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==Taxa and stratigraphy==
==Taxa and stratigraphy==
Cycloids are known from deposits ranging from the Early [[Carboniferous]] to the very end of the Cretaceous [[Maastrichtian]] (''Maastrichtocaris rostrata'').<ref name="Dzik"/> They are one of only three groups of "generally Palaeozoic" arthropods to survive the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]], the others being the freshwater-living [[Euthycarcinoida]] and the marine [[Thylacocephala]].<ref name="Dzik"/>
Cycloids are known from deposits ranging from the Early [[Carboniferous]] to the very end of the Cretaceous ([[Maastrichtian]]). They are one of only three groups of "generally Palaeozoic" arthropods to survive the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]], the others being the freshwater-living [[Euthycarcinoida]] and the marine [[Thylacocephala]].<ref name="Dzik"/>


=== Families and genera ===
=== Families and genera ===

Revision as of 22:05, 21 January 2023

"Cycloidea" redirects here. For the CYCLOIDEA gene in plants, see peloria.

Cyclida
Temporal range: Carboniferous–Maastrichtian
Diagram of Brittaniclus rankini (formerly Americulus rankini) in ventral view
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Superclass: Multicrustacea
Order: †Cyclida
Schram, Vonk & Hof, 1997
Genera

See text

Cyclida (formerly Cycloidea, and so sometimes known as cycloids) is an extinct order of crab-like fossil arthropods that lived from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous. Their classification is uncertain, but they are generally interpreted as crustaceans, likely belonging to the superclass Multicrustacea.

Description

Cyclidans have a "striking" resemblance to crabs,[1] with circular to ovoid carapaces, which vary from flat to domed.[2] The largest members are over 6 centimetres (2.4 in) across the carapace.[3] Their gills are horseshoe shaped.[2] The head had a pair of stalked eyes, as well as two pairs of antennae, the first of which (dubbed the antennulae), are significantly longer than the second. There are at least eight pairs of appendages excluding the antennae and antennulae. The anterior appendages are modified into chelae used for grasping, with the posterior appendages being walking legs, which have sharp terminal segments (dactyli).[2] In some well-preserved specimens, the body ends with a pair of prosterior processes, dubbed "caudal rami".[4]

Affinities

There is considerable debate about the placement of cycloids within the Arthropoda. While they are generally considered to be crustaceans of some kind, doubts have been expressed about the homology of cycloids' respiratory structures with those of other crustaceans, and parallels drawn instead with chelicerates.[5]

The first description of a cycloid was in the 1836 treatise Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire by John Phillips,[6][7] where Phillips described "Agnostus ? radialis" among the trilobites, with the text "ribs radiating, with acute puncta; abdomen mucronate".[8] In 1838, Hermann von Meyer described a species of trilobite, albeit in the genus Limulus, and later transferred it to a new genus, Halicyne, recognising that it was something different.[6] In 1841, Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck transferred Phillips' species to a new genus, Cyclus, away from the trilobites, although he later described a second species of Cyclus which was later recognised as the hypostome of a trilobite.[6] Cycloids were later considered to be members of the Xiphosura, true crabs, and branchiurans.[9]

In an unpublished dissertation, Neil D. L. Clark proposed in 1989 that cycloids were copepods.[9] In 1997, Frederick Schram and his co-authors[6] classified them as the sister group to copepods, within the Maxillopoda,[5] and in 2008, Jerzy Dzik[3] placed them as an order within the maxillopod suborder Branchiura,[5] which previously contained only the modern fish lice. A 2020 study based on well preserved remains of Americlidae from the Carboniferous of Britain found that Cyclida had the greatest affinities with Copepoda and Malacostraca, and likely represented an independent branch of the Multicrustacea.[10]

Ecology

While most cyclidans are known from marine environments, a handful are known to have inhabited freshwater environments. Many marine species occupied reef habitats, while other are known to have lived in deep marine settings. Some cyclidans are suggested to have been scavengers, feeding on organic detritus, similar to some modern crabs.[2]

Taxa and stratigraphy

Cycloids are known from deposits ranging from the Early Carboniferous to the very end of the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian). They are one of only three groups of "generally Palaeozoic" arthropods to survive the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the others being the freshwater-living Euthycarcinoida and the marine Thylacocephala.[3]

Families and genera

After Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020.[2]

  • Family Schraminidae Dzik, 2008
    • Schramine Dzik, 2008[3] comprises two species from the Carboniferous of North America and three species from the Early Triassic of Madagascar, some of which were formerly included in Halicyne.
    • Opolanka Dzik, 2008[3] contains a single species found in Late Triassic rocks at Krasiejów in Poland.[3]
    • Apionicon Schram, Vonk & Hof, 1997 is known from a single species found in Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) shales in Illinois, including Mazon Creek.[6]
  • Family Cyclidae Packard, 1885
    • Ambocyclus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 contains three species from the Carboniferous of Ireland, North America and Russia
    • Prolatcyclus Mychko, Feldmann, Schweitzer & Alekseev, 2019 Contains two species from the lower Carboniferous of England and Russia
    • Cyclus de Koninck, 1841 formerly contained 17 species found in Carboniferous deposits of Europe, Asia and North America, now defined to only include the species Cyclus radialis from the lower Carboniferous of Europe
    • Carabicyclus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 known from two species from the Lower Carboniferous of the British Isles
    • Litocyclus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 definitely two and possibly four species, known from the Lower Carboniferous of the British Isles and the Upper Carboniferous of North America
    • Chernyshevine Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 known from a single species from the Lower Carboniferous of Tajikistan
    • Tazawacyclus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 known from a single species from the Lower Carboniferous of Japan
    • Uralocyclus Mychko & Alekseev, 2018 contains two species from the Lower Carboniferous of the British Isles and the Earliest Permian of Chelyabinsk, Russia
  • Family Halicynidae Gall & Grauvogel, 1967
    • Halicyne von Meyer, 1844 contains six species from the Middle Triassic of Europe.[3]
    • Carcinaspides Glaessner, 1969 contains a single species found in limestone rocks in the Isar valley of Bavaria (Germany) and is probably of Mid to Late Triassic age.[3]
    • Juracyclus Schweigert, 2007 comprises a single species found in the Early Jurassic Posidonienschiefer near Tübingen, southern Germany.[1]
  • Family Americlidae Dzik, 2008
    • Americlus contains six species from the Carboniferous of Europe and North America including A. americanus (formerly Cyclus americanus),[3] a well known species from Mazon Creek.[6]
    • Yunnanocyclus Feldmann, Schweitzer & Hu, 2017 single species known from the Middle Triassic of China
    • Brittaniclus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 Contains three species from the Carboniferous of Britian
    • Dziklus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 Contains a single species known from the Upper Carboniferous of North America
    • Malayacyclus Tang et al. 2021[11] Contains one species from the Lower Carboniferous of Malaysia
  • Family Alsasuacaridae van Bakel, Jagt, Fraaije & Artal, 2011
  • Family Hemitrochiscidae Trauth, 1918
    • Cyclocarcinides Glaessner, 1969 comprises 5 species known from the Upper Triassic of Europe
    • Hemitrochiscus Schauroth, 1854 known from one species found in Late Permian dolomite near Wünschendorf/Elster (Germany).[3]
    • Oonocarcinus Gemmellaro, 1890 is known from 3 species from the Permian of Sicily and 1 species from the Late Triassic of Slovakia
    • Paraprosopon Gemmellaro, 1890 is known from one species from the Permian of Sicily (Italy).[3]
    • Skuinocyclus Mychko & Alekseev, 2018 comprises one species from the earliest Permian of Bashkortostan, Russia
  • Incertae sedis
    • Anhelkocephalon Bill, 1914 known from a single species found in the Middle Triassic of France, originally classified as an isopod.[4]
    • Magnitocyclus Mychko et al. 2022, comprises a single species from the Lower Carboniferous of Russia.[13]

Further reading

  • Alpheus Spring Packard (1885). "The Syncarida, a group of Carboniferous Crustacea". The American Naturalist. 19 (7): 700–703. doi:10.1086/274005. JSTOR 2450109.

References

  1. ^ a b Günter Schweigert (2007). "Juracyclus posidoniae n. gen. and sp., the first cycloid arthropod from the Jurassic" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 81 (1): 213–215. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.490.9065. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[213:JPNGAS]2.0.CO;2.
  2. ^ a b c d e Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Mychko, Eduard V.; Feldmann, Rodney M. (2020-06-22). "Revision of Cyclida (Pancrustacea, Multicrustacea), with five new genera". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 296 (3): 245–303. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2020/0905. ISSN 0077-7749.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jerzy Dzik (2008). "Gill structure and relationships of the Triassic cycloid crustaceans" (PDF). Journal of Morphology. 269 (12): 1501–1519. doi:10.1002/jmor.10663. PMID 18690662. S2CID 17617567.
  4. ^ a b Schädel, Mario; Haug, Joachim T. (2020-05-29). "A new interpretation of the enigmatic fossil arthropod Anhelkocephalon handlirschi Bill, 1914 – important insights in the morphology of Cyclida". Palaeodiversity. 13 (1): 69. doi:10.18476/pale.v13.a7. ISSN 1867-6294.
  5. ^ a b c Geoff A. Boxshall; Damià Jaume (2009). "Exopodites, epipodites and gills in crustaceans" (PDF). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny. 67 (2): 229–254. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Frederick R. Schram; Ronald Vonk; Cees H. J. Hof (1997). "Mazon Creek Cycloidea". Journal of Paleontology. 71 (2): 261–284. doi:10.1017/S0022336000039172. JSTOR 1306460.
  7. ^ Frederick R. Schram; Arjan C. Boere; Natalie Thomas (2006). "Cycloids of the Mississippian Bear Gulch limestone of central Montana" (PDF). Contributions in Science. 504: 1–8. doi:10.5962/p.210567. S2CID 160017485. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-21. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  8. ^ John Phillips (1836). Part 2. The Mountain Limestone District. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. London: John Murray.
  9. ^ a b c René H. B. Fraaije; Frederick R. Schram; Ronald Vonk (2003). "Maastrichtiocaris rostratus new genus and species, the first Cretaceous cycloid". Journal of Paleontology. 77 (2): 386–388. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0386:MRNGAS>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4094744.
  10. ^ Redescription of Americlus rankini (Woodward, 1868) (Pancrustacea: Cyclida: Americlidae) and interpretation of its systematic placement, morphology, and paleoecology Neil D L Clark, Rodney M Feldmann, Frederick R Schram, Carrie E Schweitzer Journal of Crustacean Biology, Volume 40, Issue 2, March 2020, Pages 181–193, https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa001
  11. ^ Tang, Hung Yung; Mychko, Eduard V.; Feldmann, Rodney M.; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Shaari, Hasrizal; Sone, Masatoshi (December 2021). "Malayacyclus gen. nov., the first Southeast Asian Cyclida (Crustacea) from the Early Carboniferous of Terengganu, Malaysia". Geological Journal. 56 (12): 6022–6030. doi:10.1002/gj.4128. ISSN 0072-1050.
  12. ^ Barry W. M. van Bakel; John W. M. Jagt; René H. B. Fraaije & Pedro Artal (2011). "A new family, genus and species of cyclid (Crustacea, Branchiura, Cyclida) from mid-Cretaceous reefal deposits in northern Spain" (PDF). Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum. 37: 47–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  13. ^ Mychko, Eduard V.; Alekseev, Alexander S.; Zaytseva, Elena L.; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Feldmann, Rodney M. (2022-07-29). "New finding of Cyclida (Crustacea) from Mississippian and not‑cyclidan from Permian of Russia". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 305 (1): 75–85. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2022/1077. ISSN 0077-7749.
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