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Coordinates: 29°26′N 115°52′E / 29.433°N 115.867°E / 29.433; 115.867
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| image = 庐山日出.JPG
| image = 庐山日出.JPG
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption =
| caption =
| official_name = Lushan National Park
| official_name = Lu Mountain National Park
| location = [[Jiujiang]], China
| location = [[Jiujiang]], China
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)}}(ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)}}(ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)
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| year = 1996
| year = 1996
| area = {{convert|282|km2|sp=us}}
| area = {{convert|282|km2|sp=us}}
| buffer_zone =
| buffer_zone =
| locmapin = China
| locmapin = China
| map_caption = Location of Mount Lu in China
| map_caption = Location of Lu Mountain in China
}}
}}
[[File:Kuling Poster in 1920 s.png|thumb|Kuling poster in the 1920s,
[[File:Kuling Poster in 1920 s.png|thumb|Kuling poster in the 1920s,
[[Kuling, Jiujiang|Kuling]], Mount Lu, [[Jiujiang]] ]]
[[Kuling, Jiujiang|Kuling]], Lu Mountain, [[Jiujiang]] ]]
⚫
'''Lu Mountain''' or '''Lushan'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=庐山风景名胜区 - 中国旅游网/Lushan Scenic Spot - China Tourism Net |url=http://www.ct.cn/h-nd-897.html |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.ct.cn }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005134800/http://www.ct.cn/h-nd-897.html |date=2022-10-05 }}</ref> ({{zh|s=庐山|t={{linktext|廬山}}|p=Lúshān}}, [[Gan Chinese|Gan]]: Lu-san), officially named Lu Mountain National Park, is a mountain in China. It was also known as '''Kuanglu''' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|匡廬}}}}) in ancient times. It is situated in [[Jiujiang]], China, and is one of the most renowned mountains in the country. Lu Mountain is located primarily in [[Lushan City]] within [[Jiujiang]], although its northern portions are found in Jiujiang's [[Lianxi District]]. The oval-shaped mountains are about {{convert|25|km|sp=us}} long and {{convert|10|km|sp=us}} wide, and neighbors [[Jiujiang]] and the [[Yangtze River]] to the north, [[Nanchang]] to the south, and [[Poyang Lake]] to the east. Its highest point is Dahanyang Peak ({{lang|zh|大汉阳峰}}), reaching {{convert|1474|m|sp=us}} above sea level. Dahayang Peak is also one of the hundreds of steep peaks that tower above the so-called [[sea of clouds]] that can encompass the mountain for almost 200 days each year.


⚫
Lu Mountain is known for its grandeur, steepness, and beauty and is a prominent tourist attraction, especially during the summer months when the weather is cooler in the mountains than elsewhere. The mountain and the surrounding region is also one of the "spiritual centers" of China, containing many Buddhist and Taoist temples, in addition to landmarks of Confucianism.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/778 |title = Lushan National Park |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 4 Apr 2021 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226003945/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/778 |date=26 December 2018 }}</ref> Because of its striking beauty and sacred importance, Lu Mountain National Park has been a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1996.<ref name = "unesco" /> The overlapping [[Lushan Quaternary Glaciation National Geopark|Lu Mountain Geopark]] is a member of the [[International Network of Geoparks|UNESCO Global Geoparks Network]].
⚫
'''Mount Lu''' or '''Lushan'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=庐山风景名胜区 - 中国旅游网/Lushan Scenic Spot - China Tourism Net |url=http://www.ct.cn/h-nd-897.html |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.ct.cn}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005134800/http://www.ct.cn/h-nd-897.html |date=2022-10-05 }}</ref> ({{zh|s=庐山|t={{linktext|廬山}}|p=Lúshān}}, [[Gan Chinese|Gan]]: Lu-san) is a mountain situated in [[Jiujiang]], China. It was also known as '''Kuanglu''' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|匡廬}}}}) in ancient times. The mountain and its immediate area are officially designated as the Lushan National Park, and it is one of the most renowned mountains in the country. Mount Lu is located primarily in [[Lushan City]] within [[Jiujiang]], although its northern portions are found in Jiujiang's [[Lianxi District]]. The oval-shaped mountains are about {{convert|25|km|sp=us}} long and {{convert|10|km|sp=us}} wide, and neighbors [[Jiujiang]] and the [[Yangtze River]] to the north, [[Nanchang]] to the south, and [[Poyang Lake]] to the east. Its highest point is Dahanyang Peak ({{lang|zh|大汉阳峰}}), reaching {{convert|1474|m|sp=us}} above sea level. Dahayang Peak is also one of the hundreds of steep peaks that tower above the so-called [[sea of clouds]] that can encompass the mountain for almost 200 days each year.

⚫
Mount Lu is known for its grandeur, steepness, and beauty and is a prominent tourist attraction, especially during the summer months when the weather is cooler in the mountains than elsewhere. The mountain and the surrounding region is also one of the "spiritual centers" of China, containing many [[Buddhist temples|Buddhist]] and [[Daoist temple]]s in addition to landmarks of [[Confucianism]].<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Lushan National Park |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/778 |access-date=4 Apr 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226003945/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/778 |date=26 December 2018 }}</ref> Due to its striking beauty and sacred importance, Lushan National Park has been a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1996.<ref name="unesco" /> The overlapping [[Lushan Quaternary Glaciation National Geopark]] is a member of the [[International Network of Geoparks|UNESCO Global Geoparks Network]].


==History==
==History==
Mount Lu contains important sites and temples for [[Daoism]], ([[Mahayana]]) [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and even [[Christianity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=崔 |first=晓义 |title=庐山—雄奇山水与人文历史的完美融合 |url=http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/chinese/mlzg/mlsh/201703/t20170330_800092429.html |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=www.chinatoday.com.cn}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820045347/http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/chinese/mlzg/mlsh/201703/t20170330_800092429.html |date=20 August 2022}}</ref> Between AD 386 and 402 during the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]], [[Huiyuan (Buddhist)|Huiyuan]] founded [[Pure Land Buddhism]] and [[Donglin Temple (Jiujiang)|Donglin Temple]] on the slopes of Mount Lu.<ref name="unesco" /> During the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), Daoist temples were constructed nearby to house sacred scriptures.<ref name="unesco" /> The [[White Deer Grotto Academy]], founded in AD 940, was developed into a renowned center of academic research during the [[Song dynasty]] under the direction of Confucian scholar [[Zhu Xi]].<ref name="unesco" /> The academy was continually open until at least the 19th century. Other important medieval structures on the mountain include the grave of the famous Tang dynasty poet [[Tao Yuanming]] and imperial pavilions during the [[Ming dynasty]].
Lu Mountain contains important sites and temples for [[Taoism]], [[Mahayana|Buddhism]], and [[Confucianism]] and even [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=崔 |first1=晓义 |title=庐山—雄奇山水与人文历史的完美融合 |url=http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/chinese/mlzg/mlsh/201703/t20170330_800092429.html |website=www.chinatoday.com.cn |access-date=23 February 2023 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820045347/http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/chinese/mlzg/mlsh/201703/t20170330_800092429.html |date=20 August 2022 }}</ref> Between AD 386 and 402, during the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]], [[Huiyuan (Buddhist)|Huiyuan]] founded [[Pure Land Buddhism]] and [[Donglin Temple (Jiujiang)|Donglin Temple]] on the slopes of Lu Mountain.<ref name = "unesco" /> During the Tang dynasty (618–907), Taoist temples were constructed nearby to house sacred scriptures.<ref name = "unesco" /> The [[White Deer Grotto Academy]], founded in AD 940, was developed into a renowned center of academic research during the [[Song dynasty]] under the direction of Confucian scholar [[Zhu Xi]].<ref name = "unesco" /> The academy was continually open until at least the 19th century. Other important medieval structures on the mountain include the grave of the famous Tang dynasty poet [[Tao Yuanming]] and imperial pavilions during the [[Ming dynasty]].


In later years, [[Kuling, Jiujiang|Kuling]] in Mount Lu became a summer resort for Western missionaries in China. [[Absalom Sydenstricker]], the father of [[Pearl Buck]], was one of the first five missionaries to acquire a property in the Kuling Estate on the mountain. The development of Kuling was instigated by the Reverend Edward Little and Dr. Edgerton H. Hart.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=Stanley |title=The History of Lushan & Kuling |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-9916082-7-0 |edition=2nd revised |location=Phoenix, Arizona |oclc=892572743}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2023}} The four principal founders of the China's Nurses Association and its first president, Caroline Maddock Hart, met in Kuling to form this association.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Green |first1=Cathleen |title=Wuhu Missionaries: Dr. Edgerton Haskell Hart & Caroline Maddock Hart |last2=Crawford |first2=Stanley |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-9916082-3-2 |edition=2nd |location=Phoenix, Arizona |oclc=897465858}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2023}}
In later years, [[Kuling, Jiujiang|Kuling]] in Lu Mountain became a summer resort for Western missionaries in China. [[Absalom Sydenstricker]], the father of [[Pearl Buck]], was one of the first five missionaries to acquire a property in the Kuling Estate on the mountain. The development of Kuling was instigated by the Reverend Edward Little and Dr. Edgerton H. Hart.<ref>"The History of Lushan & Kuling" by Stanley Crawford</ref> The four principal founders of the China's Nurses Association and its first president, Caroline Maddock Hart, met in Kuling to form this association.<ref>"Wuhu Missionaries" by Cathleen Green and Stanley Crawford</ref>


During the [[Long March]], in early 1935, a battle took place in this area between [[Chinese Communist Party|communist]] [[Chinese Red Army|red army]] and [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[National Revolutionary Army|forces]], in which [[Hu Yaobang]], later [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]], was seriously injured.
During the [[Long March]], in early 1935, a battle took place in this area between [[Chinese Communist Party|communist]] [[Chinese Red Army|Red Army]] and [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] [[National Revolutionary Army|forces]], in which [[Hu Yaobang]], later [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]], was seriously injured.


Mount Lu was once dubbed the {{transl|zh|hsiatu}} ({{transl|zh|xiadu}}, "summer capital") of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. [[Chiang Kai-shek]], China's leader at the time, would frequently spend his summers here. In June 1937, [[Zhou Enlai]], then a major leader in the Communist Party, met with Chiang on the mountain to discuss a [[Second United Front|united front]] against the Japanese invasion. In July 1937, Chiang Kai-shek announced his intention for a full mobilization for [[Second Sino-Japanese war|war against Japan]] from Mount Lu. In 1946, following the war, the U.S. special diplomatic mission led by General [[George C. Marshall]] met with Chiang Kai-Shek to discuss the role of post-World War II China.
Lu Mountain was once dubbed the ''hsiatu'' (''xiadu'', "summer capital") of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. [[Chiang Kai-shek]], China's leader at the time, would frequently spend his summers here. In June 1937, [[Zhou Enlai]], then a major leader in the Communist Party, met with Chiang on the mountain to discuss a [[Second United Front|united front]] against the Japanese invasion. In July 1937, Chiang Kai-shek announced his intention for a full mobilization for [[Second Sino-Japanese war|war against Japan]] from Lu Mountain. In 1946, following the war, the U.S. special diplomatic mission led by General [[George C. Marshall]] met with Chiang Kai-Shek to discuss the role of post-World War II China.


[[Mao Zedong]] convened three large conferences of senior party officials at Mount Lu, in 1959, 1961, and 1970. The 1959 conference became known as the [[Lushan Conference]]. The meeting saw the purge of decorated [[Chinese Civil War]] and [[Korean War]] general [[Peng Dehuai]], who was critical of Mao's [[Great Leap Forward]] policies. The 1970 Lushan Conference took place during the [[Cultural Revolution]], and marked the increasing antagonism between those loyal to Mao and those loyal to his chosen successor [[Lin Biao]].
Mao Zedong convened three large conferences of senior party officials at Lu Mountain, in 1959, 1961, and 1970. The 1959 conference became known as the [[Lu Mountain Conference]]. The meeting saw the purge of decorated [[Chinese Civil War]] and [[Korean War]] general [[Peng Dehuai]], who was critical of Mao's [[Great Leap Forward]] policies. The 1970 Lu Mountain Conference took place during the [[Cultural Revolution]], and marked the increasing antagonism between those loyal to Mao and those loyal to his chosen successor, [[Lin Biao]].


In 1980 the famous movie ''[[Romance on Lushan Mountain]]'', which was entirely shot on Mount Lu, was released to the public and won considerable positive reception. It was considered as the most progressive film since the founding of [[China|communist China]], because there was a kissing scene in the movie, which was seen as public taboo in the pre-[[Chinese economic reform|reform-and-opening-up]] China. It still holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for "the longest first run of a film in one cinema" for having been shown continuously since 1980 until today.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Sangkyun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-85DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |title=Film Tourism in Asia: Evolution, Transformation, and Trajectory |last2=Reijnders |first2=Stijn |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811059094 |page=54}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223003507/https://books.google.com/books?id=F-85DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |date=2023-02-23 }}</ref>
In 1980, the famous movie ''[[Romance on Lushan Mountain|Romance on Lu Mountain]]'', which was entirely shot in Lu Mountain, was released to the public and won considerable positive reception. It was considered as the most progressive film since the founding of [[China|communist China]], because there was a kissing scene in the movie, which was seen as public taboo in the pre-[[Chinese economic reform|reform-and-opening-up]] China. It still holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for "the longest first run of a film in one cinema" for having been shown continuously since 1980 until today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Sangkyun |last2=Reijnders |first2=Stijn |title=Film Tourism in Asia: Evolution, Transformation, and Trajectory |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811059094 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-85DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223003507/https://books.google.com/books?id=F-85DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |date=2023-02-23 }}</ref>


==Attractions and features==
==Attractions and features==
Popular attractions on Mount Lu include the Immortal Caverns ({{lang|zh|仙人洞}}), Meilu Outhouse ({{lang|zh|美庐别墅}}), Five Old Man Peaks ({{lang|zh|五老峰}}), White Deer Cavern Academy ({{lang|zh|白鹿洞书院}}), Three Tiled Springs ({{lang|zh|三叠泉}}), Lulin Lake ({{lang|zh|芦林湖}}), Lushan Hot Springs ({{lang|zh|庐山温泉}}), [[Lushan Botanical Garden]] ({{lang|zh|植物园}}), Bamboo Temple ({{lang|zh|竹山寺}}), Guanyin Bridge ({{lang|zh|观音桥}}), Peach Blossom Garden ({{lang|zh|桃花源}}), [[Catholic Church of Mount Lu]] ({{lang|zh|庐山天主堂}}),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-09 |title=Mount Lu {{!}} China & Asia Cultural Travel |url=https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/mount-lu/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821161414/https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/mount-lu/ |date=2021-08-21 }}</ref> and many more.
Popular attractions in Lu mountain include the Immortal Caverns ({{lang|zh|仙人洞}}), Meilu Outhouse ({{lang|zh|美庐别墅}}), Five Old Man Peaks ({{lang|zh|五老峰}}), White Deer Cavern Academy ({{lang|zh|白鹿洞书院}}), Three Tiled Springs ({{lang|zh|三叠泉}}), Lulin Lake ({{lang|zh|芦林湖}}), Lu Mountain Hot Springs ({{lang|zh|庐山温泉}}), Botanical Garden ({{lang|zh|植物园}}), the Bamboo Temple ({{lang|zh|竹山寺}}), Guanyin Bridge ({{lang|zh|观音桥}}), Peach Blossom Garden ({{lang|zh|桃花源}}), [[Catholic Church of Lu Mountain]] ({{lang|zh|庐山天主堂}}),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-09|title=Mount Lu {{!}} China & Asia Cultural Travel|url=https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/mount-lu/|access-date=2021-08-21|language=en-US}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821161414/https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/mount-lu/ |date=2021-08-21 }}</ref> and many more.
⚫
* The ''Lu Mountain Botanical Garden'' features tens of thousands of plant species.

⚫
* The ''Lushan Botanical Garden'' features tens of thousands of plant species.
* Below the ''Five Old Men Peak'' is the ''[[White Deer Grotto Academy]]'', named after the poet Li Bo ({{zh|s=李渤|t=李渤}}) (not to be confused with the famous poet [[Li Bai]]), who raised white deer there. It is one of the most famous higher learning institutions in ancient China.
* Below the ''Five Old Men Peak'' is the ''[[White Deer Grotto Academy]]'', named after the poet Li Bo ({{zh|s=李渤|t=李渤}}) (not to be confused with the famous poet [[Li Bai]]), who raised white deer there. It is one of the most famous higher learning institutions in ancient China.
* West is the ''Flower Path'' which provided inspiration to [[Bai Juyi]], a famous poet who lived during the [[Tang dynasty]].
* West is the ''Flower Path'' which provided inspiration to [[Bai Juyi]], a famous poet who lived during the [[Tang dynasty]].
* Between the [[Yangtze River]] and [[Poyang Lake]] lie the Greater and Lesser Tianchi Lakes, the Jingxiu Valley, and Lulin Lake. On the north bank of the latter is the ''Mount Lu Museum'', which features pottery and bronzes dating from various periods of ancient China, as well as [[Chinese calligrapy|calligraphy]] from the Tang dynasty and paintings from the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties.
* Between the [[Yangtze River]] and [[Poyang Lake]] lie the Greater and Lesser Tianchi Lakes, the Jingxiu Valley, and Lulin Lake. On the north bank of the latter is the ''Mount Lu Museum'', which features pottery and bronzes dating from various periods of ancient China, as well as calligraphy from the Tang dynasty and paintings from the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties.
* At the centre (between three peaks), and at an altitude of over 1 kilometer above sea level, is the town of [[Kuling, Jiujiang|Kuling]], which is linked by a mountain highway to neighboring spots in the region.
* At the centre (between three peaks), and at an altitude of over 1 kilometer above sea level, is the town of [[Kuling, Jiujiang|Kuling]], which is linked by a mountain highway to neighboring spots in the region.
* World-famous '[[Cloud tea#Lushan cloud tea|Lushan clouds and mist tea]]' ({{zh|s=庐山云雾茶|t=廬山云霧茶}}) is grown on the mountain.
* World-famous Lu Mountain Clouds and Mist Tea ({{zh|s=庐山云雾茶|t=廬山云霧茶}}) is grown in the mountains.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
{{gallery |mode=packed
<gallery mode="packed">
|File:Lushan Mountain Celetial Cave.JPG|Mountain Immortals Cave
File:Lushan Mountain Celetial Cave.JPG|Mountain Immortals Cave
|File:庐山礼拜堂.jpg|Christian church
File:庐山礼拜堂.jpg|Christian church
|File:芦林湖.JPG|Lake Lulin
File:芦林湖.JPG|Lake Lulin
|File:庐山东林寺大雄宝殿.JPG|Donglin temple
File:庐山东林寺大雄宝殿.JPG|Donglin temple
|File:白鹿洞书院五院之一.JPG|White Deer Grotte Academy
File:白鹿洞书院五院之一.JPG|White Deer Grotto Academy
|File:Lofty Mt.Lu by Shen Zhou.jpg|''Lofty Mount Lu'' by Shen Zhou, 1467
File:Lofty Mt.Lu by Shen Zhou.jpg|''Lofty Lu Mountain'' by Shen Zhou, 1467
|File:Mount Lushan - fog.JPG|The small peaks of the mountain range can be climbed by visitors.
File:Mount Lushan - fog.JPG|The small peaks of the mountain range can be climbed by visitors.
|File:庐山景区 三叠泉附近山景 02.jpg|Mountain scenery near Sandie spring in Mount Lu scenic area
File:庐山景区 三叠泉附近山景 02.jpg|Mountain scenery near Sandie spring in Lu mountain scenic area
|File:庐山三叠泉.JPG
File:庐山三叠泉.JPG
|File:庐山西海风光 - panoramio (9).jpg|Mount Lu West Sea scenery
File:庐山西海风光 - panoramio (9).jpg|Lu Mountain West Sea scenery
</gallery>
}}


==Climate==
==Climate==

{{Weather box|width=auto
{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Mount Lu (1981–2010)
|location = Lu Mountain (1981–2010)
|Jan high C = 4.5
|Jan high C = 4.5
|Feb high C = 6.2
|Feb high C = 6.2
Line 91: Line 90:
|Nov mean C = 8.1
|Nov mean C = 8.1
|Dec mean C = 3.0
|Dec mean C = 3.0
|year mean C =
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -2.5
|Jan low C = -2.5
|Feb low C = -0.8
|Feb low C = -0.8
Line 116: Line 115:
|Nov record high C = 25.1 |Nov record low C = -9.9
|Nov record high C = 25.1 |Nov record low C = -9.9
|Dec record high C = 18.9 |Dec record low C = -16.7
|Dec record high C = 18.9 |Dec record low C = -16.7
|year high C= |year low C=
|year high C= |year low C=
|year high F = |year low F =
|year high F = |year low F =
|precipitation colour = green
|precipitation colour = green
Line 144: Line 143:
|Dec humidity = 63
|Dec humidity = 63
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| source 1 = China Meteorological Data Service Center<ref name="IBST">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:中国地面气候标准值月值(1981-2010) |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |access-date=10 October 2019 |publisher=China Meteorological Data Service Center |language=zh-hans}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |date=5 September 2018}}</ref>
| source 1 = China Meteorological Data Service Center<ref name=IBST>{{cite web
| url = http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html
| script-title = zh:中国地面气候标准值月值(1981-2010)
| publisher = China Meteorological Data Service Center
| language = zh-hans
| access-date = 10 October 2019
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |date=5 September 2018 }}</ref>
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Wikivoyage|Lushan}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Lushan Geopark}}
{{reflist}}


{{Template group
{{Template group
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{{Sacred Mountains of China}}
{{Sacred Mountains of China}}
}}
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{{Authority control}}


Revision as of 04:09, 23 March 2023

"Lushan" redirects here. For other uses, see Lushan (disambiguation).
Mount Lu
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official nameLu Mountain National Park
LocationJiujiang, China
CriteriaCultural: (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)
Reference778
Inscription1996 (20th Session)
Area282 square kilometers (109 sq mi)
Coordinates29°26′N 115°52′E / 29.433°N 115.867°E / 29.433; 115.867
Mount Lu is located in China
Mount Lu
Location of Lu Mountain in China
Kuling poster in the 1920s, Kuling, Lu Mountain, Jiujiang

Lu Mountain or Lushan[1] (simplified Chinese: 庐山; traditional Chinese: 廬山; pinyin: Lúshān, Gan: Lu-san), officially named Lu Mountain National Park, is a mountain in China. It was also known as Kuanglu (匡廬) in ancient times. It is situated in Jiujiang, China, and is one of the most renowned mountains in the country. Lu Mountain is located primarily in Lushan City within Jiujiang, although its northern portions are found in Jiujiang's Lianxi District. The oval-shaped mountains are about 25 kilometers (16 mi) long and 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) wide, and neighbors Jiujiang and the Yangtze River to the north, Nanchang to the south, and Poyang Lake to the east. Its highest point is Dahanyang Peak (大汉阳峰), reaching 1,474 meters (4,836 ft) above sea level. Dahayang Peak is also one of the hundreds of steep peaks that tower above the so-called sea of clouds that can encompass the mountain for almost 200 days each year.

Lu Mountain is known for its grandeur, steepness, and beauty and is a prominent tourist attraction, especially during the summer months when the weather is cooler in the mountains than elsewhere. The mountain and the surrounding region is also one of the "spiritual centers" of China, containing many Buddhist and Taoist temples, in addition to landmarks of Confucianism.[2] Because of its striking beauty and sacred importance, Lu Mountain National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996.[2] The overlapping Lu Mountain Geopark is a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network.

History

Lu Mountain contains important sites and temples for Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism and even Christianity.[3] Between AD 386 and 402, during the Jin dynasty, Huiyuan founded Pure Land Buddhism and Donglin Temple on the slopes of Lu Mountain.[2] During the Tang dynasty (618–907), Taoist temples were constructed nearby to house sacred scriptures.[2] The White Deer Grotto Academy, founded in AD 940, was developed into a renowned center of academic research during the Song dynasty under the direction of Confucian scholar Zhu Xi.[2] The academy was continually open until at least the 19th century. Other important medieval structures on the mountain include the grave of the famous Tang dynasty poet Tao Yuanming and imperial pavilions during the Ming dynasty.

In later years, Kuling in Lu Mountain became a summer resort for Western missionaries in China. Absalom Sydenstricker, the father of Pearl Buck, was one of the first five missionaries to acquire a property in the Kuling Estate on the mountain. The development of Kuling was instigated by the Reverend Edward Little and Dr. Edgerton H. Hart.[4] The four principal founders of the China's Nurses Association and its first president, Caroline Maddock Hart, met in Kuling to form this association.[5]

During the Long March, in early 1935, a battle took place in this area between communist Red Army and Nationalist forces, in which Hu Yaobang, later General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, was seriously injured.

Lu Mountain was once dubbed the hsiatu (xiadu, "summer capital") of the Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek, China's leader at the time, would frequently spend his summers here. In June 1937, Zhou Enlai, then a major leader in the Communist Party, met with Chiang on the mountain to discuss a united front against the Japanese invasion. In July 1937, Chiang Kai-shek announced his intention for a full mobilization for war against Japan from Lu Mountain. In 1946, following the war, the U.S. special diplomatic mission led by General George C. Marshall met with Chiang Kai-Shek to discuss the role of post-World War II China.

Mao Zedong convened three large conferences of senior party officials at Lu Mountain, in 1959, 1961, and 1970. The 1959 conference became known as the Lu Mountain Conference. The meeting saw the purge of decorated Chinese Civil War and Korean War general Peng Dehuai, who was critical of Mao's Great Leap Forward policies. The 1970 Lu Mountain Conference took place during the Cultural Revolution, and marked the increasing antagonism between those loyal to Mao and those loyal to his chosen successor, Lin Biao.

In 1980, the famous movie Romance on Lu Mountain, which was entirely shot in Lu Mountain, was released to the public and won considerable positive reception. It was considered as the most progressive film since the founding of communist China, because there was a kissing scene in the movie, which was seen as public taboo in the pre-reform-and-opening-up China. It still holds the Guinness World Record for "the longest first run of a film in one cinema" for having been shown continuously since 1980 until today.[6]

Attractions and features

Popular attractions in Lu mountain include the Immortal Caverns (仙人洞), Meilu Outhouse (美庐别墅), Five Old Man Peaks (五老峰), White Deer Cavern Academy (白鹿洞书院), Three Tiled Springs (三叠泉), Lulin Lake (芦林湖), Lu Mountain Hot Springs (庐山温泉), Botanical Garden (植物园), the Bamboo Temple (竹山寺), Guanyin Bridge (观音桥), Peach Blossom Garden (桃花源), Catholic Church of Lu Mountain (庐山天主堂),[7] and many more.

  • The Lu Mountain Botanical Garden features tens of thousands of plant species.
  • Below the Five Old Men Peak is the White Deer Grotto Academy, named after the poet Li Bo (Chinese: 李渤) (not to be confused with the famous poet Li Bai), who raised white deer there. It is one of the most famous higher learning institutions in ancient China.
  • West is the Flower Path which provided inspiration to Bai Juyi, a famous poet who lived during the Tang dynasty.
  • Between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake lie the Greater and Lesser Tianchi Lakes, the Jingxiu Valley, and Lulin Lake. On the north bank of the latter is the Mount Lu Museum, which features pottery and bronzes dating from various periods of ancient China, as well as calligraphy from the Tang dynasty and paintings from the Ming and Qing dynasties.
  • At the centre (between three peaks), and at an altitude of over 1 kilometer above sea level, is the town of Kuling, which is linked by a mountain highway to neighboring spots in the region.
  • World-famous Lu Mountain Clouds and Mist Tea (simplified Chinese: 庐山云雾茶; traditional Chinese: 廬山云霧茶) is grown in the mountains.
  • Mountain Immortals Cave
    Mountain Immortals Cave
  • Christian church
    Christian church
  • Lake Lulin
    Lake Lulin
  • Donglin temple
    Donglin temple
  • White Deer Grotto Academy
    White Deer Grotto Academy
  • Lofty Lu Mountain by Shen Zhou, 1467
    Lofty Lu Mountain by Shen Zhou, 1467
  • The small peaks of the mountain range can be climbed by visitors.
    The small peaks of the mountain range can be climbed by visitors.
  • Mountain scenery near Sandie spring in Lu mountain scenic area
    Mountain scenery near Sandie spring in Lu mountain scenic area
  • Lu Mountain West Sea scenery
    Lu Mountain West Sea scenery

Climate

Climate data for Lu Mountain (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.4
(66.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		24.6
(76.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		28.1
(82.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.8
(89.2) 		30.2
(86.4) 		28.5
(83.3) 		25.1
(77.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		31.8
(89.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		6.2
(43.2) 		10.2
(50.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.2
(77.4) 		21.4
(70.5) 		16.9
(62.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		7.2
(45.0) 		15.7
(60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		21.7
(71.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.1
(55.6) 		8.1
(46.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		11.9
(53.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		2.7
(36.9) 		8.6
(47.5) 		13.5
(56.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		15.5
(59.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		9.1
(48.3)
Record low °C (°F) −13.6
(7.5) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		12.8
(55.0) 		6.5
(43.7) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−16.7
(1.9) 		−16.7
(1.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 80.8
(3.18) 		96.7
(3.81) 		155.3
(6.11) 		216.7
(8.53) 		253.9
(10.00) 		291.3
(11.47) 		257.1
(10.12) 		258.9
(10.19) 		170.0
(6.69) 		105.0
(4.13) 		88.7
(3.49) 		49.5
(1.95) 		2,023.9
(79.67)
Average relative humidity (%) 72 77 78 78 79 84 83 85 84 76 67 63 77
Source: China Meteorological Data Service Center[8]

References

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lushan.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lushan Geopark.
  1. ^ "庐山风景名胜区 - 中国旅游网/Lushan Scenic Spot - China Tourism Net". www.ct.cn. Retrieved 2022-10-05. Archived 2022-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b c d e "Lushan National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 4 Apr 2021. Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ 崔, 晓义. "庐山—雄奇山水与人文历史的完美融合". www.chinatoday.com.cn. Retrieved 23 February 2023. Archived 20 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ "The History of Lushan & Kuling" by Stanley Crawford
  5. ^ "Wuhu Missionaries" by Cathleen Green and Stanley Crawford
  6. ^ Kim, Sangkyun; Reijnders, Stijn (2017). Film Tourism in Asia: Evolution, Transformation, and Trajectory. Springer. p. 54. ISBN 9789811059094. Archived 2023-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "Mount Lu | China & Asia Cultural Travel". 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2021-08-21. Archived 2021-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ 中国地面气候标准值月值(1981-2010) (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Data Service Center. Retrieved 10 October 2019. Archived 5 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
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