamil nationalism,<ref name=Sub1981p23-24 /> while Parthasarathy says that the epic shows "the beginnings of Tamil separatism."<ref>{{Harvnb|Parthasarathy|1993|p=344}}</ref>

Medieval Tamil texts also demonstrate features of modern Tamil linguistic purism, most notably the claim of parity of status with Sanskrit which was traditionally seen in the rest of the Indian subcontinent as being a prestigious, trans-local language. Texts on [[Meter (poetry)|prosody]] and [[poetics]] such as the 10th century Yaapparungalakkaarihai and the 11th century Veerasoazhiyam, for example, treat Tamil as the equal of [[Sanskrit]] in terms of literary prestige, and use the rhetorical device of describing Tamil as a beautiful young lady and as a pure, divine language<ref>{{Harvnb|Monius|2000|pp=12–13}}</ref> both of which are also central in modern Tamil nationalism.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1993|pp=690–698}}</ref> [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Narayanan|1994|p=26}}</ref> and [[Shaivism|Shaivite]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Peterson|1982|p=77}}</ref> commentators took the claim of divinity one step further, claiming for Tamil a liturgical status, and seeking to endow Tamil texts with the status of a "[[fifth Veda]]."<ref>{{Harvnb|Cutler|Peterson|Piḷḷāṉ|Carman|1991|p=770}}.</ref>
Vaishnavite commentators such as [[Nanjiyar]] went one step further, declaring that people who were not Tamil lamented the fact that they were not born in a place where such a wonderful language was spoken.<ref>{{Harvnb|Clooney|1992|pp=205–206}}</ref> This trend was not universal, and there were also authors who sought to argue and work against Tamil distinctiveness through, amongst other things, [[Sanskritisation]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Pandian|1994|p=87}}; {{Harvnb|Kailasapathy|1979|p=32}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Dravidian Nationalism]]
* [[Dravida Nadu]]
* [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]]
* [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]]
* [[Tamil Eelam]]
* [[Dravidian parties]], a group of political parties in [[Tamil Nadu]] which began as a nationalist political movement
* [[Dravidistan]]
* [[LTTE]]
* [[Pure Tamil]]
* [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]]
* [[Dalit Panthers of India]]
* [[Veerappan]]
* [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
* [[Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Perunchithiranar (Tamil nationalist)|Perunchithiranar]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 58: Line 103:


==References==
==References==
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*{{Citation|last=Steever|first=Sanford|title=Review of Hellmar-Rajanayagam, Tamil als politisches Symbol|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1987|volume=107|issue=2|pages=355–356|doi=10.2307/602864|jstor=602864 }}
*{{Citation | last=Subrahmanian | first=N. | title=An introduction to Tamil literature | publisher=Christian Literature Society | place=Madras | year=1981}}
*{{Citation | last=Subrahmanian | first=N. | title=An introduction to Tamil literature | publisher=Christian Literature Society | place=Madras | year=1981}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}


{{Nationalism in South Asia}}
{{Nationalism in South Asia}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}}
{{Portalbar|India}}


[[Category:Tamil nationalism| ]]
[[Category:Tamil politics|Nationalism]]
[[Category:Tamil politics|Nationalism]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Nationalism in India]]
[[Category:Nationalism in India]]
[[Category:Nationalism by country or region]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Nationalist movements in Asia]]

[[Category:Nationalist movements in Sri Lanka]]
[[es:Nacionalismo tamil]]
[[ta:தமிழ்த் தேசியம்]]

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A lightboard that reads Long live Tamil (Tamil Valga in Tamil) outside a public building in Tamil Nadu.

Tamil nationalism is the ideology which asserts that the Tamil people constitute a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Tamil people. Tamil nationalism is primarily a secular nationalism, that focus on language and homeland.[1] It expresses itself in the form of linguistic purism ("Pure Tamil"), linguistic nationalism, Social equality ("Self-Respect Movement") and Tamil Renaissance.

Since the independence of India and Sri Lanka, Tamil separatist movements have been actively suppressed in both countries.[2]

Sri Lanka

[edit]
Main article: Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism

Since the adoption of the Vaddukoddai Resolution in 1976 under the leadership of S.J.V. Chelvanayakam, Tamil nationalists in Sri Lanka have repeatedly attempted to create an independent state (Tamil Eelam)[3] amid the increasing political and physical violence against ordinary Tamils by the Sri Lankan government which was dominated by Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism.

Shortly after the island's independence from Britain, the Sri Lankan government passed the Citizenship Act of 1948, which made more than a million Tamils of Indian origin stateless. The government also passed a Sinhala Only Act, which severely threatened the status of Tamil as a minority language, as well as hindering the social mobility of Tamil speakers.[1]. In addition, the government also initiated the state-sponsored colonisation schemes, with the aim of lessening the numerical presence of minorities as well as monopolising traditionally shared economic activities such as agriculture and fisheries, which have been part of the livelihood of Sri Lankan Tamils since time immemorial.[4]

After anti-Tamil pogroms in 1956, 1958 and 1977 and police brutality against Tamils protesting against these acts, guerilla groups like Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) were created to safeguard the interest and rights of Tamils in their own land. The burning of Jaffna library in 1981 and Black July in 1983 finally led to over 25 years of war between the Sri Lankan army and the Tamil Tigers. Persistent use of violence, including assassinations, led the LTTE to be declared as a terrorist organization by India, Malaysia, the European Union, Canada, and the USA. The civil war came to an end in 2009 with the military defeat of LTTE and the death of its leader, Prabhakaran. The Sri Lankan civil war led to death of over 100,000 people according to the United Nations.[5] The Sri Lankan Government are alleged to have committed war crimes against the civilian Sri Lankan Tamil people during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009.[6] A PPT verdict declared it as a genocide committed against ethnic Tamils by the Sri Lanka, government.[7] Following the conclusion of the Civil War, the Tamil National Alliance (TNA) dropped their demand for an independent Tamil Eelam[8] in favour of regional autonomy in a remerged North Eastern Province.[9] The idea of Federalism in Sri Lanka is opposed by the Sri Lankan Government, which prefers a unitary state.[10]

In 2010, the Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam (TGTE) was founded by Visvanathan Rudrakumaran who aim to create an independent Tamil Eelam in peaceful democratic means. The Tamil People's Council (TPC) led by chief minister C. V. Vigneswaran organized "Eluga Tamil" ("Arise, Tamils") rally in northern Jaffna and eastern Batticaloa to address that Tamil rights are still refused by Sri Lankan Government.[11][12]

India

[edit]

Indian Tamil Nationalism comprises the vast majority of Dravidian Nationalism which consisted of all the four major Dravidian languages in South India. Dravidian Nationalism was popularised by a series of small movements and organisations who contended that the South Indians composed a cultural entity that was different from the Indo-Aryans of North India. A new morphed ideology of Dravidian nationalism gained momentum within the Tamil speakers during the 1930s and 1950s. Dravidian nationalism failed to find support outside of Tamil Nadu. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Nationalist ideologies lead to the argument by Tamil leaders that, at a minimum, that Tamils must have self-determination or, at maximum, secession from India.[13] By the late 1960, the political parties who were espousing Dravidian ideologies gained power only within the state of Tamil Nadu.[14][15]

Since the 1969 election victory of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) under C N Annadurai, Tamil nationalism has been a permanent feature of the government of Tamil Nadu. The DMK came to power positively on the plank of opposing Hindi monopoly/imposition. Prior to coming to power, they also openly declared to fight for Tamil independence from India. But since the Indian government had added a new legislation that outlawed anyone wanting independence from India, under the sedition act, and that made political parties to lose their right to stand in election, the DMK dropped this demand. With this, the drive for secession became weaker with most mainstream political parties, except a few, who instead committed to development of Tamil Nadu within a united India. Most major Tamil Nadu regional parties such as DMK, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK), Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK) frequently participate as coalition partners of other pan-Indian parties in the Union Government of India at New Delhi.

Tamil secessionist and militants groups

[edit]

In 1958, S. P. Adithanar founded the "We Tamils" party who supported the creation of a homogeneous Greater Tamil Nadu incorporating Tamil speaking areas of India and Sri Lanka. In 1960, the party organized a statewide protest which demanded the establishment of a sovereign Tamil Nadu. During the protest maps of Republic of India (with Tamil Nadu left out) were burnt. The We Tamils party lost the elections of 1962 and was merged in 1967 with the DMK.[16][17] The outbreak of the Sri Lankan civil war between the Majority Sinhalese and indigenous Tamils lead the Tamil nationalism in India to take a new shape. In India small Tamil militant groups emerged such as Tamil Nadu Liberation Army led by Thamizharasan, who aspired to an independent Tamil Nadu. After his death, the group is believed to have splintered into factions. The TNLA was banned by the Government of India.[18] Another banned Tamil secessionist group in India was the Tamil National Retrieval Troops (TNRT) founded by P. Ravichandran in the late-1980s. TNRT, a Tamil Nationalist organization, fought for an independent Tamil homeland and followed the goal to unite Tamil Nadu and Tamil Eelam to be a Greater Tamil Nation.[19]

Support for Sri Lankan Tamils

[edit]

In October 2008, amid intensified in shelling on Tamil civilian areas by the Sri Lankan military, with the army moving in on the LTTE and the navy battling the latter's sea patrol, Indian Tamil MP's, including those supporting the Singh government in the DMK and PMK, threatened to resign en masse if the Indian government did not pressure the Lankan government to cease firing on civilians. In response, the Indian government reported it had upped the ante on the Lankan government to ease tensions.[20]

K. Muthukumar a Tamil journalist and activist in Tamil Nadu committed suicide, because the government failed to save Sri Lankan Tamils. His death instantly triggered widespread strikes, demonstrations and public unrest in Tamil Nadu.[21] There is also deep resentment against India among some Tamils, that it aided the Sri Lankan state in the 2009 genocide.[22][23][24] This led to minor incidents like Tamil nationalists turning out in support of the Eelam rebels when Chennai-based The Hindu was alleged to have been supporting the Government of Sri Lanka. Editor-in-Chief of The Hindu, N Ram named members of the Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam, Thamizh Thesiya Periyakkam, some lawyers, and law college students as responsible for incidents of vandalism at their offices.[citation needed]

The Tamil nationalist party Naam Tamilar Katchi arose 18 May 2010 as a result of the bloody end of the Sri Lankan civil war. Main agenda of this party is the liberation of Tamil Eelam, here only Tamils should rule in Tamil Nadu and to spread the importance of Tamil language and unity of Tamils, irrespective of religion and caste.[25]

2013 it came to series of Anti-Sri Lanka protests initiated by the Students Federation for Freedom of Tamil Eelam. The students demanded justice for Sri Lankan Tamils and a UN referendum on the formation of Tamil Eelam.[26] Tamil organizations, parties and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu demand an International Investigation of Sri Lankan war crimes and a UN referendum among Sri Lankan Tamils on the formation of Tamil Eelam.[27][28][29]

Protests against Jallikattu ban

[edit]

The ban on Jallikattu was seen by Tamils as an attack on their culture and identity.[30] In 2017, it came to a statewide pro-jallikattu protests in Indian state of Tamil Nadu, which lasted several days. Tamils from all over the world expressed their solidarity with the protesters in Tamil Nadu. The government claimed that anti-national elements would be among the protesters who raised slogans for a separate Tamil Nadu and against India[31][32] The Tamil rapper Hiphop Tamizha distanced himself from the protest, because he felt uncomfortable with the anti-national and secessionist elements in the protests.[33] Tamil cinema actor turned politician Kamal Haasan claimed that seeking a separate country for Tamils is not anti-national and that many political leaders have done so in the past.[34]

Demand for state flag

[edit]

Officially Tamil Nadu does not have its own state flag and a flag like the Kannada flag of Karnataka is proposed for Tamil Nadu by various Tamil nationalists. Thanthai Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam and Naam Tamilar Katchi each hoisted different self-proclaimed Tamil Nadu flags on 1 November 2020 Tamil Nadu Day. The police warned and booked members for violating the Indian constitution by raising an unofficial flag for Tamil Nadu proceeded by Naam Tamilar Katchi among the public.[35][36]

2022 response to Amit Shah's Hindi unity proposal

[edit]

On 3 July 2022, as a response to Indian Home Minister Amit Shah's Hindi proposal to be the nationwide link language, DMK politician A. Raja said that the Union government is not giving the state autonomy and the Prime Minister and the Home Minister should not force them into demanding a "thani nadu" (separate nation) while speaking at a meeting held for DMK local body representatives, in the presence of Chief Minister M K Stalin.[37][38][39][40][41]

“Prime Minister Narendra Modi says all states are to be seen the same, and Home Minister Amit Shah says if you want unity, learn Hindi. The party’s founding father Periyar, until [his] death, demanded a thani nadu. But we (DMK) kept aside that demand for our democracy and national integrity, So, I am saying this with the utmost humility. Our CM is travelling in Anna’s [C. N. Annadurai] path so far, do not push us into following Periyar’s path. Do not make us revive our demand for a separate state”[37][38][41]

DMK immediately distanced itself from the comments and said that the comments made in support of a separate nation is not the stand of the party.[37][38][41] Tamil Nadu BJP chief K. Annamalai even opposed Amit Shah's Hindi push.[42]

Linguistic purism

[edit]
Distribution of Tamil speakers in South India and Sri Lanka (1961).
Main article: Pure Tamil

History

[edit]
Further information: Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu

The anti-Hindi agitation was a form of resistance to the imposition of the Hindi language throughout India. C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) tried to impose Hindi as the national language, with Hindi taught in all Indian schools. This move was opposed by Periyar, who started an agitation that lasted for about three years. The agitation involved fasts, conferences, marches, picketing and protests. The government responded with a crackdown resulting in the death of two protesters and the arrest of 1,198 persons including women and children. The Congress Government of the Madras State, called in paramilitary forces to quell the agitation; their involvement resulted in the deaths of about seventy persons (by official estimates) including two policemen. Several Tamil leaders supported the continuation of the usage of English as the official language of India. To calm the situation, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri gave assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long the non-Hindi speaking states wanted. The riots subsided after Shastri's assurance, as did the student agitation.

Four states – Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan[43]- have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power – Tamil Nadu, which sought the right to conduct proceedings in Tamil in its High Court – had its application rejected by the central government earlier, which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.[44] In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conduct Madras High Court proceedings in Tamil.[45][46][47][48][49] In 2010, the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil ...[50]

Basis in pre-modern literature

[edit]

Although nationalism itself is a modern phenomenon, the expression of linguistic identity found in the modern Pure Tamil movement has pre-modern antecedents, in a "loyalty to Tamil" (as opposed to Sanskrit) visible in ancient Sangam literature.[51] The poems of Sangam literature imply a consciousness of independence or separateness from neighbouring regions.[52] Similarly, Silappadhikaaram, a post-Sangam epic, posits cultural integrity for the entire Tamil region[53] and has been interpreted by Parthasarathy as presenting "an expansive vision of the Tamil imperium" which "speaks for all Tamils."[54] Subrahmanian sees in the epic the first expression of Tamil nationalism,[53] while Parthasarathy says that the epic shows "the beginnings of Tamil separatism."[55]

Medieval Tamil texts also demonstrate features of modern Tamil linguistic purism, most notably the claim of parity of status with Sanskrit which was traditionally seen in the rest of the Indian subcontinent as being a prestigious, trans-local language. Texts on prosody and poetics such as the 10th century Yaapparungalakkaarihai and the 11th century Veerasoazhiyam, for example, treat Tamil as the equal of Sanskrit in terms of literary prestige, and use the rhetorical device of describing Tamil as a beautiful young lady and as a pure, divine language[56] both of which are also central in modern Tamil nationalism.[57] Vaishnavite[58] and Shaivite[59] commentators took the claim of divinity one step further, claiming for Tamil a liturgical status, and seeking to endow Tamil texts with the status of a "fifth Veda."[60] Vaishnavite commentators such as Nanjiyar went one step further, declaring that people who were not Tamil lamented the fact that they were not born in a place where such a wonderful language was spoken.[61] This trend was not universal, and there were also authors who sought to argue and work against Tamil distinctiveness through, amongst other things, Sanskritisation.[62]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)
  2. ^ India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976–1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.
  3. ^ DBS Jeyaraj. "TULF leader passes away". Hindu News. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
  4. ^ Scarred Communities: Psychosocial Impact of Man-made and Natural Disasters on Sri Lankan Society by Daya Somasundaram, 2014
  5. ^ "Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN". ABC News. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  6. ^ "Sri Lanka: New Evidence of Wartime Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  7. ^ "Permanent Peoples' Tribunal verdict on Tamil Genocide". PT Srilanka.
  8. ^ "Sri Lankan Tamil alliance drops independence demand". The Guardian. 14 March 2010.
  9. ^ "TNA reiterates self determination, North-East re-merger". The Hindu. 25 July 2015.
  10. ^ "Sri Lanka: TNA threatens to quit constitution process if terms not met". Indian express. 15 January 2017.
  11. ^ "Large crowds gather at 'Eluga Tamil' rally in Batticaloa". colombogazette.com. 10 February 2017.
  12. ^ "'Eluga Tamil' demonstration in Jaffna". dailymirror.lk.
  13. ^ Kohli, A. (2004). "Federalism and the Accommodation of Ethnic Nationalism". Federalism and Territorial Cleavages: 285–288. ISBN 9780801874086. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
  14. ^ Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order, p. 57-71.
  15. ^ Moorti, S. (2004). "Fashioning a Cosmopolitan Tamil Identity: Game Shows, Commodities and Cultural Identity". Media, Culture & Society. 26 (4): 549–567. doi:10.1177/0163443704044217. S2CID 145618990.
  16. ^ "We Tamils party S. P. Adithanar". WordPress.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ Dynamics of Tamil Nadu Politics in Sri Lankan Ethnicity, capter IV
  18. ^ "Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA)". www.satp.org.
  19. ^ "Tamil National Retrieval Troops (TNRT)". www.satp.org.
  20. ^ "India asks Lanka to protect civilians". The Times Of India. 18 October 2008.
  21. ^ "Indian journalist's self-immolation was an attempt to prevent Sri Lanka's Tamil Genocide". salem-news.com.
  22. ^ "Indian forces took part in Lankan war: Plea". Times Of India. 15 April 2014.
  23. ^ "Sri Lanka: A call for arms". India Today.
  24. ^ "Russia and India to sell arms to Sri Lanka". Tamil Guardian.
  25. ^ "Seeman calls for vote bank to protect Tamils". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  26. ^ "Students across Tamil Nadu join anti-Lanka stir". indiatimes.com. 18 March 2013.
  27. ^ "Jayalalithaa calls for a referendum on separate Eelam". indiatimes.com. 27 March 2013.
  28. ^ "T.N. Assembly demands referendum on Eelam". thehindu.com. 27 March 2013.
  29. ^ "Tamil Nadu Assembly Calls for Probe Into Sri Lanka's Alleged War Crimes". ndtv.com.
  30. ^ "Tamil Nadu witnesses sudden surge in protests for Jallikattu". mumbaimirror.
  31. ^ "On the fringes of jallikattu protests, Tamil nationalism attempts to emerge". scroll.in. 23 January 2017.
  32. ^ "Anti-nationals infiltrated pro-jallikattu protests, says CM". tribuneindia.com.
  33. ^ "Hip Hop Tamizha Adhi distances from Jallikattu protests, says it has lost direction which had no impact on the protests until Tamil Nadu police used a brute force to arrest agitators". newindianexpress.com.
  34. ^ "People seeking separate Tamil Nadu are not anti-nationals"- Kamal Haasan". indiaglitz.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  35. ^ Kumar, S. Vijay (31 October 2020). "Activists warned against hoisting flag". The Hindu.
  36. ^ "Police book NTK functionaries for hoisting 'Tamil Nadu' flag". The Hindu. November 2020.
  37. ^ a b c "'Propagates separatism' — A. Raja's 'separate Tamil Nadu' comment draws BJP, AIADMK rebuke". ThePrint. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  38. ^ a b c "DMK MP Raja's heated pitch on 'separate Tamil Nadu', autonomy sets off fiery row". The Indian Express. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  39. ^ "Making 'Separate Country' Comment, DMK's A Raja Cites Periyar, But He Dumped The Dream 66 Yrs Ago". News18. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  40. ^ "Don't nudge us to seek independent Tamil Nadu: DMK's A. Raja seeks autonomy with CM Stalin on stage". The Hindu. PTI. 4 July 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  41. ^ a b c "DMK's A Raja says don't push us to walk Periyar's path for separate Tamil Nadu, sparks row". Hindustan Times. 4 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  42. ^ "Amit Shah Pushes for Hindi; Tamil Nadu BJP Chief Annamalai Says 'Won't Allow'". 14 April 2022.
  43. ^ "Bar & Bench".[permanent dead link]
  44. ^ Special Correspondent (12 March 2007), "Karunanidhi stands firm on Tamil in High Court", The Hindu, Chennai, India, p. 1, archived from the original on 13 March 2007 {{citation}}: |last= has generic name (help).
  45. ^ "No objection to Tamil as court language: A.P. Shah". The Hindu. 3 December 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007.
  46. ^ Silobreaker: Make Tamil the language of Madras High Court: Karu Archived 2008-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "Karunanidhi hopeful of Centre's announcement". The Hindu. 21 April 2008. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008.
  48. ^ indianexpress.com Archived 2008-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ "Government of Tamil Nadu : Archives of Press Releases – Tamil Nadu Government Portal" (PDF). tn.gov.in.
  50. ^ "Advocate argues in Tamil in High Court". The New Indian Express. 23 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  51. ^ Steever 1987, p. 355
  52. ^ Abraham 2003, pp. 211, 217
  53. ^ a b Subrahmanian 1981, pp. 23–24
  54. ^ Parthasarathy 1993, pp. 1–2
  55. ^ Parthasarathy 1993, p. 344
  56. ^ Monius 2000, pp. 12–13
  57. ^ Ramaswamy 1993, pp. 690–698
  58. ^ Narayanan 1994, p. 26
  59. ^ Peterson 1982, p. 77
  60. ^ Cutler et al. 1991, p. 770.
  61. ^ Clooney 1992, pp. 205–206
  62. ^ Pandian 1994, p. 87; Kailasapathy 1979, p. 32

References

[edit]
  • Abraham, Shinu (2003), "Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India", Asian Perspectives, 42 (2): 207–223, doi:10.1353/asi.2003.0031, hdl:10125/17189, S2CID 153420843
  • Clooney, Francis X. (1992), "Extending the Canon: Some Implications of a Hindu Argument about Scripture", The Harvard Theological Review, 85 (2): 197–215, doi:10.1017/S0017816000028856, S2CID 170205038
  • Cutler, Norman; Peterson, Indira Viswanathan; Piḷḷāṉ; Carman, John; Narayanan, Vasudha; Pillan (1991), "Tamil Bhakti in Translation", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 111 (4), Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 111, No. 4: 768–775, doi:10.2307/603406, JSTOR 603406
  • Kailasapathy, K. (1979), "The Tamil Purist Movement: A re-evaluation", Social Scientist, 7 (10), Social Scientist, Vol. 7, No. 10: 23–51, doi:10.2307/3516775, JSTOR 3516775
  • Kohli, A. (2004), "Federalism and the Accommodation of Ethnic Nationalism", in Amoretti, Ugo M.; Bermeo, Nancy (eds.), Federalism and Territorial Cleavages, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 281–299, ISBN 0-8018-7408-4, retrieved 25 April 2008
  • Monius, Anne (2000), "The many lives of Dandin: The Kavyadarsha in Sanskrit and Tamil", International Journal of Hindu Studies, 4 (1): 1–37, doi:10.1007/s11407-000-0001-x, S2CID 140492963
  • Moorti, S. (2004), "Fashioning a Cosmopolitan Tamil Identity: Game Shows, Commodities and Cultural Identity", Media, Culture & Society, 26 (4): 549–567, doi:10.1177/0163443704044217, S2CID 145618990
  • Narayanan, Vasudha (1994), The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation, and Ritual, Studies in Comparative Religion, University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 0-87249-965-0
  • Palanithurai, G. (1989), Changing Contours of Ethnic Movement: A Case Study of the Dravidian Movement, Annamalai University Dept. of Political Science Monograph series, No. 2, Annamalainagar: Annamalai University
  • Pandian, M.S.S. (1994), "Notes on the transformation of 'Dravidian' ideology: Tamilnadu, c. 1900–1940", Social Scientist, 22 (5/6), Social Scientist, Vol. 22, No. 5/6: 84–104, doi:10.2307/3517904, JSTOR 3517904
  • Parthasarathy, R. (1993), The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-07848-X
  • Peterson, Indira V. (1982), "Singing of a Place: Pilgrimage as Metaphor and Motif in the Tēvāram Songs of the Tamil Śaivite Saints", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 102 (1), Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 102, No. 1: 69–90, doi:10.2307/601112, JSTOR 601112.
  • Ramaswamy, Sumathi (October 1993). "En/gendering Language: The Poetics of Tamil Identity". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 35 (4). Cambridge University Press: 683–725. doi:10.1017/S0010417500018673. JSTOR 179179. S2CID 145729544.
  • Steever, Sanford (1987), "Review of Hellmar-Rajanayagam, Tamil als politisches Symbol", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 107 (2): 355–356, doi:10.2307/602864, JSTOR 602864
  • Subrahmanian, N. (1981), An introduction to Tamil literature, Madras: Christian Literature Society
[edit]
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