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'''Friedrich Rabod von Schele''' (15 September 1847-20 July 1904) was a German military officer and colonial administrator who served as governor of [[German East Africa]] from 1893 to 1895. |
'''Friedrich Rabod von Schele''' (15 September 1847-20 July 1904) was a German military officer and colonial administrator who served as governor of [[German East Africa]] from 1893 to 1895. |
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== Early life and career == |
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Friedrich was born in [[Berlin]] to Werner Von Schele (1814-1869) and Marie Eichhorn (1822-1861). He joined the officer corps of the [[Prussian Army]] in 1865 and was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]]. Von Schele first saw combat during the [[Austro-Prussian War]] as an officer in the cavalry. During the [[Franco-Prussian War]], von Schele was appointed Deputy [[Adjutant]] of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Brigade, and served as an orderly officer to [[Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906)|Prince Albert von Hohenzollern]]. In 1877, von Schele was promoted to [[Rittmeister]] of the 2nd Hanoverian Dragoons. |
Friedrich was born in [[Berlin]] to Werner Von Schele (1814-1869) and Marie Eichhorn (1822-1861). He joined the officer corps of the [[Prussian Army]] in 1865 and was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]]. Von Schele first saw combat during the [[Austro-Prussian War]] as an officer in the cavalry. During the [[Franco-Prussian War]], von Schele was appointed Deputy [[Adjutant]] of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Brigade, and served as an orderly officer to [[Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906)|Prince Albert von Hohenzollern]]. In 1877, von Schele was promoted to [[Rittmeister]] of the 2nd Hanoverian Dragoons.<ref name=":1" /> |
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By 1891, von Schele had attained the rank of [[major]] and was appointed head of the cavalry department in the [[Ministry of War (Prussia)|Ministry of War]]. |
By 1891, von Schele had attained the rank of [[major]] and was appointed head of the cavalry department in the [[Ministry of War (Prussia)|Ministry of War]]. |
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== Colonial service == |
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In 1892, von Schele was promoted to [[colonel]], and was assigned commander of the ''[[Schutztruppe]]'' in [[German East Africa]]. In August of 1893 he led a campaign against [[Chaga people|Chaga]] king [[Mangi Meli]], capturing his base at [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]] in [[Kilimanjaro Region|Kilimanjaro]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Beachey |first=R. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_history_of_east_africa_1592_1902.html?id=uSS6wgEACAAJ |title=A history of east africa, 1592-1902 |date=1996 |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies |language=it}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, Friedrich von Schele was appointed [[Reichskommissar]] of the colony. Upon his ascension he quickly began a pacification campaign against the [[Mbunga people|Mbunga]] tribe, which had been fighting a rebellion against German rule since 1889. Von Schele led the ''Schutztruppe'' in an expedition along the [[Rufiji River]] in search of Mbunga chieftain Lubiki-w-mtu, during which German troops torched and looted villages and killed around 250 Mbunga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boasblogs » Pompeii in Africa |url=https://boasblogs.org/dcntr/pompeii-in-africa/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |language=en}}</ref> Lubiki-w-mtu was eventually captured and was hanged in front of his own subjects on December 20, 1893, after which von Schele declared that all the Mbunga were now subjects of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]], and any further "marauding, plundering or slaving" by the Mbunga would be prohibited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pizzo |first=David |title="To Devour the Land of Mkwawa": Colonial Violence and the German-Hehe War in East Africa c. 1884-1914 |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/df65v7991?locale=en}}</ref> |
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In 1892, von Schele was promoted to [[colonel]], and was assigned commander of the ''[[Schutztruppe]]'' in [[German East Africa]], beginning a gradual conquest of the East African interior. He crushed a revolt by the [[Nyamwezi people|Nyamwezi]] under chief Isike,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Iliffe |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0dalboHfXgC&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=bwana+heri&source=bl&ots=CDy94SjHG5&sig=ACfU3U2Vmh2lilf2V47YbUkvgGMGcBmJ6g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-vLO72YT_AhU6EVkFHZ1SA084ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=schele&f=false |title=A Modern History of Tanganyika |date=1979-05-10 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29611-3 |language=en}}</ref> before leading a campaign against [[Chaga people|Chaga]] king [[Mangi Meli]], capturing his base at [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]] in [[Kilimanjaro Region|Kilimanjaro]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Beachey |first=R. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_history_of_east_africa_1592_1902.html?id=uSS6wgEACAAJ |title=A history of east africa, 1592-1902 |date=1996 |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies |language=it}}</ref> In September of 1893, Schele was appointed [[Reichskommissar]] of the colony. |
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Upon his appointment as governor, Schele quickly began a pacification campaign against the [[Mbunga people|Mbunga]] tribe, which had been fighting a rebellion against German rule since 1889. Von Schele led the ''Schutztruppe'' in an expedition along the [[Rufiji River]] in search of Mbunga chieftain Lubiki-w-mtu, during which German troops torched and looted villages and killed around 250 Mbunga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boasblogs » Pompeii in Africa |url=https://boasblogs.org/dcntr/pompeii-in-africa/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |language=en}}</ref> Lubiki-w-mtu was eventually captured and was hanged in front of his own subjects on December 20,<ref name=":2" /> 1893, after which von Schele declared that all the Mbunga were now subjects of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]], and any further "marauding, plundering or slaving" by the Mbunga would be prohibited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pizzo |first=David |title="To Devour the Land of Mkwawa": Colonial Violence and the German-Hehe War in East Africa c. 1884-1914 |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/df65v7991?locale=en}}</ref> |
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In March of 1894, Schele's troops suppressed an uprising led by slave trader Bwana Heri, who had previously rebelled against the Germans during the [[Abushiri revolt]] three years earlier.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Finke |first=Jens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=bwana+heri&source=bl&ots=_q-ymOe0t_&sig=ACfU3U0BQEJUV4nBku8mJsFuQWrMPbpD3g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-vLO72YT_AhU6EVkFHZ1SA084ChDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=bwana%20heri&f=false |title=Tanzania |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-783-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macke |first=Alberta |date=1970-07 |title=Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960, Vol. I, The History and Politics of Colonialism, 1870–1914 edited by L. H. Gann and Peter Duignan Cambridge University Press. 1969. Pp. xi+532. 100s. $17.50. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/colonialism-in-africa-18701960-vol-i-the-history-and-politics-of-colonialism-18701914-edited-by-l-h-gann-and-peter-duignan-cambridge-university-press-1969-pp-xi532-100s-1750/4CF9EAD02CE36F165A693FB61C509C28 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=316–318 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00019789 |issn=1469-7777}}</ref> In October of that year, von Schele initiated a new military campaign against the [[Hehe people|Hehe]] tribe and their leader, [[Chief Mkwawa]]. The ''Schutztruppe'' attacked and took Mkwawa's stone fortress at [[Kalenga]] on 28 October, though were unable to capture the chief, who had escaped during the attack.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Log into Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Flegacy%2Fnotes%2F186207184787217%2F |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref> Nonetheless, von Schele was awarded the [[Pour le Mérite]], the highest order of merit in the Imperial German army, on 20 November, 1894 for his successful suppression of the Hehe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boochs |first=Wolfgang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4slEAAAQBAJ&dq=Friedrich+von+Schele&pg=PA202 |title=Deutsche Kolonien in Afrika: Afrikaner unter deutscher Flagge |date=2021-03-24 |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-7534-3256-4 |language=de}}</ref> |
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== Later career and death == |
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| ⚫ | Despite his successes, Schele's brutal methods in quelling revolts were met with harsh criticism from the German government, and in April 1895 he resigned from his post in protest.<ref name=":2" /> Following his resignation, Schele returned to Berlin, where he became an [[aide-de-camp]] to Wilhelm II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Röhl |first=John C. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-KGQYUc5AEC&dq=Schele+Ostafrika&pg=PA817 |title=Wilhelm II: der Aufbau der persönlichen Monarchie, 1888-1900 |date=2001 |publisher=C.H.Beck |isbn=978-3-406-48229-8 |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Friedrich Freiherr von Schele |url=http://prussianmachine.com/prussia/schele.htm |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=prussianmachine.com}}</ref> He then served as the military governor of [[Mainz]] before being discharged from the army for medical reasons in May of 1904. He died in Berlin on 20 July 1904, aged 56.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1847-09-15 |title=Friedrich Richard Frhr. von Schele |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Friedrich-Richard-Frhr-von-Schele/6000000090312800114 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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Revision as of 20:41, 20 May 2023
Friedrich von Schele | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 3rd Reichskommissar of German East Africa | |
| In office 15 September 1893 – 25 April 1895 | |
| Preceded by | Julius von Soden |
| Succeeded by | Hermann Wissmann |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 15 September 1847 Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | 20 July 1904 Berlin, Prussia, German Empire |
| Awards | Pour le Merite |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of Prussia (1863–1871) German Empire (1871–1904) |
| Branch/service |  Prussian Army |
| Years of service | 1863–1904 |
| Rank | Generalleutnant |
| Battles/wars | Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War Hehe Revolt |
Friedrich Rabod von Schele (15 September 1847-20 July 1904) was a German military officer and colonial administrator who served as governor of German East Africa from 1893 to 1895.
Early life and career
Friedrich was born in Berlin to Werner Von Schele (1814-1869) and Marie Eichhorn (1822-1861). He joined the officer corps of the Prussian Army in 1865 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant. Von Schele first saw combat during the Austro-Prussian War as an officer in the cavalry. During the Franco-Prussian War, von Schele was appointed Deputy Adjutant of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Brigade, and served as an orderly officer to Prince Albert von Hohenzollern. In 1877, von Schele was promoted to Rittmeister of the 2nd Hanoverian Dragoons.[1]
By 1891, von Schele had attained the rank of major and was appointed head of the cavalry department in the Ministry of War.
Colonial service
In 1892, von Schele was promoted to colonel, and was assigned commander of the Schutztruppe in German East Africa, beginning a gradual conquest of the East African interior. He crushed a revolt by the Nyamwezi under chief Isike,[2] before leading a campaign against Chaga king Mangi Meli, capturing his base at Moshi in Kilimanjaro.[3] In September of 1893, Schele was appointed Reichskommissar of the colony.
Upon his appointment as governor, Schele quickly began a pacification campaign against the Mbunga tribe, which had been fighting a rebellion against German rule since 1889. Von Schele led the Schutztruppe in an expedition along the Rufiji River in search of Mbunga chieftain Lubiki-w-mtu, during which German troops torched and looted villages and killed around 250 Mbunga.[4] Lubiki-w-mtu was eventually captured and was hanged in front of his own subjects on December 20,[2] 1893, after which von Schele declared that all the Mbunga were now subjects of Wilhelm II, and any further "marauding, plundering or slaving" by the Mbunga would be prohibited.[5]
In March of 1894, Schele's troops suppressed an uprising led by slave trader Bwana Heri, who had previously rebelled against the Germans during the Abushiri revolt three years earlier.[6][7] In October of that year, von Schele initiated a new military campaign against the Hehe tribe and their leader, Chief Mkwawa. The Schutztruppe attacked and took Mkwawa's stone fortress at Kalenga on 28 October, though were unable to capture the chief, who had escaped during the attack.[3][8] Nonetheless, von Schele was awarded the Pour le Mérite, the highest order of merit in the Imperial German army, on 20 November, 1894 for his successful suppression of the Hehe.[9]
Later career and death
Despite his successes, Schele's brutal methods in quelling revolts were met with harsh criticism from the German government, and in April 1895 he resigned from his post in protest.[2] Following his resignation, Schele returned to Berlin, where he became an aide-de-camp to Wilhelm II.[10][1] He then served as the military governor of Mainz before being discharged from the army for medical reasons in May of 1904. He died in Berlin on 20 July 1904, aged 56.[11]
Bibliography
- Heinrich Schnee (Hrsg.): Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon. Band 3, Leipzig 1920, S. 262.
- Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Freiherrlichen Häuser. 1939. 89. Jg. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1938. Zugleich Adelsmatrikel der Deutschen Adelsgenossenschaft.
- Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 10, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1942], DNB 986919810, S. 267–269, Nr. 3208.
- Karl-Friedrich Hildebrand, Christian Zweng: Die Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite des I. Weltkriegs. Band 3: P–Z. Biblio Verlag, Bissendorf 2011, ISBN 3-7648-2586-3, S. 195–197.
References
- ^ a b "Friedrich Freiherr von Schele". prussianmachine.com. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
- ^ a b c Iliffe, John (1979-05-10). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29611-3.
- ^ a b Beachey, R. W. (1996). A history of east africa, 1592-1902 (in Italian). Tauris Academic Studies.
- ^ "Boasblogs » Pompeii in Africa". Retrieved 2023-02-08.
- ^ Pizzo, David. ""To Devour the Land of Mkwawa": Colonial Violence and the German-Hehe War in East Africa c. 1884-1914".
- ^ Finke, Jens (2003). Tanzania. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-783-6.
- ^ Macke, Alberta (1970-07). "Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960, Vol. I, The History and Politics of Colonialism, 1870–1914 edited by L. H. Gann and Peter Duignan Cambridge University Press. 1969. Pp. xi+532. 100s. $17.50". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 8 (2): 316–318. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00019789. ISSN 1469-7777.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Log into Facebook". Facebook. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
{{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help) - ^ Boochs, Wolfgang (2021-03-24). Deutsche Kolonien in Afrika: Afrikaner unter deutscher Flagge (in German). Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-7534-3256-4.
- ^ Röhl, John C. G. (2001). Wilhelm II: der Aufbau der persönlichen Monarchie, 1888-1900 (in German). C.H.Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-48229-8.
- ^ "Friedrich Richard Frhr. von Schele". geni_family_tree. 1847-09-15. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
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