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The perception of the duration of an event seems to be modulated by our recent experiences. Humans typically overestimate the perceived duration of the initial event in a stream of identical events <ref name=Rose1995>{{cite journal | authors=Rose, D. & Summers, J. | title=Duration illusions in a train of visual stimuli | journal=Perception | volume=24 | issue=10 | year=1995 | pages=1177–1187 | doi=10.1068/p241177}}</ref> and unexpected “oddball” stimuli seem to be perceived as longer in duration, relative to expected or frequently presented “standard” stimuli <ref name=Tse2004>{{cite journal | authors=Tse, Intriligator, Rivest, & Cavanagh | title=Attention and the subjective expansion of time | journal=Perception & Psychophysics | volume=66 | issue=7 | year=2004 | pages=1171–1189 | doi=10.3758/BF03196844}}</ref>. |
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The oddball effect may serve an evolutionarily adapted “alerting” function and is consistent with reports of time slowing down in threatening situations. The effect seems to be strongest for images that are expanding in size on the retina, in other words, that are "looming" or approaching the viewer<ref name=New2009>{{cite journal | authors=New, J.J. & Scholl, B.J. | title=Subjective time dilation: Spatially local, object-based, or a global visual experience? | journal=Journal of Vision | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=2009 | pages= | doi=10.1167/9.2.4}}</ref><ref name=Tse2004/><ref name=vanWassenhove2008>{{cite journal | authors=V. van Wassenhove, D.V. Buonomano, S. Shimojo, L. Shams | title=Distortions of subjective time perception within and across senses | journal=PLoS ONE | volume=3 | issue=1 | year=2008 | pages=e1437 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001437}}</ref>, and the effect can be eradicated for oddablls that are contracting or perceived to be receding from the viewer<ref name=New2009/>. The effect is also reduced<ref name=Tse2004/> or reversed<ref name=vanWassenhove2008/> with a static oddball presented amongst a stream of expanding stimuli. |
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Initial studies suggested that this oddball-induced “subjective time dilation” expanded the perceived duration of oddball stimuli by 30–50%<ref name=Tse2004/> but subsequent research has reported more modest expansion of around 10%<ref name=Ulrich2006>{{cite journal | authors=R. Ulrich, J. Nitschke, T. Rammsayer | title=Perceived duration of expected and unexpected stimuli | journal=Psychological Research | volume=70 | issue=2 | year=2006 | pages=77-87 | doi=10.1007/s00426-004-0195-4}}</ref><ref name=vanWassenhove2008/><ref name=Chen2009>{{cite journal | authors=Chen & Yeh | title=Asymmetric cross-modal effects in time perception | journal=Acta Psychologica | volume=130 | issue=3 | year=2009 | pages=225–234 | doi=10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.12.008}}</ref><ref name=Seifried2010>{{cite journal | authors=Seifried, T. & Ulrich, R. | title=Does the asymmetry effect inflate the temporal expansion of odd stimuli? | journal=Psychological Research – Psychologische Forschung | volume=74 | issue=1 | year=2010 | pages=90–98 | doi=10.1007/s00426-008-0187-x}}</ref> or less<ref name=AaenStockdale2011>{{cite journal | authors=Aaen-Stockdale, C., Hotchkiss, J., Heron, J. & Whitaker, D. | title=Perceived time is spatial frequency dependent | journal=Vision research | volume=51 | issue=11 | year=2011 | pages=1232-1238 | doi=10.1016/j.visres.2011.03.019}}</ref>. The direction of the effect, whether the viewer perceives an increase or a decrease in duration, also seems to be dependent upon the stimulus used<ref name=AaenStockdale2011/>. |
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