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===Episcopate and cardinalate===
===Episcopate and cardinalate===
[[File:His Holiness Pope Alexander VIII.jpg|thumb|upright|''Portrait of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni'' by [[Ludovico Dorigny]] (before 1689, Museo antoniano, [[Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua]])<!--Although the description indicates that the portrait was created before his election to the papacy, the actual chronological location of the portrait has not been fully clarified, due to the vestments reminiscent of the papal robes.-->]]
[[File:His Holiness Pope Alexander VIII.jpg|thumb|upright|''Portrait of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni'' by [[Ludovico Dorigny]] (before 1689, Museo antoniano, [[Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua]])<!--Although the description indicates that the portrait was created before his election to the papacy, the chronological location of the portrait has not been fully clarified currently, due to the vestments reminiscent of the papal robes.-->]]


[[Pope Innocent X]] appointed him to the cardinalate<ref name="FogelmanFusco2002">{{cite book|author1=Peggy Fogelman|author2=Peter Fusco|author3=Marietta Cambareri|title=Italian and Spanish Sculpture: Catalogue of the J. Paul Getty Museum Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHw1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|date=26 December 2002|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-0-89236-689-7|pages=224}}</ref> and in 1652 at the request of the Venetian government and he was made the [[San Salvatore in Lauro|Cardinal-Priest of San Salvatore in Lauro]]. He was appointed as [[Bishopric of Brescia|Bishop of Brescia]] in 1654 and later received [[episcopal consecration]] in the church of San Marco in Rome. He would spend a quiet decade in his diocese. He opted to be [[San Marco, Rome|Cardinal-Priest of San Marco]] in 1660 and resigned as Bishop of Brescia in 1664. Ottoboni also opted to become [[Santa Maria in Trastevere|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere]] in 1677 and later as [[Santa Prassede|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede]] in 1680. He later became the Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina in 1681 and then to Frascati in 1683. His last swap was that of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1687.
[[Pope Innocent X]] appointed him to the cardinalate<ref name="FogelmanFusco2002">{{cite book|author1=Peggy Fogelman|author2=Peter Fusco|author3=Marietta Cambareri|title=Italian and Spanish Sculpture: Catalogue of the J. Paul Getty Museum Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHw1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|date=26 December 2002|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-0-89236-689-7|pages=224}}</ref> and in 1652 at the request of the Venetian government and he was made the [[San Salvatore in Lauro|Cardinal-Priest of San Salvatore in Lauro]]. He was appointed as [[Bishopric of Brescia|Bishop of Brescia]] in 1654 and later received [[episcopal consecration]] in the church of San Marco in Rome. He would spend a quiet decade in his diocese. He opted to be [[San Marco, Rome|Cardinal-Priest of San Marco]] in 1660 and resigned as Bishop of Brescia in 1664. Ottoboni also opted to become [[Santa Maria in Trastevere|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere]] in 1677 and later as [[Santa Prassede|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede]] in 1680. He later became the Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina in 1681 and then to Frascati in 1683. His last swap was that of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1687.

Revision as of 00:39, 9 December 2021

"Pietro Ottoboni" redirects here. For the cardinal of this name, see Pietro Ottoboni (cardinal).
Pope

Alexander VIII
Bishop of Rome
Papacy began6 October 1689
Papacy ended1 February 1691
PredecessorInnocent XI
SuccessorInnocent XII
Previous post(s)
Orders
Ordinationc. 1630
Consecration27 December 1654
by Marcantonio Bragadin
Created cardinal19 February 1652
by Innocent X
Personal details
Born
Pietro Vito Ottoboni

(1610-04-22)22 April 1610
Venice, Republic of Venice
Died1 February 1691(1691-02-01) (aged 80)
Rome, Papal States
Other popes named Alexander

Pope Alexander VIII (22 April 1610 – 1 February 1691), born Pietro Vito Ottoboni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 October 1689 to his death in 1691. He is to date the last pope to take the pontifical name of "Alexander" upon his election to the papacy.

Biography

Early life

Pietro Vito Ottoboni was born in 1610 of a noble Venetian family,[1] and was the youngest of nine children of Vittoria Tornielli and Marco Ottoboni, grand chancellor of the Republic of Venice.[2]

His early studies were made with marked brilliance at the University of Padua where, in 1627, he earned a doctorate in canon and civil law. Ottoboni went to Rome during the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII[2] and served as the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura, and later served as the governor of the cities Terni, Rieti, Citta di Castello and Spoleto. He also served as the auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota.

Episcopate and cardinalate

Portrait of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni by Ludovico Dorigny (before 1689, Museo antoniano, Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua)

Pope Innocent X appointed him to the cardinalate[3] and in 1652 at the request of the Venetian government and he was made the Cardinal-Priest of San Salvatore in Lauro. He was appointed as Bishop of Brescia in 1654 and later received episcopal consecration in the church of San Marco in Rome. He would spend a quiet decade in his diocese. He opted to be Cardinal-Priest of San Marco in 1660 and resigned as Bishop of Brescia in 1664. Ottoboni also opted to become Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere in 1677 and later as Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede in 1680. He later became the Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina in 1681 and then to Frascati in 1683. His last swap was that of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1687.

Ottoboni was also the Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals from 1687 to his pontifical election.

Pontificate

Papal election

Main article: Papal conclave, 1689
Papal styles of
Pope Alexander VIII
Reference styleHis Holiness
Spoken styleYour Holiness
Religious styleHoly Father
Posthumous styleNone
Pope Alexander VIII depicted on a gold quadruple Italian scudo from 1689. Saints Peter and Paul on the reverse. Engraved by Antonio Travani, a goldsmith and medalist in Rome.[4]

The ambassador of King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) succeeded in procuring his election on 6 October 1689, as the successor to Pope Innocent XI (1676–89); nevertheless, after months of negotiation Alexander VIII finally condemned the declaration made in 1682 by the French clergy concerning the liberties of the Gallican church.[1]

He chose the pontifical name of "Alexander VIII" in gratitude to Cardinal Flavio Chigi, the nephew of Pope Alexander VII, who also had helped support his candidacy.[5] Ottoboni was crowned as pontiff on 16 October 1689 by the protodeacon Cardinal Francesco Maidalchini and took possession of the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 28 October 1689.

Old but of a strong constitution, Alexander VIII was said to be an able diplomat. During his brief pontificate he managed to destroy most of his predecessor's good work. All the money saved by Innocent XI was spent on enriching the Ottoboni family and to a cardinal he said: "I have no time to lose; for me the day is almost done!"[6]

Alexander VIII was almost an octogenarian when elected to the papacy, which lasted only sixteen months, during which time little of importance was done. Louis XIV, whose political situation was now critical, profited by the peaceful dispositions of the new pope, restored Avignon to him, and renounced the long-abused right of asylum for the French Embassy.[2]

Financial controversies

Charities on a large scale and unbounded nepotism exhausted the papal treasury,[1] reversing the policies of his predecessor. Among the various nominations, his 22-year-old grandnephew Pietro was made cardinal and vice-chancellor of the Church,[7][1] nephew Marco, son of his brother Agostino, was made inspector of naval fortifications and Duke of Fiano, and nephew Antonio, another of Agostino's children, was made general of the church. His nephew Giovanni Rubin was made secretary of state and bishop of Vicenza. Out of compassion for the poor of the impoverished Papal States, he sought to help them by reducing taxes. But this same generous nature led him to bestow on his relations the riches they were eager to accumulate; on their behalf, and to the discredit of his pontificate, he revived sinecure offices which had been suppressed by Innocent XI.[2] He bought the books and manuscripts of Queen Christina of Sweden for the Vatican Library.[3] Alexander VIII assisted his native Venice by generous subsidies in the war against the Turks,[2] as well as sending seven galleys and 2,000 infantry for the campaign in Albania.

Tomb of Alexander VIII, St. Peter's Basilica

In 1690 he condemned the doctrines of the so-called philosophical sin, taught in the Jesuit schools.[1] He also held three consistories that saw 14 new cardinals elevated.

Beatifications and canonizations

Alexander VIII confirmed the cultus of Kinga of Poland on 11 June 1690 which served as the beatification. On 16 October 1690, he canonized several saints: Ss. Pascal Baylon, Lorenzo Giustiniani, John of Sahagun, John of God and John of Capistrano.

Consistories

Main article: Cardinals created by Alexander VIII

The pope created 14 cardinals in three consistories and elevated individuals such as his grandnephew Pietro Ottoboni in a restoration of nepotism that had not been seen in his predecessor's reign.

Death and burial

Alexander VIII died on 1 February 1691. His grandiose tomb in St. Peter's was commissioned by his grandnephew, Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, and designed by Count Arrigo di San Martino. The bas-relief at the base and the flanking figures (1704) were sculpted by Angelo de' Rossi, while the bronze statue of the pope was cast by Giuseppe Bertosi.[8]

Episcopal succession

Pope Alexander VIII was the principal consecrator of:[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alexander (popes)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 556.
  2. ^ a b c d e  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Alexander VIII". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  3. ^ a b Peggy Fogelman; Peter Fusco; Marietta Cambareri (26 December 2002). Italian and Spanish Sculpture: Catalogue of the J. Paul Getty Museum Collection. Getty Publications. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-89236-689-7.
  4. ^ Forrer, L. (1916). Biographical Dictionary of Medallists. Vol. 6. Spink & Son, LTD. p. 129.
  5. ^ Olszewski E. page 13.
  6. ^ "Pope Alexander VIII: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election". Pickle Publishing. 2005. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  7. ^ Olszewski E. page 5.
  8. ^ Olszewski, Edward J. (2004). Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni (1667-1740) and the Vatican Tomb of Pope Alexander VIII. ISBN 9780871692528.
  9. ^ "Pope Alexander VIII - Pietro Vito Ottoboni" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved June 27, 2017
  • Rendina, Claudio (1984). I papi. Storia e segreti. Rome: Newton Compton.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexander VIII.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Pope
6 October 1689 – 1 February 1691 		Succeeded by
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