Jump to content

Timeline of HIV/AIDS: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 181: Line 181:
* [[Denholm Elliott]], best known as Marcus Brody on the Indiana Jones film series. dies of AIDS related tuberculosis on 22 October 1992.
* [[Denholm Elliott]], best known as Marcus Brody on the Indiana Jones film series. dies of AIDS related tuberculosis on 22 October 1992.
* At the [[Royal Free Hospital]] in London, an out-patients' centre for HIV and AIDS is opened by [[Ian McKellen]]. It is named the Ian Charleson Day Centre after actor [[Ian Charleson]].
* At the [[Royal Free Hospital]] in London, an out-patients' centre for HIV and AIDS is opened by [[Ian McKellen]]. It is named the Ian Charleson Day Centre after actor [[Ian Charleson]].
* [[Leeanza Cornett]] becomes the first Miss America to adopt AIDS awareness as her platform for her year of service.<ref name="People people">{{cite web|first1=Michelle |last1=Tauber |first2=Mike |last2=Neill |first3=Lisa |last3=Russell |first4=Joanne|last4=Fowler |first5=Julie |last5=Dam |first6=Alex |last6=Tresniowski |first7=Samantha |last7=Miller |first8=Steve |last8=Dougherty |first9=Ting |last9=Yu |title= American Beauties: 80 Years |work= People |url=https://people.com/archive/american-beauties-80-years-vol-54-no-16/ |date=October 16, 2000}}</ref>
* [[Leanza Cornett]] becomes the first [[Miss America]] to adopt AIDS awareness as her platform for her year of service.<ref name="People people">{{cite web|first1=Michelle |last1=Tauber |first2=Mike |last2=Neill |first3=Lisa |last3=Russell |first4=Joanne|last4=Fowler |first5=Julie |last5=Dam |first6=Alex |last6=Tresniowski |first7=Samantha |last7=Miller |first8=Steve |last8=Dougherty |first9=Ting |last9=Yu |title= American Beauties: 80 Years |work= People |url=https://people.com/archive/american-beauties-80-years-vol-54-no-16/ |date=October 16, 2000}}</ref>


;1993
;1993

Revision as of 01:39, 16 July 2022


This is a timeline of AIDS, including AIDS cases before 1980.

Pre-1980s

See also: Timeline of early HIV/AIDS cases

Researchers estimate that some time in the early 20th century, a form of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus found in chimpanzees (SIVcpz) first entered humans in Central Africa and began circulating in Léopoldville (modern-day Kinshasa) by the 1920s.[1][2][3] This gave rise to the pandemic form of HIV (HIV-1 group M); other zoonotic transmissions led to the other, less prevalent, subtypes of HIV.[3][4]

1930s to 1950s
  • A range of small scale pneumocystis pneumonia epidemics occurred in northern and central European countries between the 1930s and 1950s,[5] affecting children who were prematurely born. The epidemics spread likely due to infected glass syringes and needles. Malnutrition was not considered a cause, especially because the epidemics were at their height in the 1950s. At that time war torn Europe had already recovered from devastation. Researchers state that the most likely cause was a retrovirus closely related to HIV (or a mild version of HIV) brought to Europe and originating from Cameroon, a former German colony. The epidemic started in the Free City of Danzig in 1939 and then spread to nearby countries in the 1940s and 1950s, like Switzerland and The Netherlands.
1959
X-ray showing infection with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
  • The first known case of HIV in a human occurs in a man who died in the Congo, later confirmed as having HIV infection (from his preserved blood samples).[6][2]
  • June 28, in New York City, Ardouin Antonio,[7] a 49-year-old Haitian shipping clerk dies of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a disease closely associated with AIDS. Gordon Hennigar, who performed the postmortem examination of the man's body, found "the first reported instance of unassociated Pneumocystis carinii disease in an adult" to be so unusual that he preserved Ardouin's lungs for later study. The case was published in two medical journals at the time,[8][9] and Hennigar has been quoted in numerous publications saying that he believes Ardouin probably had AIDS.[10][11][12]
1960s
  • HIV-2, a viral variant found in West Africa, is thought to have transferred to people from sooty mangabey[13] monkeys in Guinea-Bissau.
  • Genetic studies of the virus indicate that HIV-1 (M) first arrived in the Americas in the late 1960s likely in Haiti or another Caribbean island.[14] At this time, many Haitians were working in Congo, providing the opportunity for infection.[15]
1964
1968
  • A 2003 analysis of HIV types found in the United States, compared to known mutation rates, suggests that the virus may have first arrived in the United States in this year.[17][medical citation needed] The disease spread from the 1966 American strain, but remained unrecognized for another 12 years.[15][medical citation needed] This is, however, contradicted by the estimated area of time of initial infection of Robert Rayford who was most likely infected around 1959.[original research?]
1969
  • A St. Louis teenager, identified as Robert Rayford, dies of an illness that baffles his doctors. Eighteen years later, molecular biologists at Tulane University in New Orleans test samples of his remains and find evidence of HIV.[18]
1976
  • The 9-year-old daughter of Arvid Noe dies in January.[citation needed] Noe, a Norwegian sailor, dies in April; his wife dies in December. Later it is determined that Noe contracted HIV-1 type O, in Africa during the early 1960s.[citation needed]
1977
  • Danish physician Grethe Rask dies of AIDS contracted in Africa.
  • A San Francisco woman, believed to be a sex-worker, gives birth to the first of three children who are later diagnosed with AIDS. The children's blood was tested after their deaths and revealed an HIV infection. The mother died of AIDS in May 1987. Test results show she was infected no later than 1977.[19][medical citation needed]
  • French-Canadian flight attendant Gaëtan Dugas, a relatively early HIV patient, gets legally married in Los Angeles in order to get U.S. citizenship. He stays in Silver Lake whenever he is in town.
  • In 1977 a Zairian woman in her 30s seeks treatment in Belgium for symptoms indicating a suppressed immune system and AIDS-like disease (rapid weight loss, swollen lymph nodes and severe CMV). She initially came to Belgium for care of the oral fungus infection of her baby daughter. Her two other children, who were recently born as well, had earlier died from respiratory infections; both also had an oral fungus infection since birth. The woman contracts even more opportunistic infections, dying in Kinshasha in early 1978. Tissue and blood samples are not preserved, but researches state this might be an early AIDS case.[20]
1978
  • A Portuguese man known as Senhor José (English: Mr. Joseph) dies; he will later be confirmed as the first known infection of HIV-2. It is believed that he was exposed to the disease in Guinea-Bissau in 1966.[citation needed]
1979
  • An early case of AIDS in the United States was in a female baby born in New Jersey in 1973 or 1974. She was born to a sixteen-year-old girl, an identified drug-injector, who had previously had multiple male sexual partners. The child died in 1979 at the age of five. Subsequent testing on her stored tissues confirmed that she had contracted HIV-1.[21]
  • A thirty-year-old woman from the Dominican Republic dies at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City from CMV infection.
  • A Greek man who worked for years as a fisherman at Congo's Lake Tanganyika shows up in a Belgium hospital with a range of untreatable opportunistic infections, including a very rare fungal meningitis. After he dies, the hospital keeps his blood and tissue samples for future analysis. After HIV testing becomes available, his samples are tested for HIV and give a positive result.[22][23][24]

1980s

1980
1981
Kaposi's sarcoma on the skin of an AIDS patient
  • May 18, Lawrence Mass becomes the first journalist in the world to write about the epidemic, in the New York Native, a gay newspaper. A gay tipster overheard his physician mention that some gay men were being treated in intensive-care units in New York City for a strange pneumonia. "Disease Rumors Largely Unfounded" was the headline of Mass' article.[30] Mass repeated a New York City public-health official's claims that there was no wave of disease sweeping through the gay community. At this point, however, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) had been gathering information for about a month on the outbreak that Mass' source dismissed.[citation needed]
  • June 5, The CDC reports a cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five gay men in Los Angeles.[31]
  • July 3, An article in The New York Times carries the headline: "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals". The article describes cases of Kaposi's sarcoma found in forty-one gay men in New York City and San Francisco.[32] The CDC reports clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among gay men in California and New York City.[33]
  • December, self proclaimed "AIDS poster boy" Bobbi Campbell is diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma in San Francisco.
  • October, first reported case in Spain, a 35-year-old gay man.[34][medical citation needed] Died shortly after.
  • October 29, John Eaddie, 49, dies of pneumocystis pneumonia in London. Later identified as HIV.[35]
  • December 12, First known case reported in the United Kingdom.[36]
  • One of the first reported patients to have died of AIDS (presumptive diagnosis) in the US is reported in the journal Gastroentereology. Louis Weinstein, the treating physician, wrote that "Immunologic incompetence, related to either disease or therapy, or both ... although suspected, could not be proved..."[37]
  • By the end of the year December 31, 337 people are known to have had the disease, 321 adults, and 16 children under the age of 13 and of those 130 had died from the disease.[17][medical citation needed]
1982
  • January, the service organization Gay Men's Health Crisis is founded by Larry Kramer and others in New York City.
  • June 18, "Exposure to some substance (rather than an infectious agent) may eventually lead to immunodeficiency among a subset of the homosexual male population that shares a particular style of life."[38] For example, Marmor et al. recently reported that exposure to amyl nitrite was associated with an increased risk of KS in New York City.[39] Exposure to inhalant sexual stimulants, central-nervous-system stimulants, and a variety of other "street" drugs was common among males belonging to the cluster of cases of KS and PCP in Los Angeles and Orange counties."[38]
  • July 4, Terry Higgins becomes one of the first people to die of AIDS-related illnesses in the United Kingdom, prompting the foundation in November of what was to become the Terrence Higgins Trust.[40]
  • July 9, The CDC reports a cluster of opportunistic infections (OI) and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians recently entering the United States.[1]
  • July 27, The term AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is proposed at a meeting in Washington, D.C. of gay-community leaders, federal bureaucrats and the CDC to replace GRID (gay-related immune deficiency) as evidence showed it was not gay specific.[41]
  • Summer, First known case in Italy.[42]
  • September 24, The CDC defines a case of AIDS as a disease, at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known cause for diminished resistance to that disease. Such diseases include KS, PCP, and serious OI. Diagnoses are considered to fit the case definition only if based on sufficiently reliable methods (generally histology or culture). Some patients who are considered AIDS cases on the basis of diseases only moderately predictive of cellular immunodeficiency may not actually be immunodeficient and may not be part of the current epidemic.[43]
  • December 10, a baby in California becomes ill in the first known case of contracting AIDS from a blood transfusion.[27][medical citation needed]
  • First known case in Brazil.[44][medical citation needed]
  • First known case in Canada.[45]
  • First known case in Australia, diagnosed at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney.[46]
1983
1984
  • Around January, the first case of HIV infection in the Philippines was reported.[51][medical citation needed]
  • Gaëtan Dugas passes away due to AIDS-related illnesses. He was a French-Canadian flight attendant who was falsely identified as patient 0 due to his central location and labeling as "patient O," as in the letter O, in a scientific study of 40 infected Americans from multiple U.S. cities.[52]
  • Roy Cohn is diagnosed with AIDS, but attempts to keep his condition secret while receiving experimental drug treatment.[53]
  • April 23, U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler announces at a press conference that an American scientist, Robert Gallo, has discovered the probable cause of AIDS: the retrovirus is subsequently named human immunodeficiency virus or HIV in 1986. She also declares that a vaccine will be available within two years.
  • June 25, French philosopher Michel Foucault dies of AIDS in Paris. Following his death, AIDES was founded.
  • September 6, First performance at Theatre Rhinoceros in San Francisco of The AIDS Show which runs for two years and is the subject of a 1986 documentary film of the same name.
  • December 17, Ryan White was diagnosed with AIDS by a doctor performing a partial lung removal. White became infected with HIV from blood products that were administered to him on a regular basis as part of his treatment for hemophilia. When the public school that he attended, Western Middle School in Russiaville, Indiana, learned of his disease in 1985 there was enormous pressure from parents and faculty to bar him from school premises. Due to the widespread fear of AIDS and lack of medical knowledge, principal Ron Colby and the school board assented. His family filed a lawsuit, seeking to overturn the ban.
  • Firsts known cases in Ecuador.[54]
1985
  • March 2, the FDA approves an ELISA test as the first commercially available test for detecting HIV in blood.[55][56] It detects antibodies which the body makes in response to exposure to HIV and is first intended for use on all donated blood and plasma intended for transfusion and product manufacture.[55]
  • April 21, the play The Normal Heart by Larry Kramer premieres in New York City.
  • July 28, AIDS Project Los Angeles hosts the world's first AIDS Walk at Paramount Studios in Hollywood. More than 4,500 people helped the Walk surpass its $100,000 goal, raising $673,000.[57]
  • September 17, during his second term in office, US President Ronald Reagan publicly mentions AIDS for the first time when asked about the lack of medical research funding by an AP reporter during a press conference.[58][59]
  • September 19, The first Commitment to Life is held in Los Angeles. Elizabeth Taylor hosted the event and honored former First Lady Betty Ford. Taylor said at the event "Tonight is the start of my personal war on this disease, AIDS."[60] The event raised more than $1 million for AIDS Project Los Angeles.
  • October 2, Rock Hudson dies of AIDS. On July 25, 1985, he was the first American celebrity to publicly admit having AIDS; he had been diagnosed with it on June 5, 1984.
  • October 12, Ricky Wilson, guitarist of American rock band The B-52's dies from an AIDS related illness. The album Bouncing Off The Satellites, which he was working on when he died, is dedicated to him when it is released the next year. The band is devastated by the loss and do not tour or promote the album. Wilson is eventually replaced on guitar by his former writing partner Keith Strickland, the B-52's former drummer.
  • October, a conference of public health officials including representatives of the Centers for Disease Control and World Health Organization meet in Bangui and define AIDS in Africa as "prolonged fevers for a month or more, weight loss of over 10% and prolonged diarrhea".
  • First officially reported cases in China.[61][62]
  • November 11, An Early Frost, the first film to cover the topic of HIV/AIDS is broadcast in the U.S. on prime time TV by NBC.
  • First known case in Cuba.
1986
This image revealed the presence of both HTLV-1, and HIV.
  • HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is adopted as name of the retrovirus that was first proposed as the cause of AIDS by Luc Montagnier of France, who named it LAV (lymphadenopathy associated virus) and Robert Gallo of the United States, who named it HTLV-III (human T-lymphotropic virus type III)
  • January 14, "one million Americans have already been infected with the virus and that this number will jump to at least 2 million or 3 million within 5 to 10 years..." – NIAID Director Anthony Fauci, New York Times.[63]
  • February, US President Reagan instructs his Surgeon General C. Everett Koop to prepare a report on AIDS. (Koop was excluded from the Executive Task Force on AIDS established in 1983 by his immediate superior, Assistant Secretary of Health Edward Brandt.) Without allowing Reagan's domestic policy advisers to review the report, Koop released the report at a press conference on October 22, 1986.[64][65]
  • May 30, fashion designer Perry Ellis dies of AIDS-related illness.
  • Attorney Geoffrey Bowers is fired from the firm of Baker & McKenzie after AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma lesions appeared on his face. The firm maintained that he was fired purely for his performance.[66] He sued the firm, in one of the first AIDS discrimination cases to go to a public hearing. These events were the inspiration for the 1993 film Philadelphia.[67]
  • August 2, Roy Cohn dies of complications from AIDS at the age of 59.[68] He insists to the end that his disease was liver cancer.[69]
  • November 18, model Gia Carangi dies of AIDS-related illness.
  • First officially known cases in the Soviet Union[70][71] and India.[72][73]
1987
  • AZT (zidovudine), the first antiretroviral drug, becomes available to treat HIV.[17][74]
  • On February 4, popular performing musician Liberace dies from AIDS related illness.
  • March 1, 1987, Dr. Peter Duesberg of the University of California, Berkeley publishes a 22-page peer-reviewed article "Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens: Expectations and Reality".[75] The article challenges the hypothesis that HIV causes AIDS, launching the "AIDS denialist movement"
  • In April the FDA approves a Western blot test as a more precise test for the presence of HIV antibodies than the ELISA test.[55]'
  • In March, the direct action advocacy group ACT UP is founded by Larry Kramer in New York City.
  • On May 28, playwright and performer Charles Ludlam dies of AIDS-related PCP pneumonia.
  • On July 11, Tom Waddell, founder of the Gay Games, dies of AIDS.
  • Randy Shilts' investigative journalism book And the Band Played On published chronicling the 1980–1985 discovery and spreading of HIV/AIDS, government indifference, and political infighting in the United States to what was initially perceived as a gay disease. (Shilts died of the disease on February 17, 1994.)
  • On August 18 the FDA sanctioned the first clinical trial to test an HIV vaccine candidate in a research participant.[55]
  • First known case in Nicaragua.
1988
  • May, C. Everett Koop sends an eight-page, condensed version of his Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome report named Understanding AIDS to all 107,000,000 households in the United States, becoming the first federal authority to provide explicit advice to US citizens on how to protect themselves from AIDS.[64][76]
  • March 3, John Holmes dies from AIDS-related complications.
  • November 11, The fact-based AIDS-themed film Go Toward the Light is broadcast on CBS.
  • December 1, The first World AIDS Day takes place.
  • In Buenos Aires, Argentina, the rock musicians Miguel Abuelo (March 26) and Federico Moura (December 21), die from AIDS-related complications.
  • American disco singer Sylvester dies of AIDS in San Francisco.
1989
  • The television movie The Ryan White Story airs. It stars Judith Light as Jeanne, Lukas Haas as Ryan and Nikki Cox as sister Andrea. Ryan White had a small cameo appearance as Chad, a young patient with AIDS. Another AIDS-themed film, The Littlest Victims, debuted in 1989, biographically chronicling James Oleske, the first U.S. physician to discover AIDS in newborns during AIDS' early years, when many thought it was only spreading through male-to-male sexual activity.
  • "Covering the Plague" by James Kinsella is published, providing a scathing look into how the media fumbled the AIDS story.[77]
  • British travel writer Bruce Chatwin dies from AIDS-related complications.
  • NASCAR driver Tim Richmond dies from AIDS-related complications.
  • Amanda Blake best known for her portrayal of saloon owner Miss Kitty on the television show Gunsmoke becomes the first actress of note in the United States to die of AIDS-related illness. The cause of death was cardiac arrest stemming from CMV hepatitis, an AIDS-related hepatitis.
  • Longtime Companion is a 1989 film directed by Norman René and starring Bruce Davison, Campbell Scott, Patrick Cassidy, and Mary-Louise Parker. The first wide-release theatrical film to deal with the subject of AIDS, the film takes its title from the euphemism The New York Times used during the 1980s to describe the surviving same-sex partner of someone who had died of AIDS.[78]
  • New York's highest court ruled in Braschi vs. Stahl Associates that Miguel Braschi, a surviving gay partner of Leslie Blanchard who died of AIDS in 1986, had the right to continue living in their rent controlled apartment. The landlord's losing argument was that Miguel Braschi was not family because he was not related to Mr. Blanchard by "blood, marriage or adoption."[79] The decision marked the first time any top state court in the nation recognized a gay couple to be the legal equivalent of a family, American Civil Liberties Union lawyer William Rubenstein said. The decision was a ground-breaking victory for lesbians and gay men; it marked an important step forward in American law toward legal recognition of lesbian and gay relationships.[80]
  • Judge Kovachevich of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ruled that Eliana Martínez, who had AIDS, could sit at a desk in a classroom without isolation partitions; Eliana attended her first day of school on April 27, 1989.[81][82]

1990s

Ryan White
1990
  • January 6, British actor Ian Charleson dies from AIDS at the age of 40—the first show-business death in the United Kingdom openly attributed to complications from AIDS.
  • February 16, New York artist and social activist Keith Haring dies from AIDS-related illness.
  • April 8, Ryan White dies at the age of 18 from pneumonia caused by complications associated with AIDS.
  • Congress enacted The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act or Ryan White Care Act, the United States' largest federally funded health related program (excluding Medicaid and Medicare).
  • July 7, Brazilian singer Cazuza dies in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 32 from an AIDS-related illness.
  • November 9, American singer-songwriter Tom Fogerty, rhythm guitarist of Creedence Clearwater Revival and older brother of John Fogerty, dies in Berkeley, California of AIDS-related tuberculosis.
1991
  • April, the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) of the US NIAID and the National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) and the National Agency of Research on AIDS (ANRS), France start the famous clinical trial of zidovudine (AZT) in HIV-infected pregnant women named "ACTG protocol 076". The trial shows such a big reduction in the risk for HIV transmission to the infant that it was halted prematurely in 1993[83] and later became the standard of care.
  • May, the play Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes by Tony Kushner premieres in San Francisco.
  • September 28, jazz legend Miles Davis dies at the age of 65. The official cause of death is bronchial pneumonia. He was taking Zidovudine (AZT) when hospitalized; at the time, Zidovudine was a treatment for HIV and AIDS.
  • November 7, NBA star Magic Johnson publicly announces that he is HIV-positive.
  • November 24, A little over 24 hours after issuing a statement confirming that he had been tested HIV positive and had AIDS, Freddie Mercury (singer of the British band Queen) dies at the age of 45. The official cause of death is bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS.
1992
  • The first combination drug therapies for HIV are introduced.[17][medical citation needed]
  • April 6, popular science fiction writer Isaac Asimov dies. Ten years later, his wife revealed that his death was due to AIDS-related complications. The writer was infected during a blood transfusion in 1983.[84]
  • Robert Reed, best known as Mike Brady on the sitcom The Brady Bunch dies of AIDS on May 12.
  • June 18, Australian singer Peter Allen dies from complications due to AIDS.
  • September 12, American actor Anthony Perkins, known for his role as Norman Bates in the Psycho movies, dies from AIDS.
  • Denholm Elliott, best known as Marcus Brody on the Indiana Jones film series. dies of AIDS related tuberculosis on 22 October 1992.
  • At the Royal Free Hospital in London, an out-patients' centre for HIV and AIDS is opened by Ian McKellen. It is named the Ian Charleson Day Centre after actor Ian Charleson.
  • Leanza Cornett becomes the first Miss America to adopt AIDS awareness as her platform for her year of service.[85]
1993
  • Rudolf Nureyev, one of the world's greatest ballet dancers, dies from AIDS on January 6.
  • Tennis star Arthur Ashe dies from AIDS-related complications[86]
1994
  • Randy Shilts author of And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic, dies at his home of AIDS related complications.
  • Elizabeth Glaser, wife of Starsky & Hutch's Paul Michael Glaser, dies from AIDS-related complications almost 10 years after receiving an infected blood transfusion while giving birth. She unknowingly passes HIV on to her daughter Ariel and son Jake. Ariel died in 1988, Jake is living with HIV, while Paul Michael remains negative.
  • Sarah Jane Salazar, a 19-year-old Filipino AIDS activist and educator, publicly admits she contracted HIV from a foreign customer while working as a club entertainer in the early 1990s. She was the second Filipino to do so.[87] The first was Dolzura Cortez.
  • March 21, actor Dack Rambo dies of AIDS related complications. He was one of the first actors in Hollywood to publicly acknowledge being HIV positive. He retired from acting and spent the remainder of his life raising awareness about AIDS.
1995
  • Saquinavir, a new type of protease inhibitor drug, becomes available to treat HIV. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) becomes possible.[17][medical citation needed] Within two years, death rates due to AIDS will have plummeted in the developed world.
  • March 26, Rapper Eazy-E dies from AIDS-related pneumonia.
  • April 4, British DJ and entertainer Kenny Everett dies from AIDS.
  • Oakland, California resident Jeff Getty becomes the first person to receive a bone marrow transplant from a Baboon as an experimental procedure to treat his HIV infection. The graft did not take, but Getty experienced some reduction in symptoms before dying of heart failure after cancer treatment in 2006.[88]
1996
  • Robert Gallo's discovery that some natural compounds known as chemokines can block HIV and halt the progression of AIDS is hailed by Science as one of that year's most important scientific breakthroughs.
  • HIV resistance due to the CCR5-Δ32 discovered. CCR5-Δ32 (or CCR5-D32 or CCR5 delta 32) is an allele of CCR5.[89][90]
  • Brazilian Law No. 9313, enacted on November 13, 1996, provided every Brazilian with HIV virus the right to free medication.[91]
1997
  • September 2, The Washington Post carries an article stating, "The most recent estimate of the number of Americans infected (with HIV), 750,000, is only half the total that government officials used to cite over a decade ago, at a time when experts believed that as many as 1.5 million people carried the virus."[citation needed]
  • Based on the Bangui definition the WHO's cumulative number of reported AIDS cases from 1980 through 1997 for all of Africa is 620,000.[92] For comparison, the cumulative total of AIDS cases in the USA through 1997 is 641,087.
  • December 7, "French President Jacques Chirac addressed Africa's top AIDS conference on Sunday and called on the world's richest nations to create an AIDS therapy support fund to help Africa. According to Chirac, Africa struggles to care for two-thirds of the world's persons with AIDS without the benefit of expensive AIDS therapies. Chirac invited other countries, especially European nations, to create a fund that would help increase the number of AIDS studies and experiments. AIDS workers welcomed Chirac's speech and said they hoped France would promote the idea to the Group of Eight summit of the world's richest nations."[93]
1998
  • December 10, International Human Rights Day, Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) is launched to campaign for greater access to HIV treatment for all South Africans, by raising public awareness and understanding about issues surrounding the availability, affordability and use of HIV treatments. TAC campaigns against the view that AIDS is a death sentence.
1999
  • January 31, Studies suggest that a retrovirus, SIVcpz (simian immunodeficiency virus) from the common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes, may have passed to human populations in west equatorial Africa during the twentieth century and developed into various types of HIV.[94][95]
  • Edward Hooper releases a book titled The River, which accuses doctors who developed and administered the oral polio vaccine in 1950s Africa of unintentionally starting the AIDS epidemic. The OPV AIDS hypothesis receives a great deal of publicity.[17] It was later refuted by studies demonstrating the origins of HIV as a mutated variant of a simian immunodeficiency virus that is lethal to humans.[96][97][98][99][100] Hooper's hypothesis should not be confused with the Heart of Darkness origin theory.

2000s

2000
  • World Health Organization estimates between 15% and 20% of new HIV infections worldwide are the result of blood transfusions, where the donors were not screened or inadequately screened for HIV.[citation needed]
  • February 23, Israeli singer Ofra Haza died in Tel Aviv of AIDS-related pneumonia.
  • June 11, Sarah Jane Salazar died at the age of 25 from AIDS complications. Before her death, Salazar was confined at the National Center for Mental Health after being diagnosed with manic depression which doctors said may have been related to anti-AIDS drugs she was taking.[101][failed verification]
2001
  • September 21, FDA licenses the first nucleic acid test (NAT) systems intended for screening of blood and plasma donations.[citation needed]
2002
  • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the first rapid diagnostic HIV test kit for use in the United States. The kit has a 99.6% accuracy and can provide results in as little as twenty minutes. The test kit can be used at room temperature, did not require specialized equipment, and can be used outside of clinics and doctor's offices. The mobility and speed of the test allowed a wider spread use of HIV testing.[102]
2003
  • US President George W. Bush initiates the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. By the time he leaves office it provides medicine for two million Africans.[103]
2004
  • January 5, "Individual risk of acquiring HIV and experiencing rapid disease progression is not uniform within populations," says Anthony S. Fauci, the director of NIAID.[104] [2]
2005
  • January 21, The CDC recommends anti-retroviral post-exposure prophylaxis for people exposed to HIV from rapes, accidents or occasional unsafe sex or drug use. This treatment should start no more than 72 hours after a person has been exposed to the virus, and the drugs should be used by patients for 28 days. This emergency drug treatment had been recommended since 1996 for health-care workers accidentally stuck with a needle, splashed in their eyes with blood, or exposed in some other work-related way.[105]
  • A highly resistant strain of HIV linked to rapid progression to AIDS is identified in New York City.[17][medical citation needed]
2006
  • November 9, SIV found in gorillas.[106]
2007
  • The first case of someone being cured of HIV is reported. Timothy Ray Brown is a San Francisco man, with leukemia and HIV. He is cured of HIV through a bone marrow transplant in Germany from a homozygous CCR5-Δ32 donor. Other similar cases are being studied to confirm similar results.[107][108]
  • Maraviroc, the first available CCR5 receptor antagonist, is approved by the FDA as an antiviral drug for the treatment of AIDS.

2010s

2010
  • Confirmation is published that the first patient cured of HIV, Timothy Ray Brown, still has a negative HIV status, four years after treatment.[107][108]

2012

  • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves Truvada for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The drug can be taken by adults who do not have HIV, but are at risk for the disease. People can now take this medication to reduce their risk for contracting the virus through sexual activity.[109]
2013
  • Confirmation is published that a toddler has been "functionally cured" of HIV infection.[110] However, in 2014, it was announced that the child had relapsed and that the virus had re-appeared.[111][112]
  • A New York Times article says that 12 people of 75 who began combination antiretroviral therapy soon after becoming infected may have been "functionally cured" of HIV according to a French study. A functionally cured person will not experience an increase of the virus in the bloodstream despite stopping antiretroviral therapy, and therefore not progress to AIDS.[113][114][115]
2014
2015
  • A new, aggressive strain of HIV discovered in Cuba[117][118] Researchers at the University of Leuven in Belgium say the HIV strain CRF19 can progress to AIDS within two to three years of exposure to virus. Typically, HIV takes approximately 10 years to develop into AIDS. The researchers found that patients with the CRF19 variant had more virus in their blood than patients who had more common strains. Patients with CRF19 may start getting sick before they even know they have been infected, which ultimately means there is a significantly shorter time span to stop the disease's progression. The researchers suspect that fragments of other subsets of the virus fasten to each other through an enzyme which makes the virus more powerful and more easily replicated in the body, thus the faster progression.[118]

2016

  • Researchers have found that an international study found that almost 2,000 patients with HIV failed to respond to the antiviral drug known as Tenofovir disoproxil. Tenofovir is the main HIV drug treatment. The failure to respond to treatment indicates that the virus' resistance to the medication is becoming increasingly common.[119][120]
  • The United Nations holds its 2016 High-Level Meeting on Ending AIDS. The countries involved, the member states of the United Nations, pledge to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. There was significant controversy surrounding the event as over 50 countries blocked the access of LGBTQ+ groups from participating in the meeting. At the conclusion of the meetings, which ran from June 8 to 10, 2016, the final resolution barely mentioned several groups that are most affected by HIV/AIDS: men who have sex with men, transgender people, people who inject drugs, and sex workers.[102]

2019

  • A second patient is reported to be cured of HIV/AIDS using the same cell therapy approach that cured the first patient of HIV/AIDS, removing doubts that the first instance of the cure was a fluke and providing clinical proof that a cure for HIV/AIDS is both possible and repeatable.[121]
  • Research Foundation to Cure AIDS (RFTCA) becomes the first 501(c)3 public charity in the United States with a grant to its own biotechnology to research, develop and commercialize a cure for HIV/AIDS on a pro bono basis.[122]
  • NIH, in collaboration with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, launches a $200 million commitment to fund efforts focused on curing HIV infection and sickle cell disease.[123] The announcement comes shortly before the first cases of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus/COVID-19 pandemic.[124]

See also

References

  1. ^ Faria, Nuno R.; Rambaut, Andrew; Suchard, Marc A.; Baele, Guy; Bedford, Trevor; Ward, Melissa J.; Tatem, Andrew J.; Sousa, João D.; Arinaminpathy, Nimalan; Pépin, Jacques; Posada, David (3 October 2014). "HIV epidemiology. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations". Science. 346 (6205): 56–61. doi:10.1126/science.1256739. ISSN 1095-9203. PMC 4254776. PMID 25278604.
  2. ^ a b Worobey, Michael; Gemmel, Marlea; Teuwen, Dirk E.; Haselkorn, Tamara; Kunstman, Kevin; Bunce, Michael; Muyembe, Jean-Jacques; Kabongo, Jean-Marie M.; Kalengayi, Raphaël M.; Van Marck, Eric; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2008-10-02). "Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960". Nature. 455 (7213): 661–664. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..661W. doi:10.1038/nature07390. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3682493. PMID 18833279.
  3. ^ a b Keele, Brandon F.; Van Heuverswyn, Fran; Li, Yingying; Bailes, Elizabeth; Takehisa, Jun; Santiago, Mario L.; Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic; Chen, Yalu; Wain, Louise V.; Liegeois, Florian; Loul, Severin (2006-07-28). "Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1". Science. 313 (5786): 523–526. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..523K. doi:10.1126/science.1126531. ISSN 1095-9203. PMC 2442710. PMID 16728595.
  4. ^ Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011). "Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 1 (1): a006841. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841. PMC 3234451. PMID 22229120.
  5. ^ Goldman, Armond S.; Goldman, Lynn R.; Goldman, Daniel A. (2005-06-01). "What Caused the Epidemic of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in European Premature Infants in the Mid-20th Century?". Pediatrics. 115 (6): e725–e736. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2157. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 15867015.
  6. ^ Pence GE (2008). "Preventing the Global Spread of AIDS". Medical Ethics Accounts of the Cases That Shaped and Define Medical Ethics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 330.
  7. ^ "Did AIDS Come to Bushwick in the 1950s?". Bushwick Daily. 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
  8. ^ "Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in an Adult. Report of a Case". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 35 (4): 353–364. 1 April 1961. doi:10.1093/ajcp/35.4.353. PMID 13713376. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Lyons HA, Vinijchaikul K, Hennigar GR (December 1961). "Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia Unassociated with Other Disease Clinical and Pathological Studies". Archives of Internal Medicine. 108 (6): 929–36. doi:10.1001/archinte.1961.03620120113015. PMID 14467647.
  10. ^ "Strange Trip Back to the Future – The case of Robert R. spurs new questions about AIDS", TIME Magazine, November 9, 1987
  11. ^ "A History of HIV/AIDS in North America and the World" (PDF). Regional HIV/AIDS Connection. 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  12. ^ Garner, Katy, ed. (2 December 2011). "HIV Positive not so Negative Anymore". Sacramento Press. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  13. ^ Wall JD (2013). "Great ape genomics". ILAR Journal. 54 (2): 82–90. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilt048. PMC 3814392. PMID 24174434.
  14. ^ Worobey, Michael; Watts, Thomas D.; McKay, Richard A.; Suchard, Marc A.; Granade, Timothy; Teuwen, Dirk E.; Koblin, Beryl A.; Heneine, Walid; Lemey, Philippe; Jaffe, Harold W. (3 November 2016). "1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America". Nature. 539 (7627): 98–101. Bibcode:2016Natur.539...98W. doi:10.1038/nature19827. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5257289. PMID 27783600.
  15. ^ a b "Solved: the mystery of how AIDS left Africa," New Scientist, November 3, 2007, p.20
  16. ^ Vitello, Paul (20 September 2012). "Jerome Horwitz, AZT Creator, Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Timeline: HIV & AIDS," John Pickrell, New Scientist, September 4, 2006
  18. ^ Kolata, Gina (1987-10-28). "Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded U.S. Several Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  19. ^ "And the Band Played On", Randy Shilts, pp. 512–513, St. Martin's Press, 2007 ISBN 0-312-37463-1
  20. ^ Crawford, Dorothy H. (27 June 2013). Virus Hunt: The search for the origin of HIV/AIDs. ISBN 978-0191654121.
  21. ^ Oleske J, Minnefor A, Cooper R, Thomas K, dela Cruz A, Ahdieh H, Guerrero I, Joshi VV, Desposito F (May 1983). "Immune deficiency syndrome in children". JAMA. 249 (17): 2345–9. doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330410031024. PMID 6834633.
  22. ^ Posner, Gerald (10 March 2020). Pharma: Greed, Lies, and the Poisoning of America. ISBN 9781501151897.
  23. ^ "At Least There Is Hope". New African Magazine. 2012-10-02. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  24. ^ https://www.acon.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/History_of_HIV_5th-Edition.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  25. ^ KQED LGBT Timeline. Kqed.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  26. ^ And the Band Played On, p.35
  27. ^ a b AIDS in New York, a Biography. Nymag.com (2006-05-28). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  28. ^ And the band played on, Randy Shilts, 1987
  29. ^ And the Band Played On, p. 37
  30. ^ Kinsella, James (1989). Covering the Plague: AIDS and the American Media. Rutgers University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780813514826.
  31. ^ Centers for Disease Control (June 1981). "Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 30 (21): 250–2. PMID 6265753.
  32. ^ Lawrence K. Altman (July 3, 1981). "Rare cancer seen in 41 homosexuals". The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  33. ^ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (July 1981). "Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men--New York City and California" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 30 (25): 305–8. PMID 6789108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
  34. ^ "L'Armari Obert: Historia del Vih/sida en Imágenes. I Parte 1981-1983". 2013.
  35. ^ Brand, Paul (November 9, 2021). "Solved: The 40-year mystery of the first man to die of AIDS in Britain".
  36. ^ du Bois RM, Branthwaite MA, Mikhail JR, Batten JC (December 1981). "Primary Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus infections". Lancet. 2 (8259): 1339. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91353-2. PMID 6118728. S2CID 38202095.
  37. ^ du Bois RM, Branthwaite MA, Mikhail JR, Batten JC (December 1981). "Primary Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus infections". Lancet. 2 (8259): 1339. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91353-2. PMID 6118728. S2CID 38202095.
  38. ^ a b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (June 1982). "A cluster of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual male residents of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 31 (23): 305–7. PMID 6811844.
  39. ^ Marmor M, Friedman-Kien AE, Laubenstein L, Byrum RD, William DC, D'onofrio S, Dubin N (May 1982). "Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men". Lancet. 1 (8281): 1083–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92275-9. PMID 6122889. S2CID 29667704.
  40. ^ Martin Hoskins. "From fear to hope: The story of the Terrence Higgins Trust". Archived from the original on 2001-07-09. Retrieved 2012-09-27."How it all began". Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  41. ^ 80 Days That Changed the World. TIME (2011-11-29). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  42. ^ from: Bruno de Michelis, Remo Modica, Giorgio Re et al.:Trattato di Clinica Odontostomatologica, Turin 1992, 3rd edition; "[the patient was] a homosexual man who had been many times in United States; ... in 1983 were reported other 4 cases about homosexuals who traveled to USA, when in 1984 AIDS cases [in Italy] were 18; among these, was described in Milan the first case about a drug addicted subject who never had been abroad".
  43. ^ Current Trends Update on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – United States. Cdc.gov. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  44. ^ HIV & AIDS in Brazil. Avert.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  45. ^ "AIDS: The global epidemic". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2008-07-02. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  46. ^ "AIDS Cases in NSW and Victoria". Retrieved 2013-11-06.
  47. ^ And The Band Played On, Randy Shilts, p. 227, St. Martin's Press, 2007, ISBN 0-312-37463-1
  48. ^ "Inicio". Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
  49. ^ AIDS in Mexico Archived 2008-02-22 at the Wayback Machine, November, 1998
  50. ^ "Casos de sida diagnosticados aumentam em duas décadas - Portugal - DN". DN. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  51. ^ Mayol AV (2 December 2015). "Central Visayas is top 4 in reported HIV cases". Cebu Daily News.
  52. ^ Howard J. "The truth about 'patient zero' and HIV's origins". CNN. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
  53. ^ "Roy Cohn". American Heritage. May 1988. Archived from the original on November 15, 2007.
  54. ^ A 30 años del primer caso de VIH, crece el número de afectados
  55. ^ a b c d aids.gov staff. "A Timeline of AIDS". aids.gov. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  56. ^ Note - reference for March 2 date needed
  57. ^ "Marsha Rybin Aids walk with Tevis in stroller 1985". The Los Angeles Times. 1985-07-29. p. 19. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  58. ^ "The President's News Conference, September 17, 1985". Archived from the original on 2016-09-24.
  59. ^ Boffey, Philip (1985-09-18). "Reagan Defends Financing for AIDS". The New York Times.
  60. ^ "Clipped From The Los Angeles Times". The Los Angeles Times. 1985-09-20. p. 91. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  61. ^ HIV & AIDS in China. Avert.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  62. ^ Xu, Peng; Han, Lin; Zeng, Gang; Ma, Fuchang; Liu, Kangmai; Lü, Fan (2013). "我国预防控制经性途径传播艾滋病的政策变迁及趋势分析" [Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted HIV/AIDS in China: Policy Evolution and Trends]. Chinese Journal of Health Policy (in Chinese). 6 (7): 64–67. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  63. ^ Boffey, Philip (1986-01-14). "AIDS IN THE FUTURE: EXPERTS SAY DEATHS WILL CLIMB SHARPLY". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  64. ^ a b The C. Everett Koop Papers – AIDS, the Surgeon General, and the Politics of Public Health. nlm.nih.gov
  65. ^ Koop CE (1987). "Surgeon General's report on acquired immune deficiency syndrome". Public Health Reports. 102 (1): 1–3. PMC 1477712. PMID 3101112.
  66. ^ Lawyer With AIDS Charges Job Discrimination. Nytimes.com (1987-07-15). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  67. ^ Philadelphia' Screenplay Suit To Reach Court. Nytimes.com (1996-03-11). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  68. ^ "Roy Cohn, the flamboyant New York lawyer who catapulted to public prominence in the 1950s as the grand inquisitor of Sen. Joseph McCarthy's communist-hunting congressional panel, died yesterday at the age of 59". Boston Globe. August 3, 1986. Irene Haske, a spokeswoman at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, where Mr. Cohn died, said the primary cause of his death was cardio-pulmonary arrest, with "dementia" and "underlying HTLV III
  69. ^ Paul Colichman Chief Executive Officer (October 23, 2013). "Who is Roy Cohn?". PlanetOut. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  70. ^ AIDS in Russia. Spiral.com (1997-12-09). Retrieved on 2011-12-03. Archived October 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  71. ^ Williams, Christopher (January 1994). "Sex education and the AIDS epidemic in the Former Soviet Union". Sociology of Health and Illness. 16 (1): 81–102. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11347015. ISSN 0141-9889.
  72. ^ Overview of HIV and AIDS in India. Avert.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  73. ^ Solomon S, Solomon SS, Ganesh AK (September 2006). "AIDS in India". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 82 (971): 545–7. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.044966. PMC 2585722. PMID 16954447.
  74. ^ Broder S (January 2010). "The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic". Antiviral Research. 85 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.002. PMC 2815149. PMID 20018391.
  75. ^ Duesberg, Peter (March 1, 1987). "Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens: Expectations and Reality" (PDF). Cancer Research. 47 (5): 1199–1220. PMID 3028606.
  76. ^ Understanding AIDS – A Message from the Surgeon General. Profiles.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2013-02-27.
  77. ^ Kinsella, James (1989). Covering the plague : AIDS and the American media. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813514819. OCLC 20016426.
  78. ^ Hart, Kylo-Patrick R. (2019-09-25), "AIDS in Film and Television", Cinema and Media Studies, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0322, ISBN 978-0-19-979128-6
  79. ^ "N.Y. Court Gives Family Status to Gay Couples". Los Angeles Times. 1989-07-07. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
  80. ^ Courts, Author Historical Society of the New York (2019-09-12). "The Braschi Breakthrough: 30 Years Later, Looking Back on the Relationship Recognition Landmark". Historical Society of the New York Courts. Retrieved 2020-08-07. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  81. ^ "No Glass Cage for AIDS Pupil". New York Times. Associated Press. 1989-04-27.
  82. ^ "AIDS-Infected Child Has First Day at School". Miami Herald. 1989-04-28. p. 15A.
  83. ^ Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (April 29, 1994). "Zidovudine for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mother to Infant". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 43 (16): 285–287. PMID 8159153.
  84. ^ Isaac Asimov FAQ. Asimovonline.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  85. ^ Tauber, Michelle; Neill, Mike; Russell, Lisa; Fowler, Joanne; Dam, Julie; Tresniowski, Alex; Miller, Samantha; Dougherty, Steve; Yu, Ting (October 16, 2000). "American Beauties: 80 Years". People.
  86. ^ "Arthur Ashe, Tennis Star, is Dead at 49". AIDS Education Global Information System. 1993-02-08. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  87. ^ Parker RG, Barbosa RM, Aggleton P (2000). Framing the sexual subject: the politics of gender, sexuality, and power. California, USA: University of California Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-520-21838-3.
  88. ^ "Jeff Getty, 49, AIDS Activist Who Received Baboon Cells, Is Dead". The New York Times. 2006-10-16.
  89. ^ Galvani AP, Slatkin M (December 2003). "Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Delta 32 HIV-resistance allele". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (25): 15276–9. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10015276G. doi:10.1073/pnas.2435085100. PMC 299980. PMID 14645720.
  90. ^ Stephens JC, Reich DE, Goldstein DB, Shin HD, Smith MW, Carrington M, Winkler C, Huttley GA, Allikmets R, Schriml L, Gerrard B, Malasky M, Ramos MD, Morlot S, Tzetis M, Oddoux C, di Giovine FS, Nasioulas G, Chandler D, Aseev M, Hanson M, Kalaydjieva L, Glavac D, Gasparini P, Kanavakis E, Claustres M, Kambouris M, Ostrer H, Duff G, Baranov V, Sibul H, Metspalu A, Goldman D, Martin N, Duffy D, Schmidtke J, Estivill X, O'Brien SJ, Dean M (June 1998). "Dating the origin of the CCR5-Delta32 AIDS-resistance allele by the coalescence of haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (6): 1507–15. doi:10.1086/301867. PMC 1377146. PMID 9585595.
  91. ^ Castilho, Selma Rodrigues de; Brito, Monique Araújo de; Piccoli, Nilo Jorge; Castilho, Selma Rodrigues de; Brito, Monique Araújo de; Piccoli, Nilo Jorge (2017). "Assessment of pharmaceutical services in HIV/AIDS health units in the city of Niterói, Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 53 (2). doi:10.1590/s2175-97902017000216113. ISSN 1984-8250.
  92. ^ Shisana O (2003). The impact of HIV/AIDS on the health sector : national survey of health personnel, ambulatory and hospitalised patients and health facilities, 2002. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-875017-85-0. OCLC 54406814. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  93. ^ Bunce M (7 December 1997). "France's Chirac Calls for AIDS Therapy Fund". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007.
  94. ^ Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, Cummins LB, Arthur LO, Peeters M, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH (February 1999). "Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes". Nature. 397 (6718): 436–41. Bibcode:1999Natur.397..436G. doi:10.1038/17130. PMID 9989410. S2CID 4432185.
  95. ^ Weiss RA, Wrangham RW (February 1999). "From Pan to pandemic". Nature. 397 (6718): 385–6. Bibcode:1999Natur.397..385W. doi:10.1038/17008. PMID 9989400. S2CID 4312012.
  96. ^ Hillis DM (June 2000). "AIDS. Origins of HIV". Science. 288 (5472): 1757–9. doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1757. PMID 10877695. S2CID 83935412.
  97. ^ Birmingham K (October 2000). "Results make a monkey of OPV-AIDS theory". Nature Medicine. 6 (10): 1067. doi:10.1038/80356. PMID 11017114. S2CID 10860468.
  98. ^ Cohen J (April 2001). "AIDS origins. Disputed AIDS theory dies its final death". Science. 292 (5517): 615a–615. doi:10.1126/science.292.5517.615a. PMID 11330303. S2CID 70625478.
  99. ^ Origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website, Accessed 30th January 2007
  100. ^ Worobey M, Santiago ML, Keele BF, Ndjango JB, Joy JB, Labama BL, Dhed'A BD, Rambaut A, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Hahn BH (April 2004). "Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted". Nature. 428 (6985): 820. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..820W. doi:10.1038/428820a. PMID 15103367. S2CID 4418410.
  101. ^ Atencio, Joel (June 12, 2000). "AIDS Victim Sarah Jane Passes Away". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012 – via HighBeam Research.
  102. ^ a b "A Timeline of HIV and AIDS". HIV.gov. 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  103. ^ Robinson, Eugene (26 July 2012). "Eugene Robinson: George W. Bush's greatest legacy—his battle against AIDS". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  104. ^ "Scientists Discover Key Genetic Factor in Determining HIV/AIDS Risk". US National Institutes of Health. 2005-01-06. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  105. ^ Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection-Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV in the United States Recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Cdc.gov. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  106. ^ Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Neel C, Bailes E, Keele BF, Liu W, Loul S, Butel C, Liegeois F, Bienvenue Y, Ngolle EM, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Delaporte E, Hahn BH, Peeters M (November 2006). "Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas". Nature. 444 (7116): 164. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..164V. doi:10.1038/444164a. PMID 17093443. S2CID 27475571.
  107. ^ a b "The Boy Who Survived". Los Angeles Times.
  108. ^ a b Cohen J (May 2011). "The emerging race to cure HIV infections". Science. 332 (6031): 784–5, 787–9. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..784C. doi:10.1126/science.332.6031.784. PMID 21566173.
  109. ^ "Drug Approval Package". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  110. ^ "Toddler 'Functionally Cured' of HIV Infection, NIH-Supported Investigators Report". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
  111. ^ Rayman N (July 10, 2014). "Girl 'Cured' of HIV Relapses in Mississippi". TIME. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  112. ^ Luzuriaga K, Gay H, Ziemniak C, Sanborn KB, Somasundaran M, Rainwater-Lovett K, Mellors JW, Rosenbloom D, Persaud D (February 2015). "Viremic relapse after HIV-1 remission in a perinatally infected child". The New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (8): 786–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1413931. PMC 4440331. PMID 25693029.
  113. ^ Pollack A, McNeil DG (March 15, 2013). "French Study Indicates Some Patients Can Control H.I.V. After Stopping Treatment". The New York Times.
  114. ^ Highleyman L. "hivandhepatitis.com". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  115. ^ Sáez-Cirión A, Bacchus C, Hocqueloux L, Avettand-Fenoel V, Girault I, Lecuroux C, Potard V, Versmisse P, Melard A, Prazuck T, Descours B, Guergnon J, Viard JP, Boufassa F, Lambotte O, Goujard C, Meyer L, Costagliola D, Venet A, Pancino G, Autran B, Rouzioux C (March 2013). "Post-treatment HIV-1 controllers with a long-term virological remission after the interruption of early initiated antiretroviral therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study". PLOS Pathogens. 9 (3): e1003211. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003211. PMC 3597518. PMID 23516360.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  116. ^ "Remembering the HIV/Aids researchers and activists lost on MH17". The Guardian.
  117. ^ "New, aggressive strain of HIV discovered in Cuba". CBS News. February 16, 2015.
  118. ^ a b Kouri V, Khouri R, Alemán Y, Abrahantes Y, Vercauteren J, Pineda-Peña AC, Theys K, Megens S, Moutschen M, Pfeifer N, Van Weyenbergh J, Pérez AB, Pérez J, Pérez L, Van Laethem K, Vandamme AM (March 2015). "CRF19_cpx is an Evolutionary fit HIV-1 Variant Strongly Associated With Rapid Progression to AIDS in Cuba". EBioMedicine. 2 (3): 244–54. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.01.015. PMC 4484819. PMID 26137563.
  119. ^ "A Timeline of HIV and AIDS". www.HIV.gov. 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  120. ^ TenoRes Study Group, Gregson J, Tang M, Ndembi N, Hamers RL, Rhee SY, et al. (May 2016). "Global epidemiology of drug resistance after failure of WHO recommended first-line regimens for adult HIV-1 infection: a multicentre retrospective cohort study". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 565–575. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00536-8. PMC 4835583. PMID 26831472.
  121. ^ Mandavilli, Apoorva (2019-03-04). "H.I.V. Is Reported Cured in a Second Patient, a Milestone in the Global AIDS Epidemic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  122. ^ "RFTCA Purchases Cell-Based Technology to Develop Cure for HIV/AIDS". www.healio.com. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  123. ^ "NIH launches new collaboration to develop gene-based cures for sickle cell disease and HIV on global scale". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2019-10-23. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  124. ^ "Dr. Fauci Moves to Cure AIDS". The Gay & Lesbian Review. 2021-02-19. Retrieved 2021-04-07.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS&oldid=1098481153"