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[[Image:Cacops1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Cacops aspidephorus]]'']]
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Revision as of 15:50, 6 February 2021

Kungurian
283.5 ± 0.6 – 272.95 ± 0.11 Ma
Chronology
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitAge
Stratigraphic unitStage
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionNot formally defined
Lower boundary definition candidatesNear FAD of the Conodont Neostreptognathodus pnevi
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)Southern Ural mountains
Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Jinogondolella nanginkensis
Upper boundary GSSPStratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.
31°52′36″N 104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W / 31.8767; -104.8768
Upper GSSP ratified2001[2]

In the geologic timescale, the Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Kungurian lasted between 283.5 and 273.01 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Artinskian and followed by the Roadian.[3] It corresponds roughly to the Leonardian stage, covering the span from 280 to 270.6 ± 0.7 Ma in the North American system.[4]

Stratigraphy

The Kungurian is named after the Russian city of Kungur in Perm Krai. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian geologist Alexandr Antonovich Stukenberg (Alexander Stuckenberg) in 1890.[5]

The base of the Kungurian stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Neostreptognathodus pnevi and Neostreptognathodus exculptus first appear. As of 2009, there was no agreement yet on a global reference profile (a GSSP) for the base of the Kungurian. The top of the Kungurian (the base of the Roadian and the Guadalupian series) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Jinogondolella nanginkensis first appear.

The Kungurian contains three conodont biozones:

  • zone of Neostreptognathodus sulcoplicatus
  • zone of Neostreptognathodus prayi
  • zone of Neostreptognathodus pnevi

Kungurian Life

Chondrichthyans

Chondrichthyes of the Kungurian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Cisuralian Russia, Australia, Japan A eugeneodont holocephalian, "buzzsaw shark"
Helicoprion
Parahelicoprion
Cisuralian United States A ctenacanthtiform
Cisuralian United States A petalodontiform holocephalian
Cisuralian Russia, Bolivia A eugeneodont holocephalian

Actinopterygians

Actinopterygii of the Kungurian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Carboniferous to Lopingian Germany, England A non-neopterygian
Acrolepis
Cisuralian United States
Cisuralian Kazakhstan A non-neopterygian

Lungfishes

Dipnoi of the Kungurian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Carboniferous to Early Triassic United States
Gnathorhiza
Carboniferous to Cisuralian United States

†Lepospondyls

Lepospondyli of the Kungurian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Cisuralian United States
Cardiocephalus
Diplocaulus
  • Diplocaulus
    • D. magnicornis
    • D. brevirostris
    • D. recurvatus
 North America

†Temnospondyls

Temnospondyli of the Kungurian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Early Permian United States A diverse genus of basal dissorophids.
Cacops aspidephorus
Eryops
Prionosuchus
Zatrachys
Texas, Oklahoma, China and Russia A dissorophid known from multiple specimens.
Inta Formation, Russia An eryopid.
Cisuralian Texas, United States A large eryopid temnospondyl. Eryops averaged a little over 1.5–2.0 metres long and could grow up to 3 metres (9.8 ft), making them among the largest land animals of their time.
Pedra do Fogo Formation, Parnaíba Basin, Brazil A gigantic archegosaurid, estimated at about 9 metres in length and over 2 tonnes of weight, it is currently the largest known amphibian to have ever lived.
Piaui, Brazil A genus of dvinosaurian within the family Trimerorhachidae.
Inta Formation, Russia An eryopid.
Piaui, Brazil A genus of dvinosaurian.
Abo Formation, New Mexico and Seymour, Baylor County, Texas A genus of dvinosaurian within the family Trimerorhachidae.
Cisuralian Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, United States A zatracheidid

†Seymouriamorphs

Seymouriamorpha of the Kungurian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Boskovice Furrow, Czech Republic A reptiliomorph
Discosauriscus
Seymouria
  • Seymouria
    • Seymouria baylorensis
    • Seymouria grandis
Seymour, Baylor County, Texas among others in North America A reptiliomorph

†Diadectomorphs

Diadectomorpha of the Kungurian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
North America A diadectid reptiliomorph
Diadectes

†Procolophonomorphs

Procolophonomorpha of the Kungurian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
middle Kungurian Oklahoma, USA A parareptile.
Belebey
Eudibamus
Cisuralian Europe A genus of lizard-shaped parareptile
Cisuralian North America and North Asia A genus of biped lizard-shaped parareptile
Cisuralian Germany A genus of biped lizard-shaped parareptile

Eureptilians

Eureptilia of the Kungurian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Cisuralian North America and Europe A captorhinid reptile
Captorhinus
Labidosaurus
Cisuralian North America A captorhinid reptile
Cisuralian North America A captorhinid reptile

Synapsids

Synapsida of the Kungurian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Cisuralian Texas, USA A caseasaurian
Casea
Cotylorhynchus
File:Ctenospondylus BW.jpg
Ctenospondylus
Dimetrodon
Mycterosaurus
Ophiacodon
Tetraceratops
Varanops
Cisuralian Texas, USA and Aveyron, France A caseasaurian
Cisuralian Greene Formation, Ohio; Belle Plains Formation, Texas; Cutler Formation, Utah, all in the USA A caseasaurian

Sakmarian-Kungurian

Greene Formation, Ohio; Belle Plains Formation, Texas; Cutler Formation, Utah, all in the USA

A sphenacodontid
Cisuralian United States, Canada A sphenacodontid
Cisuralian United States An edaphosaurid
Cisuralian United States A varanopid
Kasimovian-Kungurian Kenilworth, Kenilworth Sandstone Formation, Warwickshire Group, Warwickshire, England; Autun, France, Cutler Formation, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah; Fort riley, Chase Group, Kansas, Greene Formation, Dunkard Group, Ohio; Wellington Formation, Oklahoma; Clyde Formation, Texas and Oklahoma; Admiral Formation; Belle-Plains Formation; Wichita Group, all three in Texas, An ophiacodontid
Wichita Group and Clear Fork Group, both in Texas, USA A sphenacodontid
Cisuralian United States Possibly the oldest and most primitive therapsid, most likely it was a more basal sphenacodont instead.
Cisuralian Texas, Oklahoma, United States A varanopid

References

  1. ^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  2. ^ "GSSP for Roadian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  3. ^ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
  4. ^ Rohde, Robert A. "Leonardian North American Stage". GeoWhen Database. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  5. ^ Chuvashov, B.I.; Chernykh, V.V.; Leven, E.Y.; Davydov, V.I.; Bowring, S.A.; Ramezani, J.; Glenister, B.F.; Henderson, C.M.; Schiappa, T.A.; Northrup, C.J.; Snyder, W.S.; Spinosa, C. & Wardlaw, B.R.; 2002: Progress report on the base of the Artinskian and base of the Kungurian by the Cisuralian Working Group, Permophiles 41: pp 13–16.
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