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The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines, such as performing arts, conceptual art, and textile arts, also involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts^[1] are the applied arts,^[2] such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design, and decorative art.^[3]

Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine art as well as applied or decorative arts and crafts, but this was not always the case. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term 'artist' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, crafts, or applied visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms.^[4] Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts.

The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of Western art as well as East Asian art. In both regions, painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist and being the furthest removed from manual labor – in Chinese painting, the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes.

Education and training

Training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. In Europe, the Renaissance movement to increase the prestige of the artist led to the academy system for training artists, and today most of the people who are pursuing a career in the arts train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts have now become an elective subject in most education systems.^[5]^[6]

In East Asia, arts education for nonprofessional artists typically focused on brushwork; calligraphy was numbered among the Six Arts of gentlemen in the Chinese Zhou dynasty, and calligraphy and Chinese painting were numbered among the four arts of scholar-officials in imperial China.^[7]^[8]^[9]

The leading country in the development of the arts in Latin America, in 1875 created the National Society of the Stimulus of the Arts, founded by painters Eduardo Schiaffino, Eduardo Sívori, and other artists. Their guild was rechartered as the National Academy of Fine Arts in 1905 and, in 1923, on the initiative of painter and academic Ernesto de la Cárcova, as a department in the University of Buenos Aires, the Superior Art School of the Nation. Currently, the leading educational organization for the arts in the country is the UNA Universidad Nacional de las Artes.^[10]

Drawing

Drawing is a means of making an image, illustration or graphic using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using dry media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, linked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools, including pens, stylus, that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, shading, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels at drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman.^[11]

Drawing and painting go back tens of thousands of years. Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative art beginning between about 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. Non-figurative cave paintings consisting of hand stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic cave representations animals are found in areas such as Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung, Australia.

In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed into the human form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC.^[12]

With paper becoming common in Europe by the 15th century, drawing was adopted by masters such as Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci, who sometimes treated drawing as an art in its own right rather than a preparatory stage for painting or sculpture.

Painting

Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing, composition, or other aesthetic considerations to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel, to the human body itself.^[13]

History

Origins and early history

Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red, brown, yellow, and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses, and deer.

Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis.^[14] The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations is the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is the mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.^[15]

The Renaissance

Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages, the next significant contribution to European art was from Italy's Renaissance painters. From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the beginning of the 16th century, this was the richest period in Italian art as the chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of 3-D space.^[16]

Painters in northern Europe too were influenced by the Italian school. Jan van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from the Netherlands, and Hans Holbein the Younger from Germany are among the most successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to achieve depth and luminosity.

Dutch masters

The 17th century witnessed the emergence of great Dutch masters such as the versatile Rembrandt who was especially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.

Baroque

The Baroque started after the Renaissance, from the late 16th century to the late 17th century. Main artists of the Baroque included Caravaggio, who made heavy use of tenebrism. Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in Antwerp, and also painted a series for Marie de' Medici. Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting. Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was because of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation. Much of what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.^[17]

Impressionism

Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with a loose association of artists including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, often choosing to paint realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in the studio. This was achieved through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and the impression of reality. They achieved intense color vibration by using pure, unmixed colors and short brush strokes. The movement influenced art as a dynamic, moving through time and adjusting to newfound techniques and perceptions of art. Attention to detail became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artist's eye.^[18]^[19]

Post-impressionism

Towards the end of the 19th century, several young painters took impressionism a stage further, using geometric forms and unnatural colors to depict emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of particular note are Paul Gauguin, who was strongly influenced by Asian, African, and Japanese art, Vincent van Gogh, a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the south, and Toulouse-Lautrec, remembered for his vivid paintings of night life in the Paris district of Montmartre.^[20]

Symbolism, expressionism and cubism

Edvard Munch, a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist Manet. The Scream (1893), his most famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern man. Partly as a result of Munch's influence, the German expressionist movement originated in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century as artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to distort reality for an emotional effect.

In parallel, the style known as cubism developed in France as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures within a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and reassembled in an abstract form. By the 1920s, the style had developed into surrealism with Dali and Magritte.^[21]

Printmaking

Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a matrix that is then transferred to a two-dimensional (flat) surface utilizing ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the case of a monotype, the same matrix can be used to produce many examples of the print.

Historically, the major techniques (also called media) involved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography, and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) but there are many others, including modern digital techniques. Normally, the print is printed on paper, but other mediums range from cloth and vellum to more modern materials.

European history

Prints in the Western tradition produced before about 1830 are known as old master prints. In Europe, from around 1400 AD woodcut, was used for master prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German woodcut from about 1475, and Erhard Reuwich, a Dutchman, was the first to use cross-hatching. At the end of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed, increasing the status of the single-leaf woodcut.^[22]

Chinese origin and practice

The Chinese Diamond Sutra, the world's oldest Woodblock printing book from 868 CE — The Chinese *Diamond Sutra*, the world's oldest printed book (868 CE)

In China, the art of printmaking developed some 1,100 years ago as illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks for printing on paper. Initially, images were mainly religious but in the Song dynasty, artists began to cut landscapes. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings.^[23]^[24]

Development in Japan 1603–1867

Woodblock printing in Japan (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre; however, it was also used very widely for printing illustrated books in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in China for centuries to print books, long before the advent of movable type, but was only widely adopted in Japan during the Edo period (1603–1867).^[25]^[26] Although similar to woodcut in Western printmaking in some regards, moku hang differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to Western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide range of vivid colors, glazes, and color transparency.

After the decline of ukiyo-e and the introduction of modern printing technologies, woodblock printing continued as a method for printing texts as well as for producing art, both within traditional modes such as ukiyo-e and in a variety of more radical or Western forms that might be construed as modern art. In the early 20th century, shin-hanga that fused the tradition of ukiyo-e with the techniques of Western paintings became popular, and the works of Hasui Kawase and Hiroshi Yoshida gained international popularity.^[27]^[28] Institutes such as the "Adachi Institute of Woodblock Prints" and "Takezasado" continue to produce ukiyo-e prints with the same materials and methods as used in the past.^[29]^[30]

Photography

Photography is the process of making pictures using the action of light. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure. The process is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemical processing or digitizing devices known as cameras.

The word comes from the Greek φως phos ("light"), and γραφις graphics ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation utilizing lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a photograph. The term photo is an abbreviation; many people also call them pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace photograph. (The term image is traditional in geometric optics.)

Architecture

Architecture is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity, and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:

Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.
Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used.
Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing.

Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, the building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Filmmaking

Filmmaking is the process of making a motion-picture, from an initial conception and research, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound and music work, and finally distribution to an audience; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in film, and poetic or experimental practices, and is often used to refer to video-based processes as well.

Computer art

File:Wiki. picture by drawing machine 1. jpg

Desmond Paul Henry, Picture by Drawing Machine 1, c. 1960

Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional visual arts media. Computers have been used as an ever more common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images (including exploring multiple compositions), and the final rendering or printing (including 3D printing). Computer art is any in which computers play a role in production or display. Such art can be an image, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, performance or gallery installation.

Many traditional disciplines now integrate digital technologies, so the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers, have been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art by its end product can be difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though it has yet to prove its legitimacy as a form unto itself, and this technology is widely seen in contemporary art more as a tool, rather than a form as with painting. On the other hand, there are computer-based artworks that belong to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, assuming the same technologies, and their social impact, as an object of inquiry.

Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between illustrators, photographers, photo editors, 3-D modelers, and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software have led to multi-skilled image developers. Photographers may become digital artists. Illustrators may become animators. Handicrafts may be computer-aided or use computer-generated imagery as a template. Computer clip art usage has also made the clear distinction between visual arts and page layout less obvious due to the easy access and editing of clip art in the process of paginating a document, especially to the unskilled observer.

Plastic arts

Plastic arts is a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by molding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics. The term has also been applied to all the visual (non-literary, non-musical) arts.^[31]^[32]

Materials that can be carved or shaped, such as stone or wood, concrete or steel, have also been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are also capable of modulation. ^{[citation needed]} This use of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with Piet Mondrian's use, nor with the movement he termed, in French and English, "Neoplasticism."

Sculpture

The sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic material, sound, or text and or light, commonly stone (either rock or marble), clay, metal, glass, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or carving; others are assembled, built together and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Sculptures are often painted.^[33] A person who creates sculptures is called a sculptor.

The earliest undisputed examples of sculpture belong to the Aurignacian culture, which was located in Europe and southwest Asia and active at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic. As well as producing some of the earliest known cave art, the people of this culture developed finely crafted stone tools, manufacturing pendants, bracelets, ivory beads, and bone-flutes, as well as three-dimensional figurines.^[34]^[35]^[36]

Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be molded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden. Sculptors do not always make sculptures by hand. With increasing technology in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual art over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to create larger and more complex sculptures out of materials like cement, metal, and plastic, that they would not be able to create by hand. Sculptures can also be made with 3-D printing technology.

US copyright definition of visual art

In the United States, the law protecting the copyright over a piece of visual art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual art".^[37]

A "work of visual art" is —
(1) a painting, drawing, print, or sculpture, existing in a single copy, in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author, or, in the case of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the author and bear the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or
(2) a still photographic image produced for exhibition purposes only, existing in a single copy that is signed by the author, or in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author.

A work of visual art does not include —
(A)(i) any poster, map, globe, chart, technical drawing, diagram, model, applied art, motion picture or other audiovisual work, book, magazine, newspaper, periodical, database, electronic information service, electronic publication, or similar publication;
(ii) any merchandising item or advertising, promotional, descriptive, covering, or packaging material or container;
(iii) any portion or part of any item described in clause (i) or (ii);
(B) any work made for hire; or
(C) any work not subject to copyright protection under this title.

References

^ An About.com article by an art expert, Shelley Esaak: What Is Visual Art? Archived 2 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ Different Forms of Art – Applied Art Archived 23 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
^ "Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada". Georgebrown.ca. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^ Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources Archived 13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
^ Ulger, Kani (1 March 2016). "The creative training in the visual arts education". Thinking Skills and Creativity. 19: 73–87. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007. ISSN 1871-1871.
^ Adrone, Gumisiriza. "School of industrial art and design". Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^ Welch, Patricia Bjaaland (2008). Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery. Tuttle. p. 226. ISBN 978-0804838641.
^ Eisner, Elliot W.; Day, Michael D. (2004). Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education. Routledge. p. 769. ISBN 1135612315.
^ Atkinson, Dennis (2003). "Forming Teacher Identities in ITE". In Addison, Nicholas; Burgess, Lesley (eds.). Issues in Art and Design Teaching. Psychology Press. p. 195. ISBN 0415266696.
^ Institutional Transformation IUNA – Law 24.521, Ministry of Justice & Education, Argentina (text in Spanish) / http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/40000-44999/40779/norma.htm
^ "drawing | Principles, Techniques, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar. Archived 20 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23 October 2009.
^ "painting | History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ History of Painting. From History World Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
^ "Art history | visual arts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ History of Renaissance Painting. From ART 340 Painting Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
^ Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge" (PDF). Ashgate.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ "Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist art? Introduction to Impressionism". Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
^ Impressionism. Web museum, Paris. Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 October 2009
^ Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art Archived 7 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ Modern Art Movements. Irish Art Encyclopedia Archived 26 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Archived 8 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review Archived 29 July 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
^ The History of Engraving in China. From ChinaVista Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ "Japanese Woodblock Prints". Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ The Past, Present and Future of Printing in Japan. Izumi Munemura. (2010). The Surface Finishing Society of Japan.
^ Shin hanga bringing ukiyo-e back to life. Archived 2021-05-02 at the Wayback Machine The Japan Times.
^ Junko Nishiyama. (2018) 新版画作品集 ―なつかしい風景への旅. p18. Tokyo Bijutsu. ISBN 978-4808711016
^ "浮世絵・木版画のアダチ版画研究所". Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ "木版印刷・伝統木版画工房竹笹堂". Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ Art Terminology at KSU^{[dead link‍]}
^ "Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts")". Merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^ Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity 22 September 2007 Through 20 January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ P. Mellars, Archeology and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe: Deconstructing the Aurignacian, Evolutionary Anthropology, vol. 15 (2006), pp. 167–82.
^ de Laet, Sigfried J. (1994). History of Humanity: Prehistory and the beginnings of civilization. UNESCO. p. 211. ISBN 978-92-3-102810-6.
^ Cook, J. (2013) Ice Age art: arrival of the modern mind, The British Museum, ISBN 978-0-7141-2333-2.
^ "Copyright Law of the United States of America – Chapter 1 (101. Definitions)". .gov. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

External links

ArtLex – online dictionary of visual art terms (archived 24 April 2005)
Calendar for Artists – calendar listing of visual art festivals.
Art History Timeline by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[1] An About.com article by an art expert, Shelley Esaak: What Is Visual Art? Archived 2 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine

[2] Different Forms of Art – Applied Art Archived 23 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.

[3] "Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada". Georgebrown.ca. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

[4] Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources Archived 13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[5] Ulger, Kani (1 March 2016). "The creative training in the visual arts education". Thinking Skills and Creativity. 19: 73–87. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007. ISSN 1871-1871.

[6] Adrone, Gumisiriza. "School of industrial art and design". Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2020.

[7] Welch, Patricia Bjaaland (2008). Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery. Tuttle. p. 226. ISBN 978-0804838641.

[8] Eisner, Elliot W.; Day, Michael D. (2004). Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education. Routledge. p. 769. ISBN 1135612315.

[9] Atkinson, Dennis (2003). "Forming Teacher Identities in ITE". In Addison, Nicholas; Burgess, Lesley (eds.). Issues in Art and Design Teaching. Psychology Press. p. 195. ISBN 0415266696.

[10] Institutional Transformation IUNA – Law 24.521, Ministry of Justice & Education, Argentina (text in Spanish) / http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/40000-44999/40779/norma.htm

[11] "drawing | Principles, Techniques, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.

[12] History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar. Archived 20 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23 October 2009.

[13] "painting | History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2020.

[14] History of Painting. From History World Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 23 October 2009.

[15] "Art history | visual arts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.

[16] History of Renaissance Painting. From ART 340 Painting Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[17] Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge" (PDF). Ashgate.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2018.

[18] "Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist art? Introduction to Impressionism". Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2018.

[19] Impressionism. Web museum, Paris. Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 October 2009

[20] Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art Archived 7 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 October 2009.

[21] Modern Art Movements. Irish Art Encyclopedia Archived 26 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 October 2009.

[22] The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Archived 8 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 October 2009.

[23] Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review Archived 29 July 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 23 October 2009.

[24] The History of Engraving in China. From ChinaVista Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 October 2009.

[25] "Japanese Woodblock Prints". Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.

[surface-26] The Past, Present and Future of Printing in Japan. Izumi Munemura. (2010). The Surface Finishing Society of Japan.

[27] Shin hanga bringing ukiyo-e back to life. Archived 2021-05-02 at the Wayback Machine The Japan Times.

[28] Junko Nishiyama. (2018) 新版画作品集 ―なつかしい風景への旅. p18. Tokyo Bijutsu. ISBN 978-4808711016

[29] "浮世絵・木版画のアダチ版画研究所". Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

[30] "木版印刷・伝統木版画工房竹笹堂". Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.

[31] Art Terminology at KSU^{[dead link‍]}

[32] "Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts")". Merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

[33] Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity 22 September 2007 Through 20 January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine

[34] P. Mellars, Archeology and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe: Deconstructing the Aurignacian, Evolutionary Anthropology, vol. 15 (2006), pp. 167–82.

[35] Laet, Sigfried J. (1994). History of Humanity: Prehistory and the beginnings of civilization. UNESCO. p. 211. ISBN 978-92-3-102810-6.

[36] Cook, J. (2013) Ice Age art: arrival of the modern mind, The British Museum, ISBN 978-0-7141-2333-2.

[37] "Copyright Law of the United States of America – Chapter 1 (101. Definitions)". .gov. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

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 [[File:Vincent van Gogh - The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise, View from the Chevet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Vincent van Gogh painting ''The Church at Auvers'' from 1890 gray church against blue sky|''[[The Church at Auvers]]'', an [[oil painting]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1890)]]
-The '''visual arts''' are [[Art#Forms, genres, media, and styles|art forms]] such as [[painting]], [[drawing]], [[printmaking]], [[sculpture]], [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]], [[photography]], [[video]], [[filmmaking]], [[design]], [[craft]]s, and [[architecture]]. Many artistic disciplines, such as [[performing arts]], [[conceptual art]], and [[textile arts]], also involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts<ref>An About.com article by art expert, Shelley Esaak: [http://arthistory.about.com/cs/reference/f/visual_arts.htm?p=1 What Is Visual Art?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702140440/http://arthistory.about.com/cs/reference/f/visual_arts.htm?p=1 |date=2 July 2015 }}</ref> are the [[applied arts]],<ref>[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-forms-of-art.html ''Different Forms of Art – Applied Art''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623143359/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-forms-of-art.html |date=23 June 2017 }}. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.</ref> such as [[industrial design]], [[graphic design]], [[fashion design]], [[interior design]], and [[decorative art]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |title=Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada |publisher=Georgebrown.ca |date=2011-02-15 |access-date=2011-10-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028075227/http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2011}}</ref>
+The '''visual arts''' are [[Art#Forms, genres, media, and styles|art forms]] such as [[painting]], [[drawing]], [[printmaking]], [[sculpture]], [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]], [[photography]], [[video]], [[filmmaking]], [[design]], [[craft]]s, and [[architecture]]. Many artistic disciplines, such as [[performing arts]], [[conceptual art]], and [[textile arts]], also involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts<ref>An About.com article by an art expert, Shelley Esaak: [http://arthistory.about.com/cs/reference/f/visual_arts.htm?p=1 What Is Visual Art?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702140440/http://arthistory.about.com/cs/reference/f/visual_arts.htm?p=1 |date=2 July 2015 }}</ref> are the [[applied arts]],<ref>[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-forms-of-art.html ''Different Forms of Art – Applied Art''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623143359/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-forms-of-art.html |date=23 June 2017 }}. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.</ref> such as [[industrial design]], [[graphic design]], [[fashion design]], [[interior design]], and [[decorative art]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |title=Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada |publisher=Georgebrown.ca |date=2011-02-15 |access-date=2011-10-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028075227/http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2011}}</ref>
 Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes [[fine art]] as well as [[applied art|applied]] or [[decorative art]]s and [[craft]]s, but this was not always the case. Before the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term '[[artist]]' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, crafts, or applied visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms.<ref>[http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013011648/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/arts_and_crafts_movement.html |date=13 October 2009 }}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref> [[Art school]]s made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts.
-[[File:Louvre Courtyard, Looking West.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Louvre]]; museums constitute a primary forum for the display of visual arts.]]
+[[File: Louvre Courtyard, Looking West.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Louvre]]; museums constitute a primary forum for the display of visual arts.]]
 [[File:Ankh isis nefertari.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|alt=drawing of Nefertari with Isis|[[Nefertari]] with Isis]]
-The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of [[Western art]] as well as [[Eastern art history|East Asian]] art. In both regions, painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist and being the furthest removed from manual labour – in [[Chinese painting]], the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western [[hierarchy of genres]] reflected similar attitudes.
+The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of [[Western art]] as well as [[Eastern art history|East Asian]] art. In both regions, painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist and being the furthest removed from manual labor – in [[Chinese painting]], the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western [[hierarchy of genres]] reflected similar attitudes.
 ==Education and training==
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 Training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the [[apprentice]] and workshop systems. In Europe, the [[Renaissance]] movement to increase the prestige of the artist led to the [[academy]] system for training artists, and today most of the people who are pursuing a career in the arts train in [[art school]]s at [[Tertiary education|tertiary]] levels. Visual arts have now become an elective subject in most education systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ulger|first=Kani|date=2016-03-01|title=The creative training in the visual arts education|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187118711530033X|journal=Thinking Skills and Creativity|language=en|volume=19|pages=73–87|doi=10.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007|issn=1871-1871}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adrone|first=Gumisiriza|title=School of industrial art and design|url=https://www.academia.edu/35097884|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220002740/https://www.academia.edu/35097884|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In [[East Asia]], arts education for nonprofessional artists typically focused on brushwork; [[calligraphy]] was numbered among the [[Six Arts]] of gentlemen in the Chinese [[Zhou dynasty]], and  calligraphy and [[Chinese painting]] were numbered among the [[four arts]] of [[Scholar-official|scholar-officials]] in imperial China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Patricia Bjaaland |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=080483864X |title=Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery |publisher=Tuttle |year=2008 |isbn=978-0804838641 |page=226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eisner |first1=Elliot W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1135612315 |title=Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education |last2=Day |first2=Michael D. |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=1135612315 |page=769}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0415266696 |title=Issues in Art and Design Teaching |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2003 |isbn=0415266696 |editor1-last=Addison |editor1-first=Nicholas |page=195 |chapter=Forming Teacher Identities in ITE |editor2-last=Burgess |editor2-first=Lesley}}</ref>
+In [[East Asia]], arts education for nonprofessional artists typically focused on brushwork; [[calligraphy]] was numbered among the [[Six Arts]] of gentlemen in the Chinese [[Zhou dynasty]], and calligraphy and [[Chinese painting]] were numbered among the [[four arts]] of [[Scholar-official|scholar-officials]] in imperial China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Patricia Bjaaland |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=080483864X |title=Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery |publisher=Tuttle |year=2008 |isbn=978-0804838641 |page=226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eisner |first1=Elliot W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1135612315 |title=Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education |last2=Day |first2=Michael D. |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=1135612315 |page=769}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0415266696 |title=Issues in Art and Design Teaching |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2003 |isbn=0415266696 |editor1-last=Addison |editor1-first=Nicholas |page=195 |chapter=Forming Teacher Identities in ITE |editor2-last=Burgess |editor2-first=Lesley}}</ref>
-Leading country in the development of the arts in [[Latin America]], in 1875 created the National Society of the Stimulus of the Arts, founded by painters [[Eduardo Schiaffino]], [[Eduardo Sívori]], and other artists. Their guild was rechartered as the National Academy of Fine Arts in 1905 and, in 1923, on the initiative of painter and academic [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]], as a department in the [[University of Buenos Aires]], the Superior Art School of the Nation. Currently, the leading educational organization for the arts in the country is the [[Universidad Nacional de las Artes|UNA Universidad Nacional de las Artes]].<ref>Institutional Transformation IUNA – Law 24.521, Ministry of Justice & Education, Argentina (text in Spanish) / http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/40000-44999/40779/norma.htm</ref>
+The leading country in the development of the arts in [[Latin America]], in 1875 created the National Society of the Stimulus of the Arts, founded by painters [[Eduardo Schiaffino]], [[Eduardo Sívori]], and other artists. Their guild was rechartered as the National Academy of Fine Arts in 1905 and, in 1923, on the initiative of painter and academic [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]], as a department in the [[University of Buenos Aires]], the Superior Art School of the Nation. Currently, the leading educational organization for the arts in the country is the [[Universidad Nacional de las Artes|UNA Universidad Nacional de las Artes]].<ref>Institutional Transformation IUNA – Law 24.521, Ministry of Justice & Education, Argentina (text in Spanish) / http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/40000-44999/40779/norma.htm</ref>
 ==Drawing==
 {{Main|Drawing}}
-[[Drawing]] is a means of making an [[image]], illustration or graphic using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using dry media such as [[graphite]] [[pencil]]s, [[pen and ink]], [[ink]]ed [[brush]]es, wax [[color pencil]]s, [[crayon]]s, [[charcoal]]s, [[pastel]]s, and [[marker pen|markers]]. Digital tools, including pens, [[stylus]], that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, [[hatching]], crosshatching, random hatching, [[shading]], scribbling, [[stippling]], and blending. An artist who excels at drawing is referred to as a ''draftsman'' or ''draughtsman''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=drawing {{!}} Principles, Techniques, & History|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/drawing-art|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813041724/https://www.britannica.com/art/drawing-art|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Drawing]] is a means of making an [[image]], illustration or graphic using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using dry media such as [[graphite]] [[pencil]]s, [[pen and ink]], [[link]]ed [[brush]]es, wax [[color pencil]]s, [[crayon]]s, [[charcoal]]s, [[pastel]]s, and [[marker pen|markers]]. Digital tools, including pens, [[stylus]], that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, [[hatching]], crosshatching, random hatching, [[shading]], scribbling, [[stippling]], and blending. An artist who excels at drawing is referred to as a ''draftsman'' or ''draughtsman''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=drawing {{!}} Principles, Techniques, & History|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/drawing-art|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813041724/https://www.britannica.com/art/drawing-art|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Drawing and painting go back tens of thousands of years. [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic]] includes [[figurative art]] beginning between about 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. [[Non-figurative]] [[cave painting]]s consisting of hand stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic [[Cave painting|cave representations]] of animals are found in areas such as [[Lascaux|Lascaux, France]] and [[Cave of Altamira|Altamira, Spain]] in Europe, [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros, Sulawesi]] in Asia, and [[Gabarnmung]], Australia.
+Drawing and painting go back tens of thousands of years. [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic]] includes [[figurative art]] beginning between about 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. [[Non-figurative]] [[cave painting]]s consisting of hand stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic [[Cave painting|cave representations]] animals are found in areas such as [[Lascaux|Lascaux, France]] and [[Cave of Altamira|Altamira, Spain]] in Europe, [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros, Sulawesi]] in Asia, and [[Gabarnmung]], Australia.
 In [[Art of ancient Egypt|ancient Egypt]], ink drawings on [[papyrus]], often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on [[pottery of ancient Greece|Greek vases]], initially geometric, later developed into the human form with [[black-figure pottery]] during the 7th century BC.<ref>[http://www.dibujosparapintar.com/english_activities/drawing_course_history.html History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120141213/http://dibujosparapintar.com/english_activities/drawing_course_history.html |date=20 November 2010 }} Retrieved 23 October 2009.</ref>
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 ==Painting==
 {{Main|Painting}}
-[[Painting]] taken literally is the practice of applying [[pigment]] suspended in a carrier (or [[Paint#Components|medium]]) and a binding agent (a [[adhesive|glue]]) to a surface (support) such as [[paper]], [[canvas]] or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with [[drawing]], [[composition (visual arts)|composition]], or other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to [[Sistine Chapel|The Sistine Chapel]], to the human body itself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=painting {{!}} History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/painting|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722211557/https://www.britannica.com/art/painting|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Painting]] taken literally is the practice of applying [[pigment]] suspended in a carrier (or [[Paint#Components|medium]]) and a binding agent (a [[adhesive|glue]]) to a surface (support) such as [[paper]], [[canvas]] or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with [[drawing]], [[composition (visual arts)|composition]], or other aesthetic considerations to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to [[Sistine Chapel|The Sistine Chapel]], to the human body itself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=painting {{!}} History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/painting|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722211557/https://www.britannica.com/art/painting|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===History===
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ====Origins and early history====
 [[File:Lascaux painting.jpg|thumb|Lascaux painting]]
-Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the [[Chauvet Cave|Chauvet]] and [[Lascaux]] caves in southern France. In shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.
+Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the [[Chauvet Cave|Chauvet]] and [[Lascaux]] caves in southern France. In shades of red, brown, yellow, and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses, and deer.
-Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of [[Ramses II]], [[Nefertari]], his queen, is depicted being led by [[Isis]].<ref>[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1320&HistoryID=ab20&gtrack=pthc History of Painting. From History World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612043808/http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1320&HistoryID=ab20&gtrack=pthc |date=12 June 2010 }}. Retrieved 23 October 2009.</ref> The [[Greeks]] contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations are the [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic]] [[Fayum mummy portraits]]. Another example is mosaic of the [[Battle of Issus]] at [[Pompeii]], which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to [[Byzantine art]] in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Art history {{!}} visual arts|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/art-history|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802183731/https://www.britannica.com/art/art-history|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of [[Ramses II]], [[Nefertari]], his queen, is depicted being led by [[Isis]].<ref>[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1320&HistoryID=ab20&gtrack=pthc History of Painting. From History World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612043808/http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1320&HistoryID=ab20&gtrack=pthc |date=12 June 2010 }}. Retrieved 23 October 2009.</ref> The [[Greeks]] contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations is the [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic]] [[Fayum mummy portraits]]. Another example is the mosaic of the [[Battle of Issus]] at [[Pompeii]], which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to [[Byzantine art]] in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Art history {{!}} visual arts|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/art-history|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802183731/https://www.britannica.com/art/art-history|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ====The Renaissance====
 {{Main|Italian Renaissance painting}}
-Apart from the [[illuminated manuscripts]] produced by monks during the [[Middle Ages]], the next significant contribution to European art was from [[Italian Renaissance painting|Italy's renaissance painters]]. From [[Giotto]] in the 13th century to [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Raphael]] at the beginning of the 16th century, this was the richest period in [[Art of Italy|Italian art]] as the ''[[chiaroscuro]]'' techniques were used to create the illusion of 3-D space.<ref>[http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art340/f04/renaissancepainting.html History of Renaissance Painting. From ART 340 Painting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125181713/http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art340/f04/renaissancepainting.html |date=25 January 2010 }}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref>
+Apart from the [[illuminated manuscripts]] produced by monks during the [[Middle Ages]], the next significant contribution to European art was from [[Italian Renaissance painting|Italy's Renaissance painters]]. From [[Giotto]] in the 13th century to [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Raphael]] at the beginning of the 16th century, this was the richest period in [[Art of Italy|Italian art]] as the ''[[chiaroscuro]]'' techniques were used to create the illusion of 3-D space.<ref>[http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art340/f04/renaissancepainting.html History of Renaissance Painting. From ART 340 Painting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125181713/http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art340/f04/renaissancepainting.html |date=25 January 2010 }}. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</ref>
-Painters in northern Europe too were influenced by the Italian school. [[Jan van Eyck]] from Belgium, [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]] from the Netherlands and [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] from Germany are among the most successful painters of the times. They used the [[Glaze (painting technique)|glazing technique]] with oils to achieve depth and luminosity.
+Painters in northern Europe too were influenced by the Italian school. [[Jan van Eyck]] from Belgium, [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]] from the Netherlands, and [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] from Germany are among the most successful painters of the times. They used the [[Glaze (painting technique)|glazing technique]] with oils to achieve depth and luminosity.
 ====Dutch masters====
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 [[File:The Nightwatch by Rembrandt - Rijksmuseum.jpg|thumb|upright=1|alt=Rembrandt painting Night Watch two men striding forward with a crowd|Rembrandt: ''[[The Night Watch]]'', 1642]]
-The 17th century witnessed the emergence of the great Dutch masters such as the versatile [[Rembrandt]] who was especially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and [[Vermeer]] who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.
+The 17th century witnessed the emergence of great Dutch masters such as the versatile [[Rembrandt]] who was especially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and [[Vermeer]] who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.
 ====Baroque====
 {{Main|Baroque}}
-The Baroque started after the Renaissance, from the late 16th century to the late 17th century. Main artists of the Baroque included [[Caravaggio]], who made heavy use of [[tenebrism]]. [[Peter Paul Rubens]], a [[Flemish people|Flemish]] painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in [[Antwerp]] and also painted a series for [[Marie de' Medici]]. [[Annibale Carracci]] took influences from the [[Sistine Chapel]] and created the genre of [[illusionistic ceiling painting]]. Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was because of the [[Protestant Reformation]] and the resulting [[Counter Reformation]]. Much of what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mutsaers |first=Inge |url=https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Rethinking_the_Baroque_Intro.pdf |title=Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge |publisher=Ashgate.com |access-date=2018-10-15 |archive-date=5 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105105918/https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Rethinking_the_Baroque_Intro.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The Baroque started after the Renaissance, from the late 16th century to the late 17th century. Main artists of the Baroque included [[Caravaggio]], who made heavy use of [[tenebrism]]. [[Peter Paul Rubens]], a [[Flemish people|Flemish]] painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in [[Antwerp]], and also painted a series for [[Marie de' Medici]]. [[Annibale Carracci]] took influences from the [[Sistine Chapel]] and created the genre of [[illusionistic ceiling painting]]. Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was because of the [[Protestant Reformation]] and the resulting [[Counter Reformation]]. Much of what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mutsaers |first=Inge |url=https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Rethinking_the_Baroque_Intro.pdf |title=Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge |publisher=Ashgate.com |access-date=2018-10-15 |archive-date=5 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105105918/https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Rethinking_the_Baroque_Intro.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ====Impressionism====
 {{Main|Impressionism}}
 [[File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|thumb|alt=|Claude Monet: [[Impression, Sunrise]] (1872)]]
-Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with a loose association of artists including [[Claude Monet]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] and [[Paul Cézanne]] who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, often choosing to paint realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in the studio. This was achieved through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and the impression of reality. They achieved intense color vibration by using pure, unmixed colors and short brush strokes. The movement influenced art as a dynamic, moving through time and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of art. Attention to detail became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artist's eye.<ref>{{cite web |title=Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist art? Introduction to Impressionism |url=http://www.impressionism.org/ |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329072159/http://www.impressionism.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/impressionism/ Impressionism. Webmuseum, Paris.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016061706/http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/impressionism/ |date=16 October 2009 }} Retrieved 24 October 2009</ref>
+Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with a loose association of artists including [[Claude Monet]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] and [[Paul Cézanne]] who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, often choosing to paint realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in the studio. This was achieved through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and the impression of reality. They achieved intense color vibration by using pure, unmixed colors and short brush strokes. The movement influenced art as a dynamic, moving through time and adjusting to newfound techniques and perceptions of art. Attention to detail became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artist's eye.<ref>{{cite web |title=Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist art? Introduction to Impressionism |url=http://www.impressionism.org/ |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329072159/http://www.impressionism.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/impressionism/ Impressionism. Web museum, Paris.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016061706/http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/impressionism/ |date=16 October 2009 }} Retrieved 24 October 2009</ref>
 ====Post-impressionism====
 {{Main|Post-Impressionism}}
-Towards the end of the 19th century, several young painters took impressionism a stage further, using geometric forms and unnatural color to depict emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of particular note are [[Paul Gauguin]], who was strongly influenced by Asian, African and Japanese art, [[Vincent van Gogh]], a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the south, and [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec|Toulouse-Lautrec]], remembered for his vivid paintings of night life in the Paris district of [[Montmartre]].<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/poim/hd_poim.htm Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707125803/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/poim/hd_poim.htm |date=7 July 2019 }}. Retrieved 25 October 2009.</ref>
+Towards the end of the 19th century, several young painters took impressionism a stage further, using geometric forms and unnatural colors to depict emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of particular note are [[Paul Gauguin]], who was strongly influenced by Asian, African, and Japanese art, [[Vincent van Gogh]], a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the south, and [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec|Toulouse-Lautrec]], remembered for his vivid paintings of night life in the Paris district of [[Montmartre]].<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/poim/hd_poim.htm Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707125803/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/poim/hd_poim.htm |date=7 July 2019 }}. Retrieved 25 October 2009.</ref>
 ====Symbolism, expressionism and cubism====
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 [[Edvard Munch]], a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist [[Manet]]. ''[[The Scream]]'' (1893), his most famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern man. Partly as a result of Munch's influence, the German [[expressionism|expressionist]] movement originated in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century as artists such as [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner|Ernst Kirschner]] and [[Erich Heckel]] began to distort reality for an emotional effect.
-In parallel, the style known as [[cubism]] developed in France as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures within a composition. [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Georges Braque]] were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. By the 1920s, the style had developed into [[surrealism]] with [[Salvador Dalí|Dali]] and [[René Magritte|Magritte]].<ref>[http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art-movements.htm Modern Art Movements. ''Irish Art Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126093504/http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art-movements.htm |date=26 January 2010 }}. Retrieved 25 October 2009.</ref>
+In parallel, the style known as [[cubism]] developed in France as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures within a composition. [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Georges Braque]] were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and reassembled in an abstract form. By the 1920s, the style had developed into [[surrealism]] with [[Salvador Dalí|Dali]] and [[René Magritte|Magritte]].<ref>[http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art-movements.htm Modern Art Movements. ''Irish Art Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126093504/http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art-movements.htm |date=26 January 2010 }}. Retrieved 25 October 2009.</ref>
 ==Printmaking==
 {{Main|Printmaking}}
 [[File:Ancientchineseinstrumentalists.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|alt=Ancient Chinese engraving of female instrumentalists|Ancient Chinese engraving of female instrumentalists]]
-Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a [[Matrix (printing)|matrix]] that is then transferred to a two-dimensional (flat) surface by means of ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the case of a [[monotype]], the same matrix can be used to produce many examples of the print.
+Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a [[Matrix (printing)|matrix]] that is then transferred to a two-dimensional (flat) surface utilizing ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the case of a [[monotype]], the same matrix can be used to produce many examples of the print.
 Historically, the major techniques (also called media) involved are [[woodcut]], [[line engraving]], [[etching]], [[lithography]], and [[screen printing]] (serigraphy, silk screening) but there are many others, including modern digital techniques. Normally, the print is printed on [[paper]], but other mediums range from cloth and [[vellum]] to more modern materials.
@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 [[File:Jingangjing.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The Chinese Diamond Sutra, the world's oldest Woodblock printing book from 868 CE|The Chinese ''[[Diamond Sutra]]'', the world's oldest [[Woodblock printing|printed]] book (868 CE)]]
 {{Main|Woodblock printing}}
-In China, the art of printmaking developed some 1,100 years ago as illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks for printing on paper. Initially images were mainly religious but in the [[Song dynasty]], artists began to cut landscapes. During the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] (1368–1644) and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings.<ref>[http://www.engraving-review.com/chinese-art-engraving.html Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/2012.07.29-021616/http://www.engraving-review.com/chinese-art-engraving.html |date=29 July 2012 }}. Retrieved 23 October 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.chinavista.com/experience/engrave/engrave.html The History of Engraving in China. From ChinaVista] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017073732/http://www.chinavista.com/experience/engrave/engrave.html |date=17 October 2018 }}. Retrieved 25 October 2009.</ref>
+In China, the art of printmaking developed some 1,100 years ago as illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks for printing on paper. Initially, images were mainly religious but in the [[Song dynasty]], artists began to cut landscapes. During the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] (1368–1644) and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings.<ref>[http://www.engraving-review.com/chinese-art-engraving.html Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/2012.07.29-021616/http://www.engraving-review.com/chinese-art-engraving.html |date=29 July 2012 }}. Retrieved 23 October 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.chinavista.com/experience/engrave/engrave.html The History of Engraving in China. From ChinaVista] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017073732/http://www.chinavista.com/experience/engrave/engrave.html |date=17 October 2018 }}. Retrieved 25 October 2009.</ref>
 ===Development in Japan 1603–1867===
 {{Main|Woodblock printing in Japan}}
 [[File:Red Fuji southern wind clear morning.jpg|thumb|alt=Hokusai color print "Red Fuji southern wind clear morning" from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji| [[Hokusai]]: ''[[Red Fuji]]'' from ''[[Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji]]'' (1830–1832)]]
-Woodblock printing in Japan (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the [[ukiyo-e]] artistic genre; however, it was also used very widely for printing [[e-hon|illustrated books]] in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in China for centuries to print books, long before the advent of movable type, but was only widely adopted in Japan during the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese Woodblock Prints|url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/history-of-woodblock-printing-in-japan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723230500/https://study.com/learn/lesson/history-of-woodblock-printing-in-japan.html |archive-date=2023-07-23 |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="surface">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200323171515/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sfj/61/12/61_12_790/_pdf/-char/ja The Past, Present and Future of Printing in Japan.]  Izumi Munemura. (2010). The Surface Finishing Society of Japan.</ref> Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide range of vivid color, glazes and color transparency.
+Woodblock printing in Japan (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the [[ukiyo-e]] artistic genre; however, it was also used very widely for printing [[e-hon|illustrated books]] in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in China for centuries to print books, long before the advent of movable type, but was only widely adopted in Japan during the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese Woodblock Prints|url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/history-of-woodblock-printing-in-japan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723230500/https://study.com/learn/lesson/history-of-woodblock-printing-in-japan.html |archive-date=2023-07-23 |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="surface">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200323171515/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sfj/61/12/61_12_790/_pdf/-char/ja The Past, Present and Future of Printing in Japan.]  Izumi Munemura. (2010). The Surface Finishing Society of Japan.</ref> Although similar to woodcut in Western printmaking in some regards, moku hang differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to Western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide range of vivid colors, glazes, and color transparency.
-After the decline of ''ukiyo-e'' and introduction of modern printing technologies, woodblock printing continued as a method for printing texts as well as for producing art, both within traditional modes such as ''ukiyo-e'' and in a variety of more radical or Western forms that might be construed as [[modern art]].  In the early 20th century, ''[[shin-hanga]]'' that fused the tradition of ''ukiyo-e'' with the techniques of Western paintings became popular, and the works of [[Hasui Kawase]] and [[Hiroshi Yoshida]] gained international popularity.<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2009/10/02/arts/shin-hanga-bringing-ukiyo-e-back-to-life/ Shin hanga bringing ukiyo-e back to life.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502140501/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2009/10/02/arts/shin-hanga-bringing-ukiyo-e-back-to-life/|date=2021-05-02}} The Japan Times.</ref><ref>Junko Nishiyama. (2018) ''新版画作品集 ―なつかしい風景への旅''. p18. Tokyo Bijutsu. {{ISBN|978-4808711016}}</ref> Institutes such as the "Adachi Institute of Woodblock Prints" and "Takezasado" continue to produce ukiyo-e prints with the same materials and methods as used in the past.<ref>{{cite web |title=浮世絵・木版画のアダチ版画研究所 |url=https://www.adachi-hanga.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019114102/https://www.adachi-hanga.com/ |archive-date=2023-10-19 |access-date=2014-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=木版印刷・伝統木版画工房 竹笹堂 |url=http://www.takezasa.co.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226230218/http://www.takezasa.co.jp/ |archive-date=2014-02-26 |access-date=2014-11-07}}</ref>
+After the decline of ''ukiyo-e'' and the introduction of modern printing technologies, woodblock printing continued as a method for printing texts as well as for producing art, both within traditional modes such as ''ukiyo-e'' and in a variety of more radical or Western forms that might be construed as [[modern art]].  In the early 20th century, ''[[shin-hanga]]'' that fused the tradition of ''ukiyo-e'' with the techniques of Western paintings became popular, and the works of [[Hasui Kawase]] and [[Hiroshi Yoshida]] gained international popularity.<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2009/10/02/arts/shin-hanga-bringing-ukiyo-e-back-to-life/ Shin hanga bringing ukiyo-e back to life.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502140501/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2009/10/02/arts/shin-hanga-bringing-ukiyo-e-back-to-life/|date=2021-05-02}} The Japan Times.</ref><ref>Junko Nishiyama. (2018) ''新版画作品集 ―なつかしい風景への旅''. p18. Tokyo Bijutsu. {{ISBN|978-4808711016}}</ref> Institutes such as the "Adachi Institute of Woodblock Prints" and "Takezasado" continue to produce ukiyo-e prints with the same materials and methods as used in the past.<ref>{{cite web |title=浮世絵・木版画のアダチ版画研究所 |url=https://www.adachi-hanga.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019114102/https://www.adachi-hanga.com/ |archive-date=2023-10-19 |access-date=2014-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=木版印刷・伝統木版画工房 竹笹堂 |url=http://www.takezasa.co.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226230218/http://www.takezasa.co.jp/ |archive-date=2014-02-26 |access-date=2014-11-07}}</ref>
 ==Photography==
 {{Main|Photography}}
-[[Photography]] is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed [[Exposure (photography)|exposure]]. The process is done through mechanical [[Shutter (photography)|shutters]] or electronically timed exposure of [[photon]]s into [[chemical]] processing or [[digitizing]] devices known as [[camera]]s.
+[[Photography]] is the process of making pictures using the action of light. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed [[Exposure (photography)|exposure]]. The process is done through mechanical [[Shutter (photography)|shutters]] or electronically timed exposure of [[photon]]s into [[chemical]] processing or [[digitizing]] devices known as [[camera]]s.
-The word comes from the Greek φως ''phos'' ("light"), and γραφις ''graphis'' ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη ''graphê'', together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation by means of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a [[photograph]]. The term ''photo'' is an abbreviation; many people also call them ''pictures.'' In digital photography, the term ''image'' has begun to replace ''photograph.'' (The term ''image'' is traditional in geometric [[optics]].)
+The word comes from the Greek φως ''phos'' ("light"), and γραφις ''graphics'' ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη ''graphê'', together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation utilizing lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a [[photograph]]. The term ''photo'' is an abbreviation; many people also call them ''pictures.'' In digital photography, the term ''image'' has begun to replace ''photograph.'' (The term ''image'' is traditional in geometric [[optics]].)
 ==Architecture==
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 Architecture is the process and the product of [[planning]], [[design]]ing, and [[construction|constructing]] [[building]]s or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as [[Cultural symbol|cultural symbols]] and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
-The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is ''[[De architectura]]'', by the Roman architect [[Vitruvius]] in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
+The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is ''[[De architectura]]'', by the Roman architect [[Vitruvius]] in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity, and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
 # [[Durability]] – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.
@@ Line 115: / Line 115: @@
 # Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing.
-Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available [[building material]]s and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a [[craft]], and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
+Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available [[building material]]s and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, the building became a [[craft]], and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
 ==Filmmaking==
 {{Main| Filmmaking}}
-Filmmaking is the process of making a [[Film|motion-picture]], from an initial conception and research, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound and music work and finally distribution to an audience; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in film, and poetic or experimental practices, and is often used to refer to video-based processes as well.
+Filmmaking is the process of making a [[Film|motion-picture]], from an initial conception and research, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound and music work, and finally distribution to an audience; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in film, and poetic or experimental practices, and is often used to refer to video-based processes as well.
 ==Computer art==
 {{Main|Computer art}}
-[[File:Wiki.picture by drawing machine 1.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|[[Desmond Paul Henry]], Picture by Drawing Machine 1, c. 1960]]
+[[File:Wiki. picture by drawing machine 1. jpg|thumb|upright=.9|[[Desmond Paul Henry]], Picture by Drawing Machine 1, c. 1960]]
-Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional visual [[List of art media|arts media]]. Computers have been used as an ever more common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the [[Image capture|capturing]] or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images (including exploring multiple [[Composition (visual arts)|compositions]]) and the final [[Artistic rendering|rendering]] or [[printing]] (including [[3D printing]]).
+Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional visual [[List of art media|arts media]]. Computers have been used as an ever more common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the [[Image capture|capturing]] or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images (including exploring multiple [[Composition (visual arts)|compositions]]), and the final [[Artistic rendering|rendering]] or [[printing]] (including [[3D printing]]).
-'''Computer art''' is any in which computers played a role in production or display. Such art can be an image, sound, [[computer animation|animation]], [[video]], [[CD-ROM]], [[DVD]], [[video game]], [[website]], [[algorithm]], [[performance]] or gallery installation.
+'''Computer art''' is any in which computers play a role in production or display. Such art can be an image, sound, [[computer animation|animation]], [[video]], [[CD-ROM]], [[DVD]], [[video game]], [[website]], [[algorithm]], [[performance]] or gallery installation.
-Many traditional disciplines now integrate [[Digital data|digital]] technologies, so the lines between traditional works of art and [[new media]] works created using computers, have been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with [[algorithmic art]] and other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art by its end product can be difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though it has yet to prove its legitimacy as a form unto itself and this technology is widely seen in contemporary art more as a tool, rather than a form as with painting. On the other hand, there are computer-based artworks which belong to a new [[conceptual art|conceptual]] and [[postdigital]] strand, assuming the same technologies, and their social impact, as an object of inquiry.
+Many traditional disciplines now integrate [[Digital data|digital]] technologies, so the lines between traditional works of art and [[new media]] works created using computers, have been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with [[algorithmic art]] and other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art by its end product can be difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though it has yet to prove its legitimacy as a form unto itself, and this technology is widely seen in contemporary art more as a tool, rather than a form as with painting. On the other hand, there are computer-based artworks that belong to a new [[conceptual art|conceptual]] and [[postdigital]] strand, assuming the same technologies, and their social impact, as an object of inquiry.
-Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between [[illustrator]]s, [[photographer]]s, [[Image editing|photo editors]], [[3D modeling|3-D modelers]], and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled image developers. [[Photographer]]s may become [[digital art]]ists. Illustrators may become [[animator]]s. Handicraft may be [[computer-aided]] or use [[computer-generated imagery]] as a template. Computer [[clip art]] usage has also made the clear distinction between visual arts and [[page layout]] less obvious due to the easy access and editing of clip art in the process of [[pagination|paginating]] a document, especially to the unskilled observer.
+Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between [[illustrator]]s, [[photographer]]s, [[Image editing|photo editors]], [[3D modeling|3-D modelers]], and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software have led to multi-skilled image developers. [[Photographer]]s may become [[digital art]]ists. Illustrators may become [[animator]]s. Handicrafts may be [[computer-aided]] or use [[computer-generated imagery]] as a template. Computer [[clip art]] usage has also made the clear distinction between visual arts and [[page layout]] less obvious due to the easy access and editing of clip art in the process of [[pagination|paginating]] a document, especially to the unskilled observer.
 ==Plastic arts==
 {{main|Plastic arts}}
-'''Plastic arts''' is a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such as [[sculpture]] or [[Ceramic|ceramics]]. The term has also been applied to ''all the visual (non-literary, non-musical) arts''.<ref>[http://docs.ksu.edu.sa/DOC/Articles19/Article190588.doc Art Terminology at KSU]{{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plastic%20arts |title=Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts") |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2011-10-30 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401081818/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plastic |url-status=live }}</ref>
+'''Plastic arts''' is a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by molding or modeling such as [[sculpture]] or [[Ceramic|ceramics]]. The term has also been applied to ''all the visual (non-literary, non-musical) arts''.<ref>[http://docs.ksu.edu.sa/DOC/Articles19/Article190588.doc Art Terminology at KSU]{{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plastic%20arts |title=Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts") |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2011-10-30 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401081818/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plastic |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Materials that can be carved or shaped, such as stone or wood, concrete or steel, have also been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are also capable of modulation.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} This use of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with [[Piet Mondrian]]'s use, nor with the movement he termed, in French and English, "[[Neoplasticism]]."
+Materials that can be carved or shaped, such as stone or wood, concrete or steel, have also been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are also capable of modulation. {{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} This use of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with [[Piet Mondrian]]'s use, nor with the movement he termed, in French and English, "[[Neoplasticism]]."
 ===Sculpture===
 {{main|Sculpture}}
-Sculpture is [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] [[Work of art|artwork]] created by shaping or combining hard or [[plastic]] material, sound, or text and or light, commonly [[Stone sculpture|stone]] (either [[Rock (geology)|rock]] or [[marble]]), [[clay]], [[metal]], [[glass]], or [[wood]]. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or [[Wikt:carving|carving]]; others are assembled, built together and [[Kiln|fired]], [[Welding|welded]], [[Molding (process)|molded]], or [[Casting|cast]]. Sculptures are often [[paint]]ed.<ref>[http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/exhibitions/sackler/godsInColor.html Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity 22 September 2007 Through 20 January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104060402/http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/exhibitions/sackler/godsInColor.html |date=4 January 2009 }}</ref> A person who creates sculptures is called a sculptor.
+The sculpture is [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] [[Work of art|artwork]] created by shaping or combining hard or [[plastic]] material, sound, or text and or light, commonly [[Stone sculpture|stone]] (either [[Rock (geology)|rock]] or [[marble]]), [[clay]], [[metal]], [[glass]], or [[wood]]. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or [[Wikt:carving|carving]]; others are assembled, built together and [[Kiln|fired]], [[Welding|welded]], [[Molding (process)|molded]], or [[Casting|cast]]. Sculptures are often [[paint]]ed.<ref>[http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/exhibitions/sackler/godsInColor.html Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity 22 September 2007 Through 20 January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104060402/http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/exhibitions/sackler/godsInColor.html |date=4 January 2009 }}</ref> A person who creates sculptures is called a sculptor.
-The earliest undisputed examples of sculpture belong to the [[Aurignacian culture]], which was located in Europe and southwest Asia and active at the beginning of the [[Upper Paleolithic]]. As well as producing some of the earliest known [[cave art]], the people of this culture developed finely-crafted stone tools, manufacturing pendants, bracelets, ivory beads, and bone-flutes, as well as three-dimensional figurines.<ref>P. Mellars, Archeology and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe: Deconstructing the Aurignacian, ''Evolutionary Anthropology'', vol. 15 (2006), pp. 167–82.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=de Laet, Sigfried J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e75T03MIp3sC&pg=PA211 |title=History of Humanity: Prehistory and the beginnings of civilization |publisher=UNESCO |year=1994 |isbn=978-92-3-102810-6 |page=211}}</ref><ref>Cook, J. (2013) ''Ice Age art: arrival of the modern mind'', The British Museum, {{ISBN|978-0-7141-2333-2}}.</ref>
+The earliest undisputed examples of sculpture belong to the [[Aurignacian culture]], which was located in Europe and southwest Asia and active at the beginning of the [[Upper Paleolithic]]. As well as producing some of the earliest known [[cave art]], the people of this culture developed finely crafted stone tools, manufacturing pendants, bracelets, ivory beads, and bone-flutes, as well as three-dimensional figurines.<ref>P. Mellars, Archeology and the Dispersal of [[Modern humans|Modern Humans]] in Europe: Deconstructing the Aurignacian, ''Evolutionary Anthropology'', vol. 15 (2006), pp. 167–82.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=de Laet, Sigfried J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e75T03MIp3sC&pg=PA211 |title=History of Humanity: Prehistory and the beginnings of civilization |publisher=UNESCO |year=1994 |isbn=978-92-3-102810-6 |page=211}}</ref><ref>Cook, J. (2013) ''Ice Age art: arrival of the modern mind'', The British Museum, {{ISBN|978-0-7141-2333-2}}.</ref>
-Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the [[plastic arts]]. The majority of [[public art]] is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a [[garden]] setting may be referred to as a [[sculpture garden]]. Sculptors do not always make sculptures by hand. With increasing technology in the 20th century and the popularity of [[conceptual art]] over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to [[Art fabrication|art fabricators]] to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to create larger and more complex sculptures out of materials like cement, metal and plastic, that they would not be able to create by hand. Sculptures can also be made with [[3-d printing]] technology.
+Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be molded or modulated, it is considered one of the [[plastic arts]]. The majority of [[public art]] is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a [[garden]] setting may be referred to as a [[sculpture garden]]. Sculptors do not always make sculptures by hand. With increasing technology in the 20th century and the popularity of [[conceptual art]] over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to [[Art fabrication|art fabricators]] to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to create larger and more complex sculptures out of materials like cement, metal, and plastic, that they would not be able to create by hand. Sculptures can also be made with [[3-D printing]] technology.
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 <blockquote>
 A "work of visual art" is —
-<br />(1) a painting, drawing, print or sculpture, existing in a single copy, in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author, or, in the case of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the author and bear the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or
+<br />(1) a painting, drawing, print, or sculpture, existing in a single copy, in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author, or, in the case of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the author and bear the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or
 <br />(2) a still photographic image produced for exhibition purposes only, existing in a single copy that is signed by the author, or in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author.<br /><br />
 A work of visual art does not include —
-<br />(A)(i) any poster, map, globe, chart, [[technical drawing]], diagram, model, applied art, motion picture or other audiovisual work, book, magazine, newspaper, periodical, data base, electronic information service, electronic publication, or similar publication;
+<br />(A)(i) any poster, map, globe, chart, [[technical drawing]], diagram, model, applied art, motion picture or other audiovisual work, book, magazine, newspaper, periodical, database, electronic information service, electronic publication, or similar publication;
 <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) any merchandising item or advertising, promotional, descriptive, covering, or packaging material or container;
 <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii) any portion or part of any item described in clause (i) or (ii);

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