Yoron language: Difference between revisions
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| familycolor = Altaic |
| familycolor = Altaic |
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| fam1 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] |
| fam1 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] |
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| fam2 = [[ |
| fam2 = [[Ryukyuan languages|Ryukyuan]] |
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| fam3 = [[Ryukyuan languages|Ryukyuan]] |
| fam3 = [[Northern Ryukyuan languages|Northern Ryukyuan]] |
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| fam4 = [[ |
| fam4 = [[Amami languages|Amami]] or [[Kunigami language|Kunigami]] |
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| fam5 = [[Amami languages|Amami]] or [[Kunigami language|Kunigami]] |
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| iso3 = yox |
| iso3 = yox |
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| glotto = yoro1243 |
| glotto = yoro1243 |
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Latest revision as of 11:43, 20 April 2024
| Yoron | |
|---|---|
| ユンヌフトゥバ Yunnu Futuba | |
| Native to | Japan |
| Region | Yoronjima within the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture |
Native speakers | 950 (2004)[1] |
| Japanese | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | yox |
| Glottolog | yoro1243 |
The Yoron language (ユンヌフトゥバ Yunnu Futuba) is a dialect continuum spoken on Yoronjima in Kagoshima Prefecture, southwestern Japan. It is one of the Northern Ryukyuan languages, which are a sub-branch within the Japonic language family. The language is one of the most endangered languages in all of Japan.
Dialects
[edit]According to local folklorist Kiku Chiyo, Yoron dialects can be divided into three groups:[2]
- Chabana
- Asato (/asi⸢tu/), Gusuku (/gusi⸢ku/ ～ /gusu⸢ku/), Ritchō, Kanō (/ha⸢noː/) and Nama (/naː⸢ma/)
- Mugiya-higashiku, Mugiya-nishiku and Furusato (/puru⸢satu/)
The Mugiya district is often considered to have a distinct form of accent and intonation.
Folk terminology
[edit]According to Kiku Hidenori, who leads conservation activities, people of Yoron Island, Kagoshima Prefecture call their language "Yunnu Futuba."[3] More precisely, a dictionary compiled by his mother Kiku Chiyo (b. 1927) gives /junnuhu⸢tuba/ as the word form of her home community, Mugiya-higashiku. Other words she collected include /junnu⸢jun/ (Yoron accent), /nizjancju⸢jun/ (accent of people of Mugiya-higashiku and Mugiya-nishiku), /sima⸢jun/ (speaking the dialect), /sima⸢guci/ and /simahu⸢tuba/ (the island/home community's language).[2] Yamada Minoru (b. 1916) provides the word forms of the community of Chabana: /⸢ju⸣nnu ⸢fu⸣tuba/ and /⸢ʃi⸣ma ⸢fu⸣tuba/ (the island's language).[4]
Phonology
[edit]The following is the phonology of the Mugiya dialect, which is based on Hirayama et al. (1969).[5]
Consonants
[edit]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | Moraic | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | Q N | ||||||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ʔ | ||||||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | s | z | h | ||||||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||||||||
| Flap | r[clarification needed] | ||||||||||||
Notes
- The null onset /∅/ may be added. It contrasts with glottal /h/ and /ʔ/.
- /h/ is [ç] before /i/, and [ɸ] before /u/. /hwa/ is phonetically realized as [ɸa].
- /si/, /se/ and [t͡ʃu] is realized as [ʃi], [ʃe], and [t͡su], respectively.
- [t͡ʃa], [t͡ʃu] and [t͡ʃo] are phonemically analyzed as /t͡ʃja/, /t͡ʃju/ and /t͡ʃjo/, respectively.
- [ʃa], [ʃu] and [ʃo] are phonemically analyzed as /sja/, /sju/ and /sjo/, respectively.
- N and Q are syllable codas (nasal and geminated stop, respectively).
Vowels
[edit]The Yoron language has /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/, long and short.
Correspondences to Standard Japanese
[edit]Only major sound correspondences are listed.
- Standard Japanese /e/ is merged into /i/.
- Standard Japanese /o/ is merged into /u/.
- Yoron /e/ and /o/ are of secondary or loanword origin and mostly correspond to Standard Japanese diphthongs.
- Yoron retains /p/ while it has changed to /h/ in Standard Japanese.
- Standard Japanese /t͡ʃu/, /su/ and /zu/ correspond to /t͡ʃi/ [t͡ʃi], /si/ [ʃi] and /zi/ [d͡ʒi].
- Standard Japanese /k/ shows complex correspondences. Standard Japanese /ka/ corresponds to both Yoron /ka/ and /ha/. /ki/ corresponds to /ki/ and /si/. /ke/ corresponds to /si/ with some exceptions. /ko/ corresponds to /hu/.
- In some words, Standard Japanese /ni/ corresponds to Yoron /mi/.
- Yoron /r/ is dropped when it is surrounded by a vowel and /i/.
- Standard Japanese /o/ that comes from earlier /wo/ corresponds to Yoron /hu/.
Resources
[edit]- Yorontō-go jiten (1995) by Yamada Minoru. The author is from Chabana, Yoron Island of the Amami Islands but also collected data from other communities on the island.
- Yoron hōgen jiten (2005) by Kiku Chiyo and Takahashi Toshizō. A dictionary for Kiku's home community, Mugiya-higashiku, Yoron Island of the Amami Islands.
References
[edit]- ^ Yoron at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Kiku Chiyo 菊千代 and Takahashi Toshizō 高橋俊三 (2005). Yoron hōgen jiten 与論方言辞典 (in Japanese).
- ^ Kiku Hidenori 菊秀史 (2011). "Yoron no kotoba de hanasō 与論の言葉で話そう". Nihon no hōgen no tayōsei o mamoru tame ni 日本の方言の多様性を守るために (in Japanese). pp. 12–23.
- ^ Yamada Minoru 山田實 (1995). Yorontō-go jiten 与論島語辞典 (in Japanese).
- ^ Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男, Ōshima Ichirō 大島一郎 and Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 (1969). "Gengo 言語". In Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男 (ed.). Satsunan shotō no sōgōteki kenkyū 薩南諸島の総合的研究 (in Japanese). pp. 235–478.
Further reading
[edit]- Machi Hiromitsu, 1977. Nominalization in Yoron.
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