Rumkale: Difference between revisions

Rumkale
Rumkale
Rumkale, Gaziantep, Turkey
	The Rumkale Fortress
	Rumkale
Coordinates	37°16′19″N 37°50′17″E / 37.27194°N 37.83806°E
Type	Fortress

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Revision as of 12:51, 25 February 2024

Rumkale (lit. 'Roman Castle'; Template:Lang-hy^[1]), also known as Urumgala,^[2] is a fortress on the Euphrates, located in the province of Gaziantep and 50 km west of Şanlıurfa.

History

Ancient History

Its strategic location was already known to the Assyrians, although the present structure is largely Hellenistic and Roman in origin. It is said that John, an apostle of Jesus, lived in Rumkale during Roman times.^[3] It was then part of the Byzantine Empire.

Medieval History

In the late 11th century, the castle was part of the Armenian principalities of first Philaretos Brachamiosand then Kogh Vasil.^[4] During the 12th century, it also became the seat of an Armenian bishop. In 1179, a synod took place in Rumkale, attempting a compromise between the Greeks and the Armenians. From 1203 to 1293, it served as the residence of the Catholicos of the Armenian Church.^[5] In 1293, it was captured by the Mamluks of Egypt following a protracted siege who then named it Qal'at al-Muslimin.

Access

The fortress, now situated across a peninsula created by the reservoir of Birecik Dam and within the administrative boundaries of Gaziantep's Nizip district, is currently accessible by boat either from the neighboring site of Zeugma or from the town of Halfeti. As of March 2017, it was not possible to land at the site; extensive (re)building is underway inside the fortress and on the external walls.^{[citation needed]}

Gallery

Eastern gate
Western gate
Well
Inside the western gate

References

^ Sarafean, Georg Avedis (1957). A Briefer History of Aintab A Concise History of the Cultural, Religious, Educational, Political, Industrial and Commercial Life of the Armenians of Aintab. Boston: Union of the Armenians of Aintab. p. 27. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ Öcal, Mehmet; Güler, Selahaddin E.; Mızrak, Remzi (2001). Şanlıurfa kültürü sözlüğü. Şurkav Yayınları. p. 39. ISBN 9789757394235. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
^ "Roman Castle to open to tourism". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
^ Dadoyan 2012, p. 41.
^ "Eastern Churches" by James Darling, London 1850, page 35, paragraph 2

Sources

Dadoyan, Seta B. (1 November 2012). The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigmscase of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth C. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-4782-7. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
Reuven Amitai-Preiss (1995), Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260-1281, pp. 179–225. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-46226-6.
Angus Stewart (2006), 'Hromgla', in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopaedia, II, p. 607. ABC-CLIO, Inc., ISBN 1-57607-862-0

[1] Sarafean, Georg Avedis (1957). A Briefer History of Aintab A Concise History of the Cultural, Religious, Educational, Political, Industrial and Commercial Life of the Armenians of Aintab. Boston: Union of the Armenians of Aintab. p. 27. Retrieved 4 September 2022.

[2] Öcal, Mehmet; Güler, Selahaddin E.; Mızrak, Remzi (2001). Şanlıurfa kültürü sözlüğü. Şurkav Yayınları. p. 39. ISBN 9789757394235. Retrieved 18 November 2022.

[3] "Roman Castle to open to tourism". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2020-03-28.

[FOOTNOTEDadoyan201241-4] Dadoyan 2012, p. 41.

[5] "Eastern Churches" by James Darling, London 1850, page 35, paragraph 2

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@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 '''Rumkale''' ({{literal translation}} 'Roman Castle'; {{lang-hy|Հռոմկլա|Hromgla}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarafean |first1=Georg Avedis |title=A Briefer History of Aintab A Concise History of the Cultural, Religious, Educational, Political, Industrial and Commercial Life of the Armenians of Aintab |date=1957 |publisher=Union of the Armenians of Aintab |location=Boston |page=27 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39076006639285&view=1up&seq=51&q1=ehnesh |access-date=4 September 2022 }}</ref>), also known as '''Urumgala''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Öcal |first1=Mehmet |last2=Güler |first2=Selahaddin E. |last3=Mızrak |first3=Remzi |title=Şanlıurfa kültürü sözlüğü |date=2001 |publisher=Şurkav Yayınları |page=39 |isbn=9789757394235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFltAAAAMAAJ&q=urumgala |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref> is a [[Qalat (fortress)|fortress]] on the [[Euphrates]], located in the province of [[Gaziantep Province|Gaziantep]] and 50&nbsp;km west of [[Şanlıurfa]].
+==History==
-Its strategic location was already known to the [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]], although the present structure is largely [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] in origin. It is said that [[John the Apostle|John]], an apostle of Jesus, lived in Rumkale during Roman times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/roman-castle-to-open-to-tourism--115972|title=Roman Castle to open to tourism|website=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> The site was occupied by various Byzantine and Armenian warlords during the [[Middle Ages]].  During the 12th century, it also became the seat of an [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian bishop]]. In 1179, a synod took place in Rumkale, attempting a compromise between the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greeks]] and the [[Armenians]]. From 1203 to 1293, it served as the residence of the [[Catholicos of All Armenians|Catholicos]] of the Armenian Church.<ref>"Eastern Churches" by James Darling, London 1850, page 35, paragraph 2</ref> In 1293, it was captured by the [[Mamluk]]s of [[Egypt]] following a protracted siege who then named it ''Qal'at al-Muslimin''.
+===Ancient History===
+Its strategic location was already known to the [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]], although the present structure is largely [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] in origin. It is said that [[John the Apostle|John]], an apostle of Jesus, lived in Rumkale during Roman times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/roman-castle-to-open-to-tourism--115972|title=Roman Castle to open to tourism|website=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> It was then part of the [[Byzantine Empire]].
+===Medieval History===
+In the late 11th century, the castle was part of the Armenian principalities of first [[Philaretos Brachamios]]and then [[Kogh Vasil]].{{sfn|Dadoyan |2012|p=41}} During the 12th century, it also became the seat of an [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian bishop]]. In 1179, a synod took place in Rumkale, attempting a compromise between the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greeks]] and the [[Armenians]]. From 1203 to 1293, it served as the residence of the [[Catholicos of All Armenians|Catholicos]] of the Armenian Church.<ref>"Eastern Churches" by James Darling, London 1850, page 35, paragraph 2</ref> In 1293, it was captured by the [[Mamluk]]s of [[Egypt]] following a protracted siege who then named it ''Qal'at al-Muslimin''.
 ==Access==
@@ Line 59: / Line 64: @@
 <references />
-==Further reading==
+==Sources==
+* {{cite book |last1=Dadoyan |first1=Seta B. |title=The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigmscase of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth C |date=1 November 2012 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-4782-7 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Armenians_in_the_Medieval_Islamic_Wo/acX8ODNtdIAC |access-date=25 February 2024 |language=en}}
 * [[Reuven Amitai-Preiss]] (1995), ''Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260-1281'', pp.&nbsp;179–225. Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-46226-6}}.
 * Angus Stewart  (2006), 'Hromgla', in Alan V. Murray (ed.), ''The Crusades:  An Encyclopaedia'', II, p.&nbsp;607. ABC-CLIO, Inc., {{ISBN|1-57607-862-0}}