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Same as previous one; is this a proper quotation? "Khandait, Khandayat - Feudal Chief"; where's the context? In which age? Medieval? Searching Google Books with specific POV search strings result in such mess
Modifying the statement as per WP:NPOV; Highlighting the fact that they served the medieval Gajapati dynasty as feudal chiefs (without the context) in the lead is a perfect example of caste glorification! You have been warned by multiple editors including Sitush; edit war may lead to block, ban, etc; discuss on talk page in case of concern; WP:SPA, WP:CASTE
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{{use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Short description|Cultivating caste of Odisha, India}}
{{Short description|Cultivating caste of Odisha, India}}
'''Khandayat or Khandait''' is a cultivating caste as well as a peasant militia or landed militia caste from [[Odisha]], East india.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Frederick George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNHRWtDWsRIC&pg=PA132 |title=Politics and Social Change |publisher=University of California Press |year=1970 |page=132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayami |first=Yōko |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-VeAAAAAMAAJ |title=Gender and Modernity: Perspectives from Asia and the Pacific |last2=Tanabe |first2=Akio |last3=Tokita-Tanabe |first3=Yumiko |date=2003 |publisher=Kyoto University Press |isbn=978-4-87698-451-0 |pages=68 |language=en |quote=land that had been granted to chiefs ( dalabehera ) , sub - chiefs ( dalai ) , and peasant foot - soldiers ( paik ) - primarily of the Khandayat caste.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ernst |first=Waltraud |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism |last2=Pati |first2=Biswamoy |date=2007-10-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-11988-2 |pages=89 |language=en |quote=As highlighted above, most of the chiefs, zamindars, privileged tenure holders were Kshatriyas/Khandayats - this marked them out as rulers.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pati|first=Rabindra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&q=Khandayat+landed+militia&pg=PA116|title=Family Planning|date=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|language=en}}</ref> They were feudal chiefs, military generals, zamindars, large land holders and agriculturalists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhola |first=Sudhira Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4eLsAAAAMAAJ |title=British Economic Policy in Orissa |date=1990 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-075-0 |pages=179 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samal |first=J. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NO4xIxxt0kYC |title=Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912 |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-218-9 |pages=Vii |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Nihar Ranjan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC |title=Economic History of Orissa |date=1997 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 |pages=157 |language=en |quote=These estates were generally held by Khandayat militia chiefs who earlier served the Gajapati Kings.}}</ref> Numerically they are the largest caste of the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=Punjab Journal of Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktksAAAAIAAJ&q=khandayat+largest+caste+in+odisha|year=1986|publisher=Department of Political Science, Guru Nanak Dev University}}</ref>{{Bcn|date=April 2023}} The Odia Khandayat caste is recognised by the Government of Odisha among the socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC),<ref>{{cite web|title=SEBC List|url=https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-03/SEBC_List%28ODISHA%29.pdf}}</ref> though they are not entitled to any reservation benefit provided by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Centrersquos-no-to-Orissa-on-including-Khandayat-caste-in-OBC-list/article16851310.ece/amp/}}</ref>
'''Khandayat or Khandait''' is a cultivating caste as well as a peasant militia or landed militia caste from [[Odisha]], East india.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Frederick George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNHRWtDWsRIC&pg=PA132 |title=Politics and Social Change |publisher=University of California Press |year=1970 |page=132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayami |first=Yōko |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-VeAAAAAMAAJ |title=Gender and Modernity: Perspectives from Asia and the Pacific |last2=Tanabe |first2=Akio |last3=Tokita-Tanabe |first3=Yumiko |date=2003 |publisher=Kyoto University Press |isbn=978-4-87698-451-0 |pages=68 |language=en |quote=land that had been granted to chiefs ( dalabehera ) , sub - chiefs ( dalai ) , and peasant foot - soldiers ( paik ) - primarily of the Khandayat caste.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ernst |first=Waltraud |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism |last2=Pati |first2=Biswamoy |date=2007-10-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-11988-2 |pages=89 |language=en |quote=As highlighted above, most of the chiefs, zamindars, privileged tenure holders were Kshatriyas/Khandayats - this marked them out as rulers.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pati|first=Rabindra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&q=Khandayat+landed+militia&pg=PA116|title=Family Planning|date=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|language=en}}</ref> Some of them had earlier served as feudal chiefs as well as zamindars apart from being land holders and agriculturalists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhola |first=Sudhira Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4eLsAAAAMAAJ |title=British Economic Policy in Orissa |date=1990 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-075-0 |pages=179 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samal |first=J. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NO4xIxxt0kYC |title=Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912 |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-218-9 |pages=Vii |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Nihar Ranjan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC |title=Economic History of Orissa |date=1997 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 |pages=157 |language=en |quote=These estates were generally held by Khandayat militia chiefs who earlier served the Gajapati Kings.}}</ref> Numerically they are the largest caste of the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=Punjab Journal of Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktksAAAAIAAJ&q=khandayat+largest+caste+in+odisha|year=1986|publisher=Department of Political Science, Guru Nanak Dev University}}</ref>{{Bcn|date=April 2023}} The Odia Khandayat caste is recognised by the Government of Odisha among the socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC),<ref>{{cite web|title=SEBC List|url=https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-03/SEBC_List%28ODISHA%29.pdf}}</ref> though they are not entitled to any reservation benefit provided by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Centrersquos-no-to-Orissa-on-including-Khandayat-caste-in-OBC-list/article16851310.ece/amp/}}</ref>


{{Infobox caste
{{Infobox caste

Revision as of 19:11, 10 April 2023

Khandayat or Khandait is a cultivating caste as well as a peasant militia or landed militia caste from Odisha, East india.[1][2][3][4] Some of them had earlier served as feudal chiefs as well as zamindars apart from being land holders and agriculturalists.[5][6][7] Numerically they are the largest caste of the state.[8][better source needed] The Odia Khandayat caste is recognised by the Government of Odisha among the socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC),[9] though they are not entitled to any reservation benefit provided by the Government of India.[10]

Khandayat
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesOdia
Populated statesOdisha

Etymology

The term Khandayat is believed to have originated from the word "Khanda" meaning sword and khandayat means sword wielding.[11][12][better source needed]

History

During the medieval period, this class of peasant warriors or landed militia acquired good amounts of agricultural land and some of them became local zamindars.[13]

Fakir Mohan Senapati, while Quoting Abul Fazal, mentioned Khandayats as a landowning caste that dominated the politics and military of Gajapati Empire.[14]

During British rule, some wealthy people from peasant castes and other communities such as Adivasis, Bhuyans, Chasas, and Agharias started identifying as Khandayats in order to gain status, distance themselves from their original castes/communities, and exploit Zamindar land rights.[15][16]

Varna status

Traditionally, they are a quasi-martial caste who claim themselves to be of Kshatriya status, but they were considered by the Brahmins and others to be in the Shudra varna category due to the majority of Khandayats being peasants. Pradhan also attributes this to Brahmin patronage of Rajputs, who also claimed to be of Kshatriya status.[17][clarification needed]


References

  1. ^ Bailey, Frederick George (1970). Politics and Social Change. University of California Press. p. 132.
  2. ^ Hayami, Yōko; Tanabe, Akio; Tokita-Tanabe, Yumiko (2003). Gender and Modernity: Perspectives from Asia and the Pacific. Kyoto University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-4-87698-451-0. land that had been granted to chiefs ( dalabehera ) , sub - chiefs ( dalai ) , and peasant foot - soldiers ( paik ) - primarily of the Khandayat caste.
  3. ^ Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (18 October 2007). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-134-11988-2. As highlighted above, most of the chiefs, zamindars, privileged tenure holders were Kshatriyas/Khandayats - this marked them out as rulers.
  4. ^ Pati, Rabindra Nath (2008). Family Planning. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8.
  5. ^ Bhola, Sudhira Chandra (1990). British Economic Policy in Orissa. Discovery Publishing House. p. 179. ISBN 978-81-7141-075-0.
  6. ^ Samal, J. K. (1990). Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912. Mittal Publications. pp. Vii. ISBN 978-81-7099-218-9.
  7. ^ Patnaik, Nihar Ranjan (1997). Economic History of Orissa. Indus Publishing. p. 157. ISBN 978-81-7387-075-0. These estates were generally held by Khandayat militia chiefs who earlier served the Gajapati Kings.
  8. ^ Punjab Journal of Politics. Department of Political Science, Guru Nanak Dev University. 1986.
  9. ^ "SEBC List" (PDF).
  10. ^ "The Hindu".
  11. ^ Ghosh, G. K. (2000). Legends of Origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India. Firma KLM. ISBN 978-81-7102-046-1.
  12. ^ Pati, Biswamoy (2003). Identity, Hegemony, Resistance: Towards a Social History of Conversions in Orissa, 1800-2000. Three Essays Collective. ISBN 978-81-88789-04-7.
  13. ^ Mohanty, Ramesh P.; Biswal, Durgesh Nandini (2007). Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-8324-199-1.
  14. ^ Senapati, Fakir Mohan (1 February 2006). Six Acres And A Third: Chaa Mana Atha Guntha. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-93-5118-251-1.
  15. ^ Waltraud Ernst; Biswamoy Pati, eds. (2007). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. ISBN 9781134119882.
  16. ^ Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (18 October 2007). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-134-11988-2.
  17. ^ Pradhan, Prasanta Kumar (1996). "Story of the Peasant Militias or the Khandayats or Orissa: A Socio-Historical Approach". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 57: 752–745 – via JSTOR.

Further reading

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