Kenneth Kitchen: Difference between revisions

Kenneth Anderson Kitchen
Kenneth Anderson Kitchen
Born	1932 (age 91–92); Aberdeen, Scotland
Occupation(s)	Bible scholar, archaeologist and Egyptologist
Title	Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology
Academic work
Discipline	Egyptology
Institutions	University of Liverpool
Notable works	Ramesside inscriptions: Historical and biographical; The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC); On the reliability of the Old Testament

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Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (born 1932^[1]) is a British biblical scholar, Ancient Near Eastern historian, and Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology and honorary research fellow at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, England. He specialises in the ancient Egyptian Ramesside Period (i.e., Dynasties 19-20), and the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt, as well as ancient Egyptian chronology, having written over 250 books and journal articles on these and other subjects since the mid-1950s. He has been described by The Times as "the very architect of Egyptian chronology".^[2]

Third Intermediate Period

His 1972 book is The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC). It noted a hitherto unknown period of coregency between Psusennes I with Amenemope and Osorkon III with Takelot III, and established that Shebitku of the 25th Dynasty was already king of Egypt by 702 BC, among other revelations.^{[citation needed]} It stated that Takelot II succeeded Osorkon II at Tanis, whereas most Egyptologists today accept it was Shoshenq III.^[3] Secondly, the book presented King Shoshenq II as the High Priest of Amun Shoshenq C, a son of Osorkon I who predeceased his father. However, this interpretation is weakened by the fact that no objects from Shoshenq II's intact burial at Tanis bears Osorkon I's name. Finally, contra Kitchen, most Egyptologists today such as Rolf Krauss, Aidan Dodson^[4] and Jürgen von Beckerath^[5] accept David Aston's argument^[6] that the Crown Prince Osorkon B, Takelot II's son, assumed power as Osorkon III, a king of the 'Theban Twenty-Third Dynasty' in Upper Egypt.

Ramesside Period

Kenneth Kitchen is regarded as one of the foremost scholars on the Ramesside Period (1196-1070 a.C., Dynasty XIX and XX) of the New Kingdom;^[7] he published a well-respected book on Ramesses II in 1982 titled Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt. Kitchen is a scholar who advocates a high view of the Old Testament and its inherent historicity.^[8] His 2003 book On the Reliability of the Old Testament documents several clear or indirect allusions to King David's status as the founder of Ancient Israel, based on passages in the Tel Dan ('House of David') and Mesha stelas as well as in Shoshenq I's Karnak list.^[9]

Kitchen has strongly criticized the new chronology views of David Rohl, who posits that the Biblical Shishak who invaded the Kingdom of Judah in 925 BC was actually Ramesses II rather than Shoshenq I and argues that the 21st and 22nd Dynasties of Egypt were contemporary with one another due to the absence of Dynasty 21 Apis Bull stele in the Serapeum.^[10] Kitchen observes that the word Shishak is closer philologically to Shoshenq I and that this Pharaoh records in his monuments at Thebes that he campaigned actively against Ancient Israel and Judah.^[11]

Biblical scholarship

Kitchen is a biblical maximalist and has published frequently defending the historicity of the Old Testament. He is an outspoken critic of the documentary hypothesis, publishing various articles and books upholding his viewpoint, arguing that the Bible is historically reliable.^[12] Kitchen has also published articles for the Biblical Archaeology Review including, 'Where Did Solomon's Gold Go?' (1989),^[13] 'Shishak's Military Campaign in Israel Confirmed' (1989),^[14] 'The Patriarchal Age: Myth or History?' (1995)^[15] and 'How we know when Solomon ruled' (2001).^[16]

Bibliography

2023. Das Alte Testament und der Vordere Orient: Zur historischen Zuverlässigkeit biblischer Geschichte. 3rd edition. Gießen: Brunnen. ISBN 978-3-7655-9254-6 German revised edition of On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1
2012. Treaty, Law and Covenant in the Ancient Near East. 3 Volumes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
2009. Egyptian New Kingdom Topographical Lists, in "Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane", Brill
2003. On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1
2002. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Egyptian Chronology for Aegeanists, MAA 2, Dec 2002
1999. Poetry of Ancient Egypt. Jonsered: P. Aströms förlag.
1994. Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Part 1: Chronological Framework and Historical Sources. The World of Ancient Arabia 1. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press
1982. Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt. Monumenta Hannah Sheen Dedicata 2. Mississauga: Benben Publications.
1977. The Bible In Its World The Bible in its World: The Bible & Archaeology Today. Exeter: Paternoster. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press 1978.
1972. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC). 1972. 2nd ed. 1996. 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited, 1998.^[17]
1969–1990. Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical. 8 Vols. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd.
1966. Ancient Orient and Old Testament Ancient Orient and Old Testament. London: Tyndale Press. Chicago: InterVarsity Press.
1962. Suppiluliuma and the Amarna Pharaohs; a study in relative chronology, Liverpool University Press

References

^ See Kenneth Kitchen's statement in KA Kitchen, 'The strengths and weaknesses of Egyptian chronology', Ägypten und Levante 16, 2006. p.299
^ The Times, 13 October 2002, How myth became history
^ (see Karl Jansen-Winkeln, "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit", JEA 81(1995) pp.129-49, Aidan Dodson in GM 137(1993), p.58 and G. Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp.21-35)
^ in GM 137
^ Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten (1997)
^ David Aston, JEA 75 (1989), Takeloth II: A King of the Theban 23rd Dynasty?, pp.139-153
^ Wilkinson, Toby (2011). The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. London, Berlin, New York, Sydney: Bloomsbury Publishing, A&C Black. p. 562. ISBN 978-1-4088-1002-6.
^ Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. xiii–xv. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1.
^ pp. 90-94, 452, 453
^ Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003). Dever, William G. (ed.). Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 122f. ISBN 1-57506-081-7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Kitchen (2003), pp. 10, 32, 33
^ The Factual Reliability of the Old Testament, by Kenneth A. Kitchen, theologynetwork.org. 2006, accessed 1/31/15.
^ Kenneth Kitchen (May/June 1989), "Where did Solomon's Gold Go?". Biblical Archaeology Review.
^ "Shishak's Military Campaign in Israel Confirmed". The BAS Library. 24 August 2015.
^ "The Patriarchal Age: Myth or History?". The BAS Library. 24 August 2015.
^ "How We Know When Solomon Ruled". The BAS Library. 24 August 2015.
^ Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1986). The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C. Aris & Phillips. ISBN 0856682985.

External links

Review of On the Reliability of the Old Testament by the Professor of Old Testament, Denver Seminary (extensive summary)
Review of On the Reliability of the Old Testament by the director of Jewish studies, Louisiana State University (more critical)
[Review of On the Reliability of the Old Testament] - K. A. Kitchen's home page at University of Liverpool Some archival snapshots can be found by search engines.
Kenneth Kitchen at IMDb

[1] See Kenneth Kitchen's statement in KA Kitchen, 'The strengths and weaknesses of Egyptian chronology', Ägypten und Levante 16, 2006. p.299

[2] The Times, 13 October 2002, How myth became history

[3] (see Karl Jansen-Winkeln, "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit", JEA 81(1995) pp.129-49, Aidan Dodson in GM 137(1993), p.58 and G. Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp.21-35)

[4] GM 137

[5] Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten (1997)

[6] David Aston, JEA 75 (1989), Takeloth II: A King of the Theban 23rd Dynasty?, pp.139-153

[7] Wilkinson, Toby (2011). The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. London, Berlin, New York, Sydney: Bloomsbury Publishing, A&C Black. p. 562. ISBN 978-1-4088-1002-6.

[8] Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. xiii–xv. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1.

[9] . 90-94, 452, 453

[10] Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003). Dever, William G. (ed.). Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 122f. ISBN 1-57506-081-7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[11] Kitchen (2003), pp. 10, 32, 33

[12] The Factual Reliability of the Old Testament, by Kenneth A. Kitchen, theologynetwork.org. 2006, accessed 1/31/15.

[13] Kenneth Kitchen (May/June 1989), "Where did Solomon's Gold Go?". Biblical Archaeology Review.

[14] "Shishak's Military Campaign in Israel Confirmed". The BAS Library. 24 August 2015.

[15] "The Patriarchal Age: Myth or History?". The BAS Library. 24 August 2015.

[16] "How We Know When Solomon Ruled". The BAS Library. 24 August 2015.

[17] Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1986). The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C. Aris & Phillips. ISBN 0856682985.

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+{{Short description|British Egyptologist (1932-)}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
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-| title              = Personal and Brunner [[Professor Emeritus]] of [[Egyptology]]
+| title              = Personal and [[Brunner Professorships|Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology]]
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-'''Kenneth Anderson Kitchen''' (born 1932)<ref>see Kenneth Kitchen's statement in KA Kitchen, 'The strengths and weaknesses of Egyptian chronology' Agypten und Levante 16, 2006. p.299</ref> is a British [[biblical scholar]], [[Ancient Near Eastern]] historian, and Personal and Brunner [[Professor Emeritus]] of [[Egyptology]] and Honorary Research Fellow at the School of [[Archaeology]], Classics and Egyptology, [[University of Liverpool]], England.  He is one of the leading experts on the ancient Egyptian Ramesside Period (i.e., Dynasties [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|19]]-[[Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt|20]]), and the [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt]], as well as ancient [[Egyptian chronology]], having written over 250 books and journal articles on these and other subjects since the mid-1950s. He has been described by ''[[The Times]]'' as "the very architect of Egyptian chronology".<ref>''[[The Times]]'', 13 October 2002, [http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article54642.ece How myth became history]</ref>
+'''Kenneth Anderson Kitchen''' (born 1932<ref>See Kenneth Kitchen's statement in KA Kitchen, 'The strengths and weaknesses of Egyptian chronology', ''Ägypten und Levante'' 16, 2006. p.299</ref>) is a British [[biblical scholar]], [[Ancient Near Eastern]] historian, and Personal and Brunner [[Professor Emeritus]] of [[Egyptology]] and honorary research fellow at the School of [[Archaeology]], Classics and Egyptology, [[University of Liverpool]], England.  He specialises in the ancient Egyptian Ramesside Period (i.e., Dynasties [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|19]]-[[Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt|20]]), and the [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt]], as well as ancient [[Egyptian chronology]], having written over 250 books and journal articles on these and other subjects since the mid-1950s. He has been described by ''[[The Times]]'' as "the very architect of Egyptian chronology".<ref>''[[The Times]]'', 13 October 2002, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150529061841/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article54642.ece How myth became history]</ref>
 ==Third Intermediate Period==
+His 1972 book is ''The [[Third Intermediate Period]] in Egypt (1100–650 BC)''. It noted a hitherto unknown period of coregency between [[Psusennes I]] with [[Pharaoh Amenemope|Amenemope]] and [[Osorkon III]] with [[Takelot III]], and established that [[Shebitku]] of the [[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt|25th Dynasty]] was already king of Egypt by 702 BC, among other revelations.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} It stated that [[Takelot II]] succeeded [[Osorkon II]] at [[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]], whereas most Egyptologists today accept it was [[Shoshenq III]].<ref>(see [[Karl Jansen-Winkeln]], "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit", [[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|JEA]] 81(1995) pp.129-49, Aidan Dodson in [[Göttinger Miszellen|GM]] 137(1993), p.58 and G. Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp.21-35)</ref> Secondly, the book presented King [[Shoshenq II]] as the High Priest of Amun [[Shoshenq C]], a son of [[Osorkon I]] who predeceased his father. However, this interpretation is weakened by the fact that no objects from Shoshenq II's intact burial at Tanis bears Osorkon I's name. Finally, contra Kitchen, most Egyptologists today such as Rolf Krauss, Aidan Dodson<ref>in GM 137</ref> and [[Jürgen von Beckerath]]<ref>Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten (1997)</ref> accept David Aston's argument<ref>David Aston, ''[[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|JEA]]'' 75 (1989), Takeloth II: A King of the Theban 23rd Dynasty?, pp.139-153</ref> that the Crown Prince Osorkon B, Takelot II's son, assumed power as [[Osorkon III]], a king of the '[[Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt|Theban Twenty-Third Dynasty]]' in [[Upper Egypt]].
-His 1972 book ''The [[Third Intermediate Period]] in Egypt (1100–650 BC)'' is regarded by Egyptologists as the standard and most comprehensive treatment on this era, although current research has called into question some of its specific conclusions. It noted a hitherto unknown period of coregency between [[Psusennes I]] with [[Pharaoh Amenemope|Amenemope]] and [[Osorkon III]] with [[Takelot III]], and established that [[Shebitku]] of the [[Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt|25th Dynasty]] was already king of Egypt by 702 BC, among other revelations.
-Some of its points are now regarded as being rather dated. It stated that [[Takelot II]] succeeded [[Osorkon II]] at [[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]], whereas most Egyptologists today accept it was [[Shoshenq III]].<ref>(see [[Karl Jansen-Winkeln]], "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit," [[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|JEA]] 81(1995) pp.129-49, Aidan Dodson in [[Göttinger Miszellen|GM]] 137(1993), p.58 and G. Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp.21-35)</ref> Secondly, the book presented King [[Shoshenq II]] as the High Priest of Amun [[Shoshenq C]], a son of [[Osorkon I]] who predeceased his father. However, this interpretation is weakened by the fact that no objects from Shoshenq II's intact burial at Tanis bears Osorkon I's name. Finally, contra Kitchen, most Egyptologists today such as Rolf Krauss, Aidan Dodson<ref>in GM 137</ref> and [[Jürgen von Beckerath]]<ref>Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten (1997)</ref> accept David Aston's argument<ref>David Aston, ''[[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|JEA]]'' 75 (1989), Takeloth II: A King of the Theban 23rd Dynasty?, pp.139-153</ref> that the Crown Prince Osorkon B, Takelot II's son, assumed power as [[Osorkon III]], a king of the '[[Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt|Theban Twenty-Third Dynasty]]' in [[Upper Egypt]].
 ==Ramesside Period==
-Kenneth Kitchen is regarded as one of the foremost scholars on the [[Ramesside Period]] of the [[New Kingdom]];<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt|last=Wilkinson|first=Toby|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4088-1002-6|location=London, Berlin, New York, Sydney|pages=562}}</ref> he published a well-respected book on [[Ramesses II]] in 1982 titled ''Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt''. Kitchen is a scholar who advocates a high view of the [[Old Testament]] and its inherent [[Historicity of the Bible|historicity]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth A.|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2003|isbn=0-8028-4960-1|location=Grand Rapids, Cambridge|pages=xiii-xv}}</ref> His 2003 book ''[[On the Reliability of the Old Testament]]'' documents several clear or indirect allusions to King [[David]]'s status as the founder of [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Ancient Israel]], based on passages in the [[Tel Dan Stele|Tel Dan]] ('House of David') and [[Mesha stele|Mesha]] stelas as well as in Shoshenq I's [[Karnak]] list.<ref>pp. 90-94, 452, 453</ref>
+Kenneth Kitchen is regarded as one of the foremost scholars on the [[Ramesside Period]] (1196-1070 a.C., Dynasty XIX and XX) of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Toby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P07rgiJjsk4C |title=The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing, A&C Black |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4088-1002-6 |location=London, Berlin, New York, Sydney |pages=562}}</ref> he published a well-respected book on [[Ramesses II]] in 1982 titled ''Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt''. Kitchen is a scholar who advocates a high view of the [[Old Testament]] and its inherent [[Historicity of the Bible|historicity]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth A.|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2003|isbn=0-8028-4960-1|location=Grand Rapids, Cambridge|pages=xiii-xv}}</ref> His 2003 book ''[[On the Reliability of the Old Testament]]'' documents several clear or indirect allusions to King [[David]]'s status as the founder of [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Ancient Israel]], based on passages in the [[Tel Dan Stele|Tel Dan]] ('House of David') and [[Mesha stele|Mesha]] stelas as well as in Shoshenq I's [[Karnak]] list.<ref>pp. 90-94, 452, 453</ref>
-Kitchen has strongly criticized the [[New Chronology (Rohl)|new chronology]] views of [[David Rohl]], who posits that the Biblical [[Shishak]] who invaded the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in 925 BC was actually Ramesses II rather than [[Shoshenq I]] and argues that the [[Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt|21st]] and [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|22nd Dynasties]] of Egypt were contemporary with one another due to the absence of Dynasty 21 [[Apis (Egyptian mythology)|Apis Bull]] [[stele]] in the [[Serapeum]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth A.|work=Egyptian Interventions in the Levant in Iron Age II|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2003|isbn=1-57506-081-7|editor-last=Dever|editor-first=William G.|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|pages=122f}}</ref>  Kitchen observes that the word Shishak is closer philologically to Shoshenq I and that this Pharaoh records in his monuments at Thebes that he campaigned actively against Ancient Israel and Judah.<ref>Kitchen (2003), pp. 10, 32, 33</ref> Kitchen also notes that there are various contemporary non-Serapeum sources such as the Karnak Priestly Annals, the Nile Quay Texts, and various stelas which mention these Dynasty 21 and Dynasty 22 kings.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
+Kitchen has strongly criticized the [[New Chronology (Rohl)|new chronology]] views of [[David Rohl]], who posits that the Biblical [[Shishak]] who invaded the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in 925 BC was actually Ramesses II rather than [[Shoshenq I]] and argues that the [[Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt|21st]] and [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|22nd Dynasties]] of Egypt were contemporary with one another due to the absence of Dynasty 21 [[Apis (Egyptian mythology)|Apis Bull]] [[stele]] in the [[Serapeum of Saqqara|Serapeum]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth A.|work=Egyptian Interventions in the Levant in Iron Age II|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2003|isbn=1-57506-081-7|editor-last=Dever|editor-first=William G.|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|pages=122f}}</ref>  Kitchen observes that the word Shishak is closer philologically to Shoshenq I and that this Pharaoh records in his monuments at Thebes that he campaigned actively against Ancient Israel and Judah.<ref>Kitchen (2003), pp. 10, 32, 33</ref>
 ==Biblical scholarship==
-Kitchen is an [[evangelical Christian]], and has published frequently defending the historicity of the [[Old Testament]].  He is an outspoken critic of the [[documentary hypothesis]], publishing various articles and books upholding his viewpoint, arguing from several kinds of evidence for his views showing that the depictions in the Bible of various historical eras and societies are consistent with historical data.<ref>[http://www.theologynetwork.org/the-bible/the-factual-reliability-of-the-old-testament.htm The Factual Reliability of the Old Testament], by Kenneth A. Kitchen, theologynetwork.org. 2006, accessed 1/31/15.</ref> Kitchen has also published articles for the [[Biblical Archaeology Review]] including, 'Where Did Solomon's Gold Go?' (1989),<ref>Kenneth Kitchen (May/June 1989), [http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=15&Issue=3&ArticleID=9 "Where did Solomon's Gold Go?"]. ''Biblical Archaeology Review.''</ref> 'Shishak’s Military Campaign in Israel Confirmed' (1989),<ref>http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=15&Issue=3&ArticleID=10</ref> 'The Patriarchal Age: Myth or History?' (1995)<ref>http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=21&Issue=2&ArticleID=3</ref> and 'How we know when Solomon ruled' (2001).<ref>http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=27&Issue=5&ArticleID=2</ref>
+Kitchen is a [[Biblical maximalism|biblical maximalist]] and has published frequently defending the historicity of the [[Old Testament]].  He is an outspoken critic of the [[documentary hypothesis]], publishing various articles and books upholding his viewpoint, arguing that the Bible is historically reliable.<ref>[http://www.theologynetwork.org/the-bible/the-factual-reliability-of-the-old-testament.htm The Factual Reliability of the Old Testament], by Kenneth A. Kitchen, theologynetwork.org. 2006, accessed 1/31/15.</ref> Kitchen has also published articles for the ''[[Biblical Archaeology Review]]'' including, 'Where Did Solomon's Gold Go?' (1989),<ref>Kenneth Kitchen (May/June 1989), [http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=15&Issue=3&ArticleID=9 "Where did Solomon's Gold Go?"]. ''Biblical Archaeology Review.''</ref> 'Shishak's Military Campaign in Israel Confirmed' (1989),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/15/3/10|title=Shishak's Military Campaign in Israel Confirmed|date=August 24, 2015|website=The BAS Library}}</ref> 'The Patriarchal Age: Myth or History?' (1995)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/21/2/3|title=The Patriarchal Age: Myth or History?|date=August 24, 2015|website=The BAS Library}}</ref> and 'How we know when Solomon ruled' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/27/5/2|title=How We Know When Solomon Ruled|date=August 24, 2015|website=The BAS Library}}</ref>
+==Bibliography==
-==Significant works==
+*2023. ''Das Alte Testament und der Vordere Orient: Zur historischen Zuverlässigkeit biblischer Geschichte''. 3rd edition. Gießen: Brunnen. {{ISBN|978-3-7655-9254-6}} German revised edition of ''[[On the Reliability of the Old Testament]]''. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-8028-4960-1}}
 *2012. ''Treaty, Law and Covenant in the Ancient Near East''. 3 Volumes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
-*2009. Kenneth A. Kitchen, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729202850/http://cassian.memphis.edu/history/murnane/Kitchen.pdf Egyptian Near Kingdom Topographical Lists], in "Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane," Brill
+*2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729202850/http://cassian.memphis.edu/history/murnane/Kitchen.pdf Egyptian New Kingdom Topographical Lists], in "Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane", Brill
 *2003. ''[[On the Reliability of the Old Testament]]''. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-8028-4960-1}}
 *2002.  Kenneth A. Kitchen, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222174955/http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/docs/volume2%20No2%20Dec2002/Kitchen%20paper.pdf Ancient Egyptian Chronology for Aegeanists], MAA 2, Dec 2002
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 *1994. ''Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Part 1: Chronological Framework and Historical Sources''. The World of Ancient Arabia 1. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press
 *1982. ''Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt''. Monumenta Hannah Sheen Dedicata 2. Mississauga: Benben Publications.
-*1977. ''The Bible In Its World'' [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/book_bibleinitsworld.html]. Exeter: Paternoster. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press 1978.
+*1977. ''The Bible In Its World'' [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/book_bibleinitsworld.html The Bible in its World: The Bible & Archaeology Today]. Exeter: Paternoster. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press 1978.
-*1972. ''The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)''. 1972. 2nd ed. 1996. 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited, 1998.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Third-Intermediate-Period-1100-650BC-Egyptology/dp/0856682985 https://www.amazon.com/Third-Intermediate-Period-1100-650BC-Egyptology/dp/0856682985]</ref>
+*1972. ''The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)''. 1972. 2nd ed. 1996. 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited, 1998.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=0856682985|title=The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C.|last1=Kitchen|first1=Kenneth Anderson|year=1986|publisher=Aris & Phillips }}</ref>
 *1969–1990. ''Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical''. 8 Vols. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd.
-*1966. ''Ancient Orient and Old Testament'' [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/book_ancientorient.html]. London: Tyndale Press. Chicago: InterVarsity Press.
+*1966. ''Ancient Orient and Old Testament'' [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/book_ancientorient.html Ancient Orient and Old Testament]. London: Tyndale Press. Chicago: InterVarsity Press.
 *1962. ''Suppiluliuma and the Amarna Pharaohs; a study in relative chronology'', Liverpool University Press
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.denverseminary.edu/article/the-old-testament-in-light-of-the-archaeological-evidence Review of ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''] by the Professor of Old Testament, Denver Seminary (extensive summary)
-* [http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Isbell-Kitchen_and_Minimalism.shtml Review of ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''] by the Director of Jewish Studies, Louisiana State University (more critical)
+* [http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Isbell-Kitchen_and_Minimalism.shtml Review of ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''] by the director of Jewish studies, Louisiana State University (more critical)
 * [Review of ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''] - [http://www.liv.ac.uk/sace/organisation/people/kitchen.htm K. A. Kitchen's home page at University of Liverpool] Some archival snapshots can be found by search engines.
+* {{IMDb name|3034373}}
 {{Authority control}}
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 [[Category:1932 births]]
 [[Category:Living people]]
-[[Category:20th-century archaeologists]]
+[[Category:Academics from Aberdeen]]
-[[Category:21st-century archaeologists]]
+[[Category:20th-century British archaeologists]]
+[[Category:21st-century British archaeologists]]
 [[Category:20th-century British historians]]
 [[Category:21st-century British historians]]
+[[Category:20th-century Protestants]]
+[[Category:21st-century Protestants]]
 [[Category:Academics of the University of Liverpool]]
 [[Category:British biblical scholars]]

Authority control databases
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