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==Career== |
==Career== |
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Clanvowe was born in Hergest, [[Herefordshire]],{{efn|There are two villages in Herefordshire called Hergest: [[Lower Hergest]] and [[Upper Hergest]], It is unclear which was his birthplace.}} and was a descendant of Hywel ap Meurig of Radnorshire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CLANVOWE, Thomas (d. 1410), of Hergest and Yazor, Herefs |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/clanvowe-thomas-1410 |website=History of Parliament Online |publisher=The Institute of Historical Research |accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> His royal career began in 1373 after passing into the service of [[Edward III]], which was most likely due to his family connections with the monarchy after his father served as a squire for the same king's household.<ref> McFarlane, K.B (1972) p.163-5 </ref> Clanvowe then built relations within the court of [[Edward III]], most notably with William Neville, who also went on to be a chamber knight.<ref> McFarlane, K.B (1975) p.165-6 </ref> It was in [[Richard II of England|Richard II's]] reign however (1377-1399) that Clanvowe started to gain more political notoriety, becoming a chamber knight for the king in 1381, conveying the trust the monarch put in this particular knight.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scattergood |first1=V.J. |title=The Works of Sir John Clanvowe |date=1975 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |page=26 |url=https://archive.org/details/worksofsirjohncl0000scat/page/24/mode/2up}}</ref> This role mainly involved maintaining and keeping the peace in his home county of Herefordshire, while also using his local following to increase the king's popularity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hefferan |first1=Matthew |title=Household knights, chamber knights and king’s knights: the development of the royal knight in fourteenth-century England |journal=Journal of Medieval History |date=2019 |volume=45 |issue=1 |page=92 |doi=10.1080/03044181.2018.1551811}}</ref><ref> Scattergood. V.J (1975) p.26 </ref> His role in the royal household ended in 1388 after being dismissed by Richard, however he was still politically active and was present in peace negotiations with France in 1389, resulting a three year truce.<ref>Patterson, Lee (1992). Court Politics and the Invention of Literature: The Case of Sir John Clanvowe. In D. Aers (Ed.), Culture and History 1350-1600 (pp. 7-42). Wayne State University Press. p.12</ref> <ref> Scattergood, V.J (1975) p.27</ref> |
Clanvowe was born in Hergest, [[Herefordshire]],{{efn|There are two villages in Herefordshire called Hergest: [[Lower Hergest]] and [[Upper Hergest]], It is unclear which was his birthplace.}} and was a descendant of Hywel ap Meurig of Radnorshire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CLANVOWE, Thomas (d. 1410), of Hergest and Yazor, Herefs |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/clanvowe-thomas-1410 |website=History of Parliament Online |publisher=The Institute of Historical Research |accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> His royal career began in 1373 after passing into the service of [[Edward III]], which was most likely due to his family connections with the monarchy after his father served as a squire for the same king's household.<ref> McFarlane, K.B (1972) p.163-5 </ref> Clanvowe then built relations within the court of [[Edward III]], most notably with William Neville, who also went on to be a chamber knight.<ref> McFarlane, K.B (1975) p.165-6 </ref> It was in [[Richard II of England|Richard II's]] reign however (1377-1399) that Clanvowe started to gain more political notoriety, becoming a chamber knight for the king in 1381, conveying the trust the monarch put in this particular knight.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scattergood |first1=V.J. |title=The Works of Sir John Clanvowe |date=1975 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |page=26 |url=https://archive.org/details/worksofsirjohncl0000scat/page/24/mode/2up}}</ref> This role mainly involved maintaining and keeping the peace in his home county of Herefordshire, while also using his local following to increase the king's popularity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hefferan |first1=Matthew |title=Household knights, chamber knights and king’s knights: the development of the royal knight in fourteenth-century England |journal=Journal of Medieval History |date=2019 |volume=45 |issue=1 |page=92 |doi=10.1080/03044181.2018.1551811}}</ref><ref> Scattergood. V.J (1975) p.26 </ref> His role in the royal household ended in 1388 after being dismissed by Richard, however he was still politically active and was present in peace negotiations with France in 1389, resulting a three year truce.<ref>Patterson, Lee (1992). Court Politics and the Invention of Literature: The Case of Sir John Clanvowe. In D. Aers (Ed.), Culture and History 1350-1600 (pp. 7-42). Wayne State University Press. p.12</ref> <ref> Scattergood, V.J (1975) p.27</ref> |
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He was a personal friend of [[Geoffrey Chaucer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clanvowe, John |url=https://medieval_literature.enacademic.com/133/Clanvowe%2C_John |website=Encyclopaedia of Medieval Literature |accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>Thomas Garbaty, ''Medieval English Literature'' (1984).</ref> In 1386 they were both deponents in the [[Scrope v. Grosvenor]] case in the Court of Chivalry, in which [[Richard Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton|Lord Scrope of Bolton]] and Sir Robert Grosvenor disputed over the right to bear a particular coat of arms. Chaucer and Clanvowe testified in favour of Scrope.<ref>Edith Rickert, ''Chaucer's World'' (1962), p. 147.</ref> |
He was a personal friend of [[Geoffrey Chaucer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clanvowe, John |url=https://medieval_literature.enacademic.com/133/Clanvowe%2C_John |website=Encyclopaedia of Medieval Literature |accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>Thomas Garbaty, ''Medieval English Literature'' (1984).</ref> In 1386 they were both deponents in the [[Scrope v. Grosvenor]] case in the Court of Chivalry, in which [[Richard Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton|Lord Scrope of Bolton]] and Sir Robert Grosvenor disputed over the right to bear a particular coat of arms. Chaucer and Clanvowe testified in favour of Scrope.<ref>Edith Rickert, ''Chaucer's World'' (1962), p. 147.</ref> |
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Clanvowe's death came in 1391, venturing to |
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=== Militarily Career === |
=== Militarily Career === |
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==Religion== |
==Religion== |
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Sir John Clanvowe has been noted for his unorthodox and potentially heretical religious views. He was recorded by the English chronicler [[Thomas Walsingham]] as being one of the seven "[[lollard knights]]" in [[Richard II of England|Richard II's]] reign.<ref> Walsingham, Thomas. (2005). ''The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham''. (D. Preest, Trans.) Boydell Press. (Original work published 1422). p.250 </ref> Despite this historians have debated the extent of Clanvowe's heretical views. Studying Clanvowe's devotional treatise "The Two Ways," McFarlane has argued that his heresy can be seen where the knight fails to discuss many parts of the English Church he would have rejected, for example the efficacy of the [[sacrament]], and that |
Sir John Clanvowe has been noted for his unorthodox and potentially heretical religious views. He was recorded by the English chronicler [[Thomas Walsingham]] as being one of the seven "[[lollard knights]]" in [[Richard II of England|Richard II's]] reign.<ref> Walsingham, Thomas. (2005). ''The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham''. (D. Preest, Trans.) Boydell Press. (Original work published 1422). p.250 </ref> Despite this historians have debated the extent of Clanvowe's heretical views. Studying Clanvowe's devotional treatise "The Two Ways," McFarlane has argued that his heresy can be seen where the knight fails to discuss many parts of the English Church he would have rejected, for example the efficacy of the [[sacrament]], and that Clanvowe's reliance on biblical texts in this work suggests he need no intermediary between him and God.<ref> McFarlane, K.B (1972) p.205 </ref> Anne Hudson has however claimed that this work has nothing deriving from [[Wycliffe]], and this treatise reflects Clanvowe's [[Puritanical]] views and not that of a heretic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Anne |title=The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=387}}</ref> |
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==Works== |
==Works== |
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Revision as of 08:20, 14 October 2021
Sir John Clanvowe (c. 1341–1391) was a Welsh diplomat, poet and chamber knight to Richard II. He was born to a Marcher family and was possibly of mixed Anglo-Welsh origin, holding lands that lay in the present-day Radnorshire district of Powys and in Herefordshire. [2]
Career
Clanvowe was born in Hergest, Herefordshire,[a] and was a descendant of Hywel ap Meurig of Radnorshire.[3] His royal career began in 1373 after passing into the service of Edward III, which was most likely due to his family connections with the monarchy after his father served as a squire for the same king's household.[4] Clanvowe then built relations within the court of Edward III, most notably with William Neville, who also went on to be a chamber knight.[5] It was in Richard II's reign however (1377-1399) that Clanvowe started to gain more political notoriety, becoming a chamber knight for the king in 1381, conveying the trust the monarch put in this particular knight.[6] This role mainly involved maintaining and keeping the peace in his home county of Herefordshire, while also using his local following to increase the king's popularity.[7][8] His role in the royal household ended in 1388 after being dismissed by Richard, however he was still politically active and was present in peace negotiations with France in 1389, resulting a three year truce.[9] [10]
He was a personal friend of Geoffrey Chaucer.[11][12] In 1386 they were both deponents in the Scrope v. Grosvenor case in the Court of Chivalry, in which Lord Scrope of Bolton and Sir Robert Grosvenor disputed over the right to bear a particular coat of arms. Chaucer and Clanvowe testified in favour of Scrope.[13]
Clanvowe's death came in 1391, venturing to
Militarily Career
The knight was most likely an apprentice of Humphrey Du Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, also from Herefordshire, and possibly joined the earl on crusade to Alexandria in 1365, where the city was famously sacked by the crusading party.[14] Early in his career Clanvowe was involved in various military campaigns to France during The Hundred Years War, first being recorded as posted in Brittany in 1364.[15] He later was involved in the 1373 and 1378 expeditions to France, both led by John of Gaunt.[16]
In 1390, Clanvowe was campaigning with Louis II, Duke of Bourbon against Tunis.[17]
He was buried with Sir William Neville (died October 10, 1391) in a joint tomb discovered in 1913 in Istanbul's Arap Mosque[18][19] in a way (helmets facing each other as if kissing, shields overlapping, impaled coats of arms) which would suggest a close relationship between the two men.[20]
Religion
Sir John Clanvowe has been noted for his unorthodox and potentially heretical religious views. He was recorded by the English chronicler Thomas Walsingham as being one of the seven "lollard knights" in Richard II's reign.[21] Despite this historians have debated the extent of Clanvowe's heretical views. Studying Clanvowe's devotional treatise "The Two Ways," McFarlane has argued that his heresy can be seen where the knight fails to discuss many parts of the English Church he would have rejected, for example the efficacy of the sacrament, and that Clanvowe's reliance on biblical texts in this work suggests he need no intermediary between him and God.[22] Anne Hudson has however claimed that this work has nothing deriving from Wycliffe, and this treatise reflects Clanvowe's Puritanical views and not that of a heretic.[23]
Works
Clanvowe mostly likely wrote The Two Ways, while on his expedition to Constantinople
Clanvowe's best-known work however was The Book of Cupid, God of Love or The Cuckoo and the Nightingale, a 14th-century debate poem influenced by Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls. In the poem, the nightingale praises love, but the cuckoo mocks it for causing more trouble than joy. It is written as a literary dream vision and serves as an example of medieval debate poetry. An organ concerto inspired by the poem was composed by Handel. Apparently the poem also influenced works by John Milton and William Wordsworth.
Clanvowe is first mentioned in modern times in the History of English Literature by F. S. Ellis in 1896. The Cuckoo and the Nightingale had previously been attributed to Chaucer, but the Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature notes the absence of direct evidence linking Clanvowe with the work.[24]
Footnotes
- ^ There are two villages in Herefordshire called Hergest: Lower Hergest and Upper Hergest, It is unclear which was his birthplace.
References
- ^ Sir John Maclean and W. C. Heane, eds., The Visitation of the County of Gloucester Taken in the Year 1623 by Henry Chitty and John Phillipot as Deputies to William Camden Clarenceux King of Arms, etc, London, 1885, p. 130, pedigree of Poyntz, as quartered by Poyntz (mullets or "according to official record in the Heralds' College", footnote 1)
- ^ McFarlane, K.B. (1972). Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights. Clarendon Press. pp. 163–165, 231. McFarlane believed that his mother was a Talbot from the diocese of Hereford.
- ^ "CLANVOWE, Thomas (d. 1410), of Hergest and Yazor, Herefs". History of Parliament Online. The Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- ^ McFarlane, K.B (1972) p.163-5
- ^ McFarlane, K.B (1975) p.165-6
- ^ Scattergood, V.J. (1975). The Works of Sir John Clanvowe. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 26.
- ^ Hefferan, Matthew (2019). "Household knights, chamber knights and king's knights: the development of the royal knight in fourteenth-century England". Journal of Medieval History. 45 (1): 92. doi:10.1080/03044181.2018.1551811.
- ^ Scattergood. V.J (1975) p.26
- ^ Patterson, Lee (1992). Court Politics and the Invention of Literature: The Case of Sir John Clanvowe. In D. Aers (Ed.), Culture and History 1350-1600 (pp. 7-42). Wayne State University Press. p.12
- ^ Scattergood, V.J (1975) p.27
- ^ "Clanvowe, John". Encyclopaedia of Medieval Literature. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- ^ Thomas Garbaty, Medieval English Literature (1984).
- ^ Edith Rickert, Chaucer's World (1962), p. 147.
- ^ Guard, Timothy (2013). Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade: The English Experience in the Fourteenth Century. Boydell & Brewer. p. 142.
- ^ Scattergood V.J (1975) p.25
- ^ Scattergood, V.J (1975) p.25
- ^ "Sir John Clanvowe". The Literary Encyclopedia.
- ^ [1] [dead link]
- ^ Siegrid Düll, Anthony Luttrell and Maurice Hugh Keen: "Faithful unto death: the tomb slab of Sir William Neville and Sir John Clanvowe, Constantinople 1391", Antiquaries Journal, 71 (1993 for 1991), pp. 174–190. ISSN 0003-5815
- ^ Bray, Alan. The Friend. Google Books.
- ^ Walsingham, Thomas. (2005). The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham. (D. Preest, Trans.) Boydell Press. (Original work published 1422). p.250
- ^ McFarlane, K.B (1972) p.205
- ^ Hudson, Anne (1988). The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History. Oxford University Press. p. 387.
- ^ Robert T. Lambdin, Laura C. Lambdin, Clanvowe, Sir John Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature (2000), pp. 104–105.
Further reading
- V. J. Scattergood (1975), The Works of Sir John Clanvowe
- David Wallace (editor), The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature (2002), pp. 571–2.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clanvowe, Sir Thomas [sic]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 422.