1929 Buryat Revolt: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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In 1928, the [[Soviet Union]] under the leadership of [[Joseph Stalin]] implemented a forced policy of [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization]] across the Soviet Union.The policy aimed to integrate individual landholdings and labour into collectively-controlled and state-controlled farms. Collectivization angered the largely [[agricultural]] Buryats.<ref name="Red Buryat"/><ref name="GuruMongolia">{{cite web|url=https://tour2mongolia.com/travel-tips/who-are-buryats|title=Who are Buryats?|work=GuruTravelMongolia}}</ref> |
In 1928, the [[Soviet Union]] under the leadership of [[Joseph Stalin]] implemented a forced policy of [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization]] across the Soviet Union. The policy aimed to integrate individual landholdings and labour into collectively-controlled and state-controlled farms. Collectivization angered the largely [[agricultural]] Buryats.<ref name="Red Buryat"/><ref name="GuruMongolia">{{cite web|url=https://tour2mongolia.com/travel-tips/who-are-buryats|title=Who are Buryats?|work=GuruTravelMongolia}}</ref> |
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The [[Buryats]], a [[Mongol]] ethnic group, had also faced discrimination by Soviet authorities prior to the collectivization policies. Buryats mainly adhere to the [[Buddhist]] religion, which was persecuted by Soviet authorities from 1925 onwards in the form of closing down monasteries and exiling Lamas.<ref name="Red Buryat"/><ref name="Refworld">{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38d01a.html|title=Chronology for Buryat in Russia|work=refworld.org}}</ref><ref name="GeraciKhodarkovsky2001">{{cite book |last1=Geraci |first1=Robert P. |last2=Khodarkovsky |first2=Michael |title=Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia |date=2001 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-8703-3 |language=en |quote=Despite the onset of antireligious persecution, the Soviet government, desiring the support of Muslims and Buddhists, stopped short of launching an all-out war against their religious beliefs and institutions. However, it was predictable that such a situation would be only temporary. As Sovietization advanced further into Buriat and Kalmyk regions, the number of Lamaist clergy and ''khuruls'' was reduced.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Olson|Pappas|1994|p=125}} |
The [[Buryats]], a [[Mongol]] ethnic group, had also faced discrimination by Soviet authorities prior to the collectivization policies. Buryats mainly adhere to the [[Buddhist]] religion, which was persecuted by Soviet authorities from 1925 onwards in the form of closing down monasteries and exiling Lamas.<ref name="Red Buryat"/><ref name="Refworld">{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38d01a.html|title=Chronology for Buryat in Russia|work=refworld.org}}</ref><ref name="GeraciKhodarkovsky2001">{{cite book |last1=Geraci |first1=Robert P. |last2=Khodarkovsky |first2=Michael |title=Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia |date=2001 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-8703-3 |language=en |quote=Despite the onset of antireligious persecution, the Soviet government, desiring the support of Muslims and Buddhists, stopped short of launching an all-out war against their religious beliefs and institutions. However, it was predictable that such a situation would be only temporary. As Sovietization advanced further into Buriat and Kalmyk regions, the number of Lamaist clergy and ''khuruls'' was reduced.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Olson|Pappas|1994|p=125}} |
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Revision as of 09:47, 11 April 2024
| 1929 Buryat Revolt | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Collectivization in the Soviet Union | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Soviet Union | Buryats | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Joseph Stalin Yakov Epstien | Unknown | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| Red Army | Buryat Rebels and Farmers | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | 35,000 Buryats killed[3][2] | ||||||
The 1929 Buryat Revolt was a poorly organized revolt against oppression within the Soviet Union. Soviet authorities moved quickly to crush the revolt, resulting in about 10,000 deaths, and a number of Buryat people fled south to Mongolia.
History
In 1928, the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin implemented a forced policy of collectivization across the Soviet Union. The policy aimed to integrate individual landholdings and labour into collectively-controlled and state-controlled farms. Collectivization angered the largely agricultural Buryats.[3][4]
The Buryats, a Mongol ethnic group, had also faced discrimination by Soviet authorities prior to the collectivization policies. Buryats mainly adhere to the Buddhist religion, which was persecuted by Soviet authorities from 1925 onwards in the form of closing down monasteries and exiling Lamas.[3][5][6][7]
As a result of Soviet policies, several Buryats openly revolted against Soviet authorities and many fled to Mongolia (many of which were later killed by Communist Mongolian authorities). The uprising was swiftly put down by the Red Army, leading to the deaths of at least 35,000 Buryats.[3][2]
Between 1927 and 1928, 10,000 people were killed in Buryatia in an attempt by Soviet authorities to eliminate growing Buryat nationalism and Pan-Mongolism.[3]
References
- ^ "A Brief History of Buryat -- Russian Relations". culturalsurvival.org. 26 March 2010.
- ^ a b c James Minahan. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations, Vol. 2: S–Z, p. 345
- ^ a b c d e "D.Sukhbaatar: Red Buryat". worldmongol.org. 2 February 2023.
- ^ "Who are Buryats?". GuruTravelMongolia.
- ^ "Chronology for Buryat in Russia". refworld.org.
- ^ Geraci, Robert P.; Khodarkovsky, Michael (2001). Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8703-3.
Despite the onset of antireligious persecution, the Soviet government, desiring the support of Muslims and Buddhists, stopped short of launching an all-out war against their religious beliefs and institutions. However, it was predictable that such a situation would be only temporary. As Sovietization advanced further into Buriat and Kalmyk regions, the number of Lamaist clergy and khuruls was reduced.
- ^ Olson & Pappas 1994, p. 125.
Works cited
- Olson, James; Pappas, Nicholas, eds. (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313274978.