Poglavnik: Difference between revisions
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'''Poglavnik''' was the title used by |
'''Poglavnik''' was the title used by [[Ante Pavelić]], leader of World War II Croatian fascist movement [[Ustaše]] and of the [[Independent State of Croatia]] between 1941 and 1945. |
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==Etymology and usage== |
==Etymology and usage== |
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| ⚫ | According to the ''Dictionary of the Croatian Language'' compiled by [[Vladimir Anić]] and the ''Croatian Encyclopedic Dictionary'' the word comes from the adjective form "poglavit", which can be loosely translated as "the first and foremost" or "respectable, noble, honorable". The adjective is in turn a compound of the Croatian prefix "po-" and the [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] [[word stem]] "glava" (head). |
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The first mentioning of that word is recorded in 16th century dictionary by [[Faust Vrančić]].<ref name="hrcak">http://www.hrcak.srce.hr/file/95656 {{hr icon}}</ref> as a substitute for the [[Latin language|Latin]] word [[princeps]].<ref name="hrcak"/> |
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| ⚫ | Because it was used by the fascist regime, the title - which had originally meant "head" or "chief" but was rarely used before the 1930s - is never used today in its original sense as it became synonymous with Ante Pavelić and took on negative connotations after World War II.<ref name="HJP">{{cite web|url=http://hjp.srce.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=eVxvWhE%3D&keyword=poglavnik|title=poglavnik|work=Hrvatski jezični portal|language=Croatian|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | According to the ''Dictionary of the Croatian Language'' compiled by [[Vladimir Anić]] and the ''Croatian Encyclopedic Dictionary'' the word comes from the adjective form "poglavit", which can be loosely translated as "the first and foremost" or "respectable, noble, honorable". The adjective is in turn a compound of the Croatian prefix "po-" and the [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] [[word stem]] "glava" (head). |
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| ⚫ | Because it was |
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However, other etymologically closely related words used in modern Croatian are [[:wiktionary:poglavica|poglavica]] (translated as "chief", used to identify tribal leaders) and [[:wiktionary:poglavar|poglavar]] (translated as "head of state", used for all monarchs or elected heads of state). |
However, other etymologically closely related words used in modern Croatian are [[:wiktionary:poglavica|poglavica]] (translated as "chief", used to identify tribal leaders) and [[:wiktionary:poglavar|poglavar]] (translated as "head of state", used for all monarchs or elected heads of state). |
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However, the role of the title and its function were never officially stipulated in the constitution or in any piece of legislation passed during NDH's existence. From May 1941 to October 1943 NDH was formally a land under the Italian crown and its formal head of state was [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta|Prince Aimone]] so Ante Pavelić (and by extension the title of "Poglavnik") was ''[[de facto]]'' the country's Prime Minister. |
However, the role of the title and its function were never officially stipulated in the constitution or in any piece of legislation passed during NDH's existence. From May 1941 to October 1943 NDH was formally a land under the Italian crown and its formal head of state was [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta|Prince Aimone]] so Ante Pavelić (and by extension the title of "Poglavnik") was ''[[de facto]]'' the country's Prime Minister. |
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Following the [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces|armistice signed by Italy]] in September 1943 Pavelić took on the role equivalent to head of state, while [[Nikola Mandić]] was officially appointed Prime Minister of NDH. Thus, from September 1943 until the state's dissolution on 8 May 1945, the title can be taken to mean Head of State. |
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Word continued to be used as a nickname for Pavelić during his post-war exile until his death in Madrid in 1959, and has since became synonymous with him and his regime. |
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Regardless of the official role of the title, Pavelić had unlimited authority to pass decrees and appoint government ministers throughout the existence of NDH. Since the state ceased to exist in 1945 the title was never claimed by any successor in any official or informal capacity. It continued to be used as a nickname for Pavelić during his post-war exile until his death in Madrid in 1959, and has since became synonymous with him and his regime. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 11:06, 18 March 2011
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 Personal standard used by Poglavnik | |
Poglavnik was the title used by Ante Pavelić, leader of World War II Croatian fascist movement Ustaše and of the Independent State of Croatia between 1941 and 1945.
Etymology and usage
According to the Dictionary of the Croatian Language compiled by Vladimir Anić and the Croatian Encyclopedic Dictionary the word comes from the adjective form "poglavit", which can be loosely translated as "the first and foremost" or "respectable, noble, honorable". The adjective is in turn a compound of the Croatian prefix "po-" and the Proto-Slavic word stem "glava" (head).
Because it was used by the fascist regime, the title - which had originally meant "head" or "chief" but was rarely used before the 1930s - is never used today in its original sense as it became synonymous with Ante Pavelić and took on negative connotations after World War II.[1]
However, other etymologically closely related words used in modern Croatian are poglavica (translated as "chief", used to identify tribal leaders) and poglavar (translated as "head of state", used for all monarchs or elected heads of state).
Political role and context
Ante Pavelić first began using the title of "Poglavnik" when it was proscribed as the official title for the supreme leader of the Ustaše movement in the organization's founding charter in 1929, while he was in exile in Italy. The organization (whose name at the time meant simply "rebels" in Croatian but which also lost its original meaning in modern usage), was organized as a movement which sought to create an independent Croatian nation-state by means of armed struggle at the time when Croatia was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia .
Following the 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia and the establishment of the puppet state called Independent State of Croatia (commonly referred to by its Croatian-language initialism NDH), the title continued to be used for Pavelić, and its meaning was taken to have evolved into "the supreme leader". The title can therefore be compared to similar titles of ethno-political leadership such as Führer (which was in the same period used by Adolf Hitler and which was itself modeled after Benito Mussolini's title Duce), and as a result "Poglavnik" is sometimes translated as "Fuhrer" in English-language sources.[2]
However, the role of the title and its function were never officially stipulated in the constitution or in any piece of legislation passed during NDH's existence. From May 1941 to October 1943 NDH was formally a land under the Italian crown and its formal head of state was Prince Aimone so Ante Pavelić (and by extension the title of "Poglavnik") was de facto the country's Prime Minister.
Following the armistice signed by Italy in September 1943 Pavelić took on the role equivalent to head of state, while Nikola Mandić was officially appointed Prime Minister of NDH. Thus, from September 1943 until the state's dissolution on 8 May 1945, the title can be taken to mean Head of State.
Regardless of the official role of the title, Pavelić had unlimited authority to pass decrees and appoint government ministers throughout the existence of NDH. Since the state ceased to exist in 1945 the title was never claimed by any successor in any official or informal capacity. It continued to be used as a nickname for Pavelić during his post-war exile until his death in Madrid in 1959, and has since became synonymous with him and his regime.
References
- ^ "poglavnik". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ^ Cetin, Onder (February 2010). "1941 Resolutions of El-Hidaje in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a Case of Traditional Conflict Transformation". European Journal of Economic and Political Studies: p 76. OCLC 664122357.
{{cite journal}}:|pages=has extra text (help)