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{{Short description|Sufi order founded by Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi}} |
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''Suhrawardy redirects here. For the [[East Bengal]]i politician and Prime Minister of [[Pakistan]], see [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]. The well-known [[Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi]] "the Executed" (1153 - 1191CE), the founder of [[Illuminationism]], is unconnected and unrelated.'' |
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The '''Suhrawardi order''' ({{langx|ar|سهروردية}}, {{langx|fa|سهروردیه}}) is a [[tariqa|Sufi order]] founded by [[Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi|Abu ’l-Nad̲j̲īb Suhrawardī]] (died 1168). Lacking a centralised structure, it eventually divided into various branches. The order was especially prominent in [[Indian subcontinent|India]].{{sfn|Sobieroj|1997|p=784}} The ideology of the Suhrawardi order was inspired by [[Junayd of Baghdad]] (d. 910), a Persian scholar and mystic from [[Baghdad]].{{sfn|Feuillebois|2018}} |
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Under the [[Ilkhanate]] (1256–1335), the Suhrawardi was one of the three leading Sufi orders and was based in western Iran. The order had its own [[khanqah]]s (Sufi lodges), which helped them spread their influence throughout [[Persianate society]]. The order included prominent members such as the [[Akbarism|Akbari]] mystics [[Abd al-Razzaq Kāshānī]] (died 1329), [[Sa'id al-Din Farghani]] (died 1300), and the Persian poet [[Saadi Shirazi]] (died 1292).{{sfn|Babaie|2019|p=178}} |
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Today, most orders have dissolved in [[Middle East]]ern countries such as [[Syria]]. However, the order is still active in [[Iraq]], where it recruits new members.{{sfn|Sobieroj|1997|p=786}} |
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The '''Suhrawardiyya''' ({{lang-ar|سهروردية}}) is a [[Sufi]] order founded by the Sufi [[Diya al-din Abu 'n-Najib as-Suhrawardi]] (1097 – 1168 CE). It is a strictly [[Sunni]] order, guided by the [[Shafi`i]] school of Islamic law (''[[madhhab]]''), and, like many such orders, traces its spiritual genealogy (''[[silsila]]'') to Hazrat [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] رضي الله عنه through [[Junayd Baghdadi]] RA and [[al-Ghazali]] RA. It played an important role in the formation of a conservative ‘new piety’ and in the regulation of urban vocational and other groups, such as trades-guilds and youth clubs (''see [[Futuwwa]]''), particularly in Baghdad. |
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The presence of the Suhrawardi order in India was established by three disciples of [[Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi|S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar Suhrawardī]], who established branches in [[Delhi]], [[Bengal]], and [[Multan District|Multan]]. The most successful proselytizer of the order was [[Bahauddin Zakariya|Bahāʾ al-Dīn Zakariyyāʾ Multānī]]. One of his disciples, [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari|Sayyid D̲j̲alāl Buk̲h̲ārī aka D̲j̲alāl Surk̲h̲]] founded the Jalali branch of the order. Bahāʾ al-Dīn’s most notable disciple was the poet [[Fakhr al-Din Iraqi|Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn Ibrāhīm ʿIrāḳī]]. Bahāʾ al-Dīn's descendants remained in Multān, such as his grandson [[Rukn-e-Alam|Rukn al-Dīn Abu ’l-Fatḥ]]. The line ended with the execution of Rukn al-Dīn's successor, Hūd, by the sultān due to embezzlement charges. In [[Uch|Uččh]], [[Jahaniyan Jahangasht|D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Buk̲h̲ārī “Mak̲h̲dūm-i D̲j̲ahāniyān"]], became the most notable figure of the Multān branch, who was also a member of the [[Chishti order]] and was notably puritanical. The descendants and disciples of the Mak̲h̲dūm spread to Kalpī, [[Gujarat]], and notably Delhi. The greatest presence of the Suhrawardi order in India was in [[Kashmir]]. The king of Kashmir, [[Rinchan]]a, was converted to [[Islam]] by [[Bulbul Shah|Sayyid S̲h̲araf al-Dīn aka Bulbul Shah]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sobieroj |first=F |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |year=2012 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |chapter=Suhrawardiyya |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref> |
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==Origin== |
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<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Mausoleum-of-Sheikh-Zaynudin-Bobo.jpg|thumb|left|The mausoleum of the Suhrawardi Sheikh Zain-ud-Din Bobo in Tashkent, Uzbekhistan]] --> |
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The order originated in [[Balak tribe]] in [[Kurdistan]]<ref>http://kurdistantour.net/site/todo/285/ Shrine of Sheikh Balak</ref> though it spread all over the Islamic world under its founder's nephew, [[Abu Hafs Umar al-Suhrawardi]] (1145 – 1234 CE),<ref name="MuhammadKamal">Muḥammad Kamāl, ''Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy'', Ashgate Publishing Inc, 2006, ISBN 0-7546-5271-8, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EwB7Zo7lVp0C&pg=PA12&dq=%22According+to+Mulla+Salih+Ibrahimi,+Shahab+al-Din+Suhrawardi+was+originally%22&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Mulla%20Omer&f=false p. 12.]</ref> who was sent by the [[Caliph]] in Baghdad as an ambassador to the [[Ayyubid]] Sultan [[Al-Adil I]] of Egypt, to [[Khwarezm]]-Shah Muhammad of [[Bukhara]] and to [[Kayqubad I]], [[Sultanate of Rûm|Sultan of Rûm]]. |
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The order's founder was a disciple (''[[murid]]'') of [[Ahmad Ghazali]], brother of the noted thinker Imam Abu Hamid [[al-Ghazali]], who taught [[Shafi'i]] jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'') at [[Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad]] Academy. His surviving work is called ''[[Kitab Adab Al-Muridin]]'' - "The Book of Duty of Disciples". |
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The Suhrawardi order had a strong relationship and exerted influence over Indian rulers and governments such the [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Gujarat Sultanate]], and [[Mughal Empire]]. The Suhrawardīs supported the [[forced conversion to Islam|forced conversion of Hindus and Buddhists to Islam]], and its converts were mainly upper caste. Suhrawardiyya spirituality focused on [[dhikr]] and [[Fasting during Ramadan|Ramadan fasting]] and followed classical Ṣūfī doctrine.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Shahab al-Din Umar al-Suhrawardi== |
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The founder's nephew [[Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi]], author of ''[[Awarif ul-Maarif]]'', ("The Heights of the Gnostics"), renounced reclusiveness and austerity in favour of an active life in society, maintaining close contact with the civil authorities and undertaking diplomatic missions and the political settlement of conflicts. His luxurious cloister in Baghdad, with gardens and bath houses, was built for him by Caliph [[an-Nasir]]. |
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==Indian Subcontinent== |
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Sheikh Umar directed his disciple [[Baha-ud-din Zakariya]] to make [[Multan]] in present-day [[Pakistan]] the centre of his activity; and similarly his other disciple [[Syed]] [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari]] made [[Uch]] his headquarters. [[Iltutmish]] appointed him "Sheikh ul-Islam" after the invasion of Multan and the overthrow of its ruler [[Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha]]. During the [[Mongol]] invasion he became the peace negotiator between the invaders and the Muslim army. Bukhari, known as ''Makhdum [[Jahaniyan Jahangasht]]'', the world traveller, was a puritan who strongly objected to Hindu influence on Muslim social practices. |
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The order became popular in India owing to the work of Bukhari and his successor [[Baha-ud-din Zakariya]]. Zakariya’s successor was his son [[Shaikh Sadruddin ‘Arif]]. His disciple Amir Husayn, the author of ''[[Zad- al-Musafirin]]'', wrote several works on the doctrine of the [[Sufi metaphysics|oneness of being]]. Shaikh Arif’s son and successor [[Rukn-e-Alam|Ruknuddin]] was highly respected by the Delhi Sultans from [[Alauddin Khilji]] to Muhammad Ibn [[Tughlaq]]. |
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After the death of Shaikh Ruknuddin the Suhrawardiyya declined in Multan but became popular in other provinces like [[Uch]], Gujarat, Punjab, Kashmir and Delhi. The Suhrawardiyya order became popular in Bengal with the arrival of Sufis to [[Maner Sharif]]. Noted Sufis of the order in Bihar and Bengal include Makhdoom Esrail Maneri, his brother Makhdoom Ismail Maneri and son Hazrat [[Makhdoom Yahya Maneri]] (also educated at Nizamiyyah at Baghdad and a murid of [[Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi]]), [[Makhdoom Shahabuddin Pir Jagjot]], [[Makhdoom Salah Darwesh Maneri]] and others. [[Maner Sharif]] is still considered a center of the Suhrawardiyya order. The contemporary prominent Sufis of this order in Bihar are Dr Syed Shah Taqiuddin Ahmed [[Firdausi]] Suharwardi [[Nadwi|Nadwa]] [[Maner|Maneri]] (Ph.D.) (S/O Syed Shah Abu Zafar Enayatullah Firdausi Maneri) and his nephew and current Sajjadah of Khanquah [[Maner]] Sharif - Syed Shah Tariq Enayatullah Firdausi. Dr. Syed Shah Taqiuddin Ahmed [[Firdausi]] Suharwardi [[Nadwi|Nadwa]] [[Maner|Maneri]] (Ph.D.) is a [[Sufi]] and [[Aalim|Ulema]] who studied at [[Nadwa]], [[Madinah University]] and [[Azhar University]]. |
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Makhdoom Lal Esun Karor is also famous saint of this order and elder grandson of Rukn e alum. |
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<ref>Contemporary Relevance of Sufism, 1993, published by [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]</ref> |
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==Notable acolytes== |
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The poet [[Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi]], buried at [[Konya]], Turkey near [[Rumi]]'s tomb and the popular Pakistani saint [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]] (1177 - 1274 CE) were connected to the order. Mausoleums of [[Nathar Vali|Table e Alam Badshah Nathar Vali]] and [[Baba Fakruddin|Hazrat Baba Fakhruddin]]'s dargah are very prominent shrines of the order in India and considered as potent source of barakat.<ref>[[Susan Bayly]] (22 April 2004). Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-0-521-89103-5.</ref> |
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Shaikh [[Makhdoom Sharfuddin Ahmed Yahya Maneri]] (S/O Hazrat [[Makhdoom Yahya Maneri]] (d. 1380 AD) belonged to the Firdausiyya order, a branch of Suhrawardiyya. He compiled several books, i.e. “Fawaid al-Muridin”, “Irshadat al-Talibin”,”Rahat al-Qulub”, etc. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Mausoleum of Sheikh Zaynudin]] |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== |
==Sources== |
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* {{cite book |last=Babaie|first=Sussan|year=2019|title=Iran After the Mongols |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhGpDwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1788315289}} |
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[[Anna Suvorova]], ''Muslim Saints of South Asia'', Routledge Curzon, 2004 |
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* {{EI2|last=Sobieroj|first=F.|volume=9|title=Suhrawardiyya|pages=784–786|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/suhrawardiyya-COM_1108}} |
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* Chopra, R.M., "GREAT SUFI POETS OF THE PUNJAB", 1999, Iran Society, Calcutta. |
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* {{EI3|last=Feuillebois|first=Ève|year=2018|title=ʿIzz al-Dīn Kāshānī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/izz-al-din-kashani-COM_32653}} |
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* Chopra, R.M., "SUFISM", 2016, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi. ISBN 978-93-85083-52-5. |
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{{Portal|Islam}} |
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==External links== |
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* History of the Order [http://www.islam786.org/silsilaesuhrawardiya.htm] |
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{{Portal bar|Religion|Islam|Education|Psychology}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Sufi orders]] |
[[Category:Sunni Sufi orders]] |
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[[Category:Religion in Iraq]] |
[[Category:Religion in Iraq]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:37, 21 October 2024
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The Suhrawardi order (Arabic: سهروردية, Persian: سهروردیه) is a Sufi order founded by Abu ’l-Nad̲j̲īb Suhrawardī (died 1168). Lacking a centralised structure, it eventually divided into various branches. The order was especially prominent in India.[1] The ideology of the Suhrawardi order was inspired by Junayd of Baghdad (d. 910), a Persian scholar and mystic from Baghdad.[2]
Under the Ilkhanate (1256–1335), the Suhrawardi was one of the three leading Sufi orders and was based in western Iran. The order had its own khanqahs (Sufi lodges), which helped them spread their influence throughout Persianate society. The order included prominent members such as the Akbari mystics Abd al-Razzaq Kāshānī (died 1329), Sa'id al-Din Farghani (died 1300), and the Persian poet Saadi Shirazi (died 1292).[3]
Today, most orders have dissolved in Middle Eastern countries such as Syria. However, the order is still active in Iraq, where it recruits new members.[4]
The presence of the Suhrawardi order in India was established by three disciples of S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar Suhrawardī, who established branches in Delhi, Bengal, and Multan. The most successful proselytizer of the order was Bahāʾ al-Dīn Zakariyyāʾ Multānī. One of his disciples, Sayyid D̲j̲alāl Buk̲h̲ārī aka D̲j̲alāl Surk̲h̲ founded the Jalali branch of the order. Bahāʾ al-Dīn’s most notable disciple was the poet Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn Ibrāhīm ʿIrāḳī. Bahāʾ al-Dīn's descendants remained in Multān, such as his grandson Rukn al-Dīn Abu ’l-Fatḥ. The line ended with the execution of Rukn al-Dīn's successor, Hūd, by the sultān due to embezzlement charges. In Uččh, D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Buk̲h̲ārī “Mak̲h̲dūm-i D̲j̲ahāniyān", became the most notable figure of the Multān branch, who was also a member of the Chishti order and was notably puritanical. The descendants and disciples of the Mak̲h̲dūm spread to Kalpī, Gujarat, and notably Delhi. The greatest presence of the Suhrawardi order in India was in Kashmir. The king of Kashmir, Rinchana, was converted to Islam by Sayyid S̲h̲araf al-Dīn aka Bulbul Shah.[5]
The Suhrawardi order had a strong relationship and exerted influence over Indian rulers and governments such the Delhi Sultanate, Gujarat Sultanate, and Mughal Empire. The Suhrawardīs supported the forced conversion of Hindus and Buddhists to Islam, and its converts were mainly upper caste. Suhrawardiyya spirituality focused on dhikr and Ramadan fasting and followed classical Ṣūfī doctrine.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Sobieroj 1997, p. 784.
- ^ Feuillebois 2018.
- ^ Babaie 2019, p. 178.
- ^ Sobieroj 1997, p. 786.
- ^ a b Sobieroj, F (2012). "Suhrawardiyya". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
Sources
[edit]- Babaie, Sussan (2019). Iran After the Mongols. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1788315289.
- Sobieroj, F. (1997). "Suhrawardiyya". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 784–786. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8.
- Feuillebois, Ève (2018). "ʿIzz al-Dīn Kāshānī". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
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