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{{Short description|Practice of judging the merits and faults of something}}
{{Short description|Practice of judging the merits and faults of something}}


'''Criticism''' is the construction of a judgement about the positive and negative qualities of someone or something. Criticism can range from impromptu comments to a written detailed analysis and is often comparative.<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite web |title=Critcism|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/criticism |publisher=Cambridge Dictionary}} | ''"the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad</ref> Criticism falls into several overlapping types including "theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, or descriptive"''.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=Critcism|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095648600|publisher=Oxford Dictionary}} | ''"The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."''</ref>
'''Criticism''' is the construction of a judgement about the positive and negative qualities of someone or something. Criticism can range from impromptu comments to a written detailed response.<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite web |title=Critcism|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/criticism |publisher=Cambridge Dictionary}} | ''"the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad</ref> Criticism falls into several overlapping types including "theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, or descriptive"''.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=Critcism|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095648600|publisher=Oxford Dictionary}} | ''"The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."''</ref>


Criticism may also refer to an expression of disapproval.<ref name="Cambridge"/> When criticism of this nature is constructive it can make an individual aware of gaps in their understanding and it can provide distinct routes for improvement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fong|first1=Carlton J.|last2=Warner|first2=Jayce R.|last3=Williams|first3=Kyle M.|last4=Schallert|first4=Diane L.|last5=Chen|first5=Ling-Hui|last6=Williamson|first6=Zachary H.|last7=Lin|first7=Shengjie|date=July 2016|title=Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019|journal=Learning and Individual Differences|volume=49|pages=393–399|doi=10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019|issn=1041-6080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Winstone|first1=Naomi E.|last2=Nash|first2=Robert A.|last3=Parker|first3=Michael|last4=Rowntree|first4=James|date=2017-01-02|title=Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes|journal=Educational Psychologist|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=17–37|doi=10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538|issn=0046-1520|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shute|first=Valerie J.|date=2008-03-01|title=Focus on Formative Feedback|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654307313795|journal=Review of Educational Research|volume=78|pages=153–189|language=en|doi=10.3102/0034654307313795|s2cid=145188268}}</ref> Research supports the notion that using feedback and constructive criticism in the learning process is very influential.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kluger|first1=Avraham N.|last2=DeNisi|first2=Angelo|date=March 1996|title=The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=119|issue=2|pages=254–284|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254|issn=1939-1455}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2014-06-27|title=The Power of Feedback|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315813875|doi=10.4324/9781315813875|isbn=9781315813875}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Gavin T.L.|last2=Harris|first2=Lois R.|last3=Harnett|first3=Jennifer|date=October 2012|title=Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003|journal=Teaching and Teacher Education|volume=28|issue=7|pages=968–978|doi=10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003|issn=0742-051X}}</ref>
Criticism may also refer to an expression of disapproval.<ref name="Cambridge"/> When criticism of this nature is constructive it can make an individual aware of gaps in their understanding and it can provide distinct routes for improvement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fong|first1=Carlton J.|last2=Warner|first2=Jayce R.|last3=Williams|first3=Kyle M.|last4=Schallert|first4=Diane L.|last5=Chen|first5=Ling-Hui|last6=Williamson|first6=Zachary H.|last7=Lin|first7=Shengjie|date=July 2016|title=Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019|journal=Learning and Individual Differences|volume=49|pages=393–399|doi=10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019|issn=1041-6080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Winstone|first1=Naomi E.|last2=Nash|first2=Robert A.|last3=Parker|first3=Michael|last4=Rowntree|first4=James|date=2017-01-02|title=Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes|journal=Educational Psychologist|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=17–37|doi=10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538|issn=0046-1520|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shute|first=Valerie J.|date=2008-03-01|title=Focus on Formative Feedback|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654307313795|journal=Review of Educational Research|volume=78|pages=153–189|language=en|doi=10.3102/0034654307313795|s2cid=145188268}}</ref> Research supports the notion that using feedback and constructive criticism in the learning process is very influential.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kluger|first1=Avraham N.|last2=DeNisi|first2=Angelo|date=March 1996|title=The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=119|issue=2|pages=254–284|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254|issn=1939-1455}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2014-06-27|title=The Power of Feedback|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315813875|doi=10.4324/9781315813875|isbn=9781315813875}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Gavin T.L.|last2=Harris|first2=Lois R.|last3=Harnett|first3=Jennifer|date=October 2012|title=Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003|journal=Teaching and Teacher Education|volume=28|issue=7|pages=968–978|doi=10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003|issn=0742-051X}}</ref>

Revision as of 00:52, 24 February 2022

Criticism is the construction of a judgement about the positive and negative qualities of someone or something. Criticism can range from impromptu comments to a written detailed response.[1] Criticism falls into several overlapping types including "theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, or descriptive".[2]

Criticism may also refer to an expression of disapproval.[1] When criticism of this nature is constructive it can make an individual aware of gaps in their understanding and it can provide distinct routes for improvement.[3][4][5] Research supports the notion that using feedback and constructive criticism in the learning process is very influential.[6][7][8]

Critique vs criticism In French, German, or Italian, no distinction is drawn between 'critique' and 'criticism'. The two words both translate as critique, Kritik, and critica, respectively.[9] In the English language, philosopher Gianni Vattimo suggests that criticism is used more frequently to denote literary criticism or art criticism while critique refers to more general and profound writing as Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.[9] Another distinction that is sometimes made is that critique is never personalized nor ad hominem[9] and is presented in a way that encourages rebuttal or expansion of the ideas expressed. Nonetheless, the distinctions are subtle and ambiguous at best.[9]

The term "brickbat" is sometimes used to mean "an unfavourable criticism, unkind remark or sharp put-down". The term originated in the 17th century, derived from the practice of throwing bricks as projectiles at a person who was disapproved of.[10][11]

Criticism in Academia

Critical Studies and Critical Theory programs teach the method of critique, also known as “criticism.” Both theory and studies programs often sample new works in addition to the classical texts. [12] UC Berkeley, CUNY, and Northwestern University offer programs in Critical Theory, while a number of other colleges and universities offer programs or sole courses in Critical Studies, Critical Theory, and sub-disciplines. Sub-disciplines include Critical Race Studies, Critical Asian Studies, Critical Black Studies, and Critical Disability Studies. [13] The term “critical” can be found in course titles concerning a variety of topics, as the term refers to a method or approach to course materials.

Some claim “critical” studies have a particular focus in their perspective or opinion,[14] confusing the method of critique with individual critiques. The recent appearance of “critical” studies and theory further compounds the conflation of particular authors with the new method and discipline. Additionally, the method and disciplines are distinguished from analysis or traditional objectivist or hard sciences by their allowances for subjectivity in the perspective of the author.

See also

Look up critic, critical, or critique in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ a b "Critcism". Cambridge Dictionary. | "the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad
  2. ^ "Critcism". Oxford Dictionary. | "The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."
  3. ^ Fong, Carlton J.; Warner, Jayce R.; Williams, Kyle M.; Schallert, Diane L.; Chen, Ling-Hui; Williamson, Zachary H.; Lin, Shengjie (July 2016). "Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback". Learning and Individual Differences. 49: 393–399. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019. ISSN 1041-6080.
  4. ^ Winstone, Naomi E.; Nash, Robert A.; Parker, Michael; Rowntree, James (2017-01-02). "Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes". Educational Psychologist. 52 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538. ISSN 0046-1520.
  5. ^ Shute, Valerie J. (2008-03-01). "Focus on Formative Feedback". Review of Educational Research. 78: 153–189. doi:10.3102/0034654307313795. S2CID 145188268.
  6. ^ Kluger, Avraham N.; DeNisi, Angelo (March 1996). "The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory". Psychological Bulletin. 119 (2): 254–284. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254. ISSN 1939-1455.
  7. ^ The Power of Feedback. 2014-06-27. doi:10.4324/9781315813875. ISBN 9781315813875.
  8. ^ Brown, Gavin T.L.; Harris, Lois R.; Harnett, Jennifer (October 2012). "Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being". Teaching and Teacher Education. 28 (7): 968–978. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003. ISSN 0742-051X.
  9. ^ a b c d Gianni Vattimo Postmodern criticism: postmodern critique in David Wood (1990) Writing the future, pp. 57–58
  10. ^ Tharoor, Shashi (7 February 2020). "Shashi Tharoor's Word Of The Week: Brickbat". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  11. ^ "brickbat". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  12. ^ "The Program in Critical Theory". Critical Theory - UC Berkeley. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  13. ^ "Critical Race Studies". UCLA Law. UCLA. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Critical Legal Theory". Legal Information Institue. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
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