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The space animal hypothesis proposes that reports of flying saucers or UFOs might be caused not by technological alien spacecraft or mass hysteria, but rather by animal lifeforms ("space critters") that are indigenous to Earth's atmosphere or interplanetary space.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Proponents

Multiple authors independently suggested the space animal hypothesis.^[1] In 1923, paranormal author Charles Fort had mused "It seems no more incredible that up in the seemingly unoccupied sky there should be hosts of living things than that the seeming blank of the ocean should swarm with life".^[4]^[1]

During the 1947 flying disc craze, a fan of Fort's writings named John Philip Bessor became the first modern proponent of the hypothesis when he authored a letter to the Air Force suggesting that discs might be "animals bearing very little likeness to human beings". In 1949, he wrote to the Saturday Evening Post to suggest that the discs might be "more like octopuses, in mentality, than humans".^[5] In 1957, a saucer group's newsletter credited Bessor with the "space animal" idea,^[1] and in 1978 he was called the "grand-daddy" of the "space critter" hypothesis.^[6] In 1948, the Saturday Evening Post quoted Luis Walter Alvarez's opinion that the "gizmos" appeared to be "alive".^[7]

In April 1949, the Air Force's Project Sign released an essay which considered the hypothesis, writing "the possible existence of some sort of strange extraterrestrial animals has been remotely considered, as many of the objects described acted more like animals than anything else".^[1] In January 1951, Fate magazine published the opinion of David W. Chase who argued that the "saucers are the beings themselves".^[1] In 1953, Walter Karig speculated in American Weekly that the objects behaved more like "puppies" than spaceships.^[8]^[1] That year, Desmond Leslie's book Flying Saucers Have Landed speculated that a UFO reported over Oloron and Gaillac France might been a "huge living thing".^[9]^[1] In 1954, French engineer Rene Fouere published his theory that the "disc-beings" were able to live in space.^[10]^[1] In October 1954, Alfred Loedding was publicly quoted on his suspicion that the disks "may be a kind of space animal".^[11]

By 1955, original saucer witness Kenneth Arnold began to promote the theory, suggesting that the UFOs are "sort of like sky jellyfish." Arnold added: "My theory might sound funny, but just remember that there are a lot of things in nature that we don’t know yet."^[12] In 1962, he argued "the so-called unidentified flying objects that have been seen in our atmosphere are not spaceships from another planet at all, but are groups and masses of living organisms that are as much a part of our atmosphere and space as the life we find in the oceans."^[13]^[14]

In 1955, Austrian occultist Zoe Wassilko-Serecki argued that the saucers were ionospheric animals.^[15]^[1] Her writings, in turn, influenced Ivan T. Sanderson who became the "most eminent advocate" of the space animal idea.^[1]^[16]^[17] In 1967, Sanderson authored a book on the topic: Uninvited Visitors: A Biologist Looks at UFOs.

Trevor James Constable similarly argued that UFOs were in fact amoeba-like animals inhabiting the sky.^[18] According to Constable, the creatures could be the size of a coin or as large as half-a-mile across.^[19] Constable authored They Live in the Sky! (1958) and other books about his theory. In later decades, Constable invoked these beings to explain supposed cattle mutilations.^[19]

Space animals in fiction

Arthur Conan Doyle's 1913 short story "The Horror of the Heights" featured an aviator breaking an altitude record who discovered an "air jungle" full of translucent animals resembling jellyfish and snakes.^[2] In September 1936, Ramond Z. Gallum's short story "A Beast of the Void" envisioned creatures capable of interstellar travel.^[20]^[1] Star Trek explored the concept of space animals in episodes like "The Immunity Syndrome" (1968) and "Galaxy's Child" (1991).^[21] The Purrgil space whales in the Star Wars franchise are said to have inspired Hyperspace travel.^[22]

Jordan Peele's 2022 movie Nope featured a UFO that is revealed to be an animal.^[23] Peele and his team collaborated with marine biologists to design an undiscovered aerial predator with anatomical and locomotive elements inspired by jellyfish, octopus, and other marine lifeforms.^[24]^[25]^[26]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "Who 'Discovered Space Animals'?", Civilian Saucer Intelligence of New York Newsletter, (December 15, 1957)
^ ^a ^b Mullis, Justin (February 8, 2023). "Jordan Peele's 'NOPE': cryptids in the clouds?". aiptcomics.com.
^ Kripal, Jeffrey J. (November 14, 2017). Secret Body: Erotic and Esoteric Currents in the History of Religions. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12682-1 – via Google Books.
^ New Lands, 1923, ch 17
^ Saturday Evening Post, July 2, 1949 "He Believes in Saucers"
^ Richard Toronto, "On the Track of the Gelatinous Meteor: What if UFOs are not extraterrestrial machines, but strange atmospheric life-forms?"
^ Saturday Evening Post, March 6, 1948
^ American Weekly, Nov 22, 1953
^ Flying Saucers Have Landed p.138
^ Paris-Montparnasse, Summer 1954
^ Times-Advertiser, Oct 10 1954
^ "Eerie Blue Light Said Live 'Thing'". La Grande Observer. January 29, 1955. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Flying Saucer Magazine, Nov. 1962
^ "The Cosmic Pulse of Life: The Revolutionary Biological Power Behind UFOsThe Cosmic Pulse Of Life". May 9, 2008 – via Internet Archive.
^ Wassilko-Serecki, Zoe: 'Startling Theory on Flying Saucers'; American Astrology, Sept. 1955
^ Falsetto, Mario (May 9, 1996). Perspectives on Stanley Kubrick. G.K. Hall. ISBN 978-0-8161-1991-2 – via Google Books.
^ Randall, Stephen (May 9, 2006). The Playboy Interviews: The Directors. M Press. ISBN 978-1-59582-028-0 – via Google Books.
^ Pilkington, Mark (June 23, 2005). "Life: Letters: Phantom flyers: Far out". The Guardian. London. p. 10.
^ ^a ^b Reece, Gregory L. (20 Aug 2007). UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture. I.B.Tauris. p. 17. ISBN 9780857717634.
^ "Astounding v18n01 (1936 09)". September 9, 1936 – via Internet Archive.
^ Noor, Mohamed A. F. (February 25, 2020). "Live Long and Evolve: What Star Trek Can Teach Us about Evolution, Genetics, and Life on Other Worlds". Princeton University Press – via Google Books.
^ Britt, Ryan (Feb 20, 2024). "Purrgil? Star Wars Space Whales Are Rewriting Hyperspace Canon". Inverse (website).
^ Weekes, Princess (July 25, 2022). "What Does the Gordy Subplot Mean in Jordan Peel[e]'s 'Nope'?". The Mary Sue. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022. The murder of Jupe's family confirms to OJ that this flying saucer isn't a ship, but a predatory cryptid, one-winged-angel-style creature that acts when its dominance is tested when people look straight at it.
^ Stefansky, Emma (July 25, 2022). "Inside the Eerie UFO Design for Jordan Peele's 'Nope'". Thrillist. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
^ Egan, Toussaint (July 25, 2022). "The inspirations behind the monster in Nope". Polygon. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022. Over the course of the film, the UAP ["unidentified aerial phenomenon"] assumes several terrifying forms, which make it roughly something of a cross between a shark, a flying saucer, a manta ray, a flat humongous man-eating eyeball, and a "biblically accurate" angel, [with] Jean Jacket's appearance and design most closely resembl[ing] those of Sahaquiel, the 10th Angel, which appears in the 12th episode of the original 1995 anime, "A Miracle's Worth," and the second film in the Rebuild of Evangelion tetralogy, Evangelion[:] 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance
^ Adlakha, Siddhant (July 20, 2022). "IGN: Nope Review". Polygon. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022. (the design of this apparent saucer is, initially, shocking in its simplicity, but by the end, you may as well call it "Biblically accurate").

[WhoDiscovered-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "Who 'Discovered Space Animals'?", Civilian Saucer Intelligence of New York Newsletter, (December 15, 1957)

[NYSkeptics-2] Mullis, Justin (February 8, 2023). "Jordan Peele's 'NOPE': cryptids in the clouds?". aiptcomics.com.

[3] Kripal, Jeffrey J. (November 14, 2017). Secret Body: Erotic and Esoteric Currents in the History of Religions. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12682-1 – via Google Books.

[4] New Lands, 1923, ch 17

[5] Saturday Evening Post, July 2, 1949 "He Believes in Saucers"

[toronto-6] Richard Toronto, "On the Track of the Gelatinous Meteor: What if UFOs are not extraterrestrial machines, but strange atmospheric life-forms?"

[7] Saturday Evening Post, March 6, 1948

[8] American Weekly, Nov 22, 1953

[9] Flying Saucers Have Landed p.138

[10] Paris-Montparnasse, Summer 1954

[11] Times-Advertiser, Oct 10 1954

[12] "Eerie Blue Light Said Live 'Thing'". La Grande Observer. January 29, 1955. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.

[13] Flying Saucer Magazine, Nov. 1962

[14] "The Cosmic Pulse of Life: The Revolutionary Biological Power Behind UFOsThe Cosmic Pulse Of Life". May 9, 2008 – via Internet Archive.

[15] Wassilko-Serecki, Zoe: 'Startling Theory on Flying Saucers'; American Astrology, Sept. 1955

[16] Falsetto, Mario (May 9, 1996). Perspectives on Stanley Kubrick. G.K. Hall. ISBN 978-0-8161-1991-2 – via Google Books.

[17] Randall, Stephen (May 9, 2006). The Playboy Interviews: The Directors. M Press. ISBN 978-1-59582-028-0 – via Google Books.

[book-18] Pilkington, Mark (June 23, 2005). "Life: Letters: Phantom flyers: Far out". The Guardian. London. p. 10.

[Reece-19] Reece, Gregory L. (20 Aug 2007). UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture. I.B.Tauris. p. 17. ISBN 9780857717634.

[20] "Astounding v18n01 (1936 09)". September 9, 1936 – via Internet Archive.

[21] Noor, Mohamed A. F. (February 25, 2020). "Live Long and Evolve: What Star Trek Can Teach Us about Evolution, Genetics, and Life on Other Worlds". Princeton University Press – via Google Books.

[22] Britt, Ryan (Feb 20, 2024). "Purrgil? Star Wars Space Whales Are Rewriting Hyperspace Canon". Inverse (website).

[TMS-23] Weekes, Princess (July 25, 2022). "What Does the Gordy Subplot Mean in Jordan Peel[e]'s 'Nope'?". The Mary Sue. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022. The murder of Jupe's family confirms to OJ that this flying saucer isn't a ship, but a predatory cryptid, one-winged-angel-style creature that acts when its dominance is tested when people look straight at it.

[Jean_Jacket-24] Stefansky, Emma (July 25, 2022). "Inside the Eerie UFO Design for Jordan Peele's 'Nope'". Thrillist. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.

[Polygon-25] Egan, Toussaint (July 25, 2022). "The inspirations behind the monster in Nope". Polygon. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022. Over the course of the film, the UAP ["unidentified aerial phenomenon"] assumes several terrifying forms, which make it roughly something of a cross between a shark, a flying saucer, a manta ray, a flat humongous man-eating eyeball, and a "biblically accurate" angel, [with] Jean Jacket's appearance and design most closely resembl[ing] those of Sahaquiel, the 10th Angel, which appears in the 12th episode of the original 1995 anime, "A Miracle's Worth," and the second film in the Rebuild of Evangelion tetralogy, Evangelion[:] 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance

[IGN-26] Adlakha, Siddhant (July 20, 2022). "IGN: Nope Review". Polygon. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022. (the design of this apparent saucer is, initially, shocking in its simplicity, but by the end, you may as well call it "Biblically accurate").

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 ==Space animals in fiction==
-[[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s 1913 short story "[[The Horror of the Heights]]" featured an aviator breaking an altitude record who discovered an "air jungle" full of translucent animals resembling jellyfish and snakes.<ref name="NYSkeptics">{{Cite web|url=https://aiptcomics.com/2023/02/08/jordan-peele-nope-cryptids-ufos-uap/|title=Jordan Peele's 'NOPE': cryptids in the clouds?|first=Justin|last=Mullis|date=February 8, 2023|website=aiptcomics.com}}</ref>  In September 1936, Ramond Z. Gallum's short story "A Beast of the Void" envisioned creatures capable of interstellar travel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/Astounding_v18n01_1936-09|title=Astounding v18n01 (1936 09)|date=September 9, 1936|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="WhoDiscovered"/>  Star Trek explored the concept of space animals in episodes like "[[The Immunity Syndrome (Star Trek: The Original Series)|The Immunity Syndrome]]" (1968) and "[[Galaxy's Child]]" (1991).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G72tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181|title=Live Long and Evolve: What Star Trek Can Teach Us about Evolution, Genetics, and Life on Other Worlds|first=Mohamed A. F.|last=Noor|date=February 25, 2020|publisher=Princeton University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref>
+[[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s 1913 short story "[[The Horror of the Heights]]" featured an aviator breaking an altitude record who discovered an "air jungle" full of translucent animals resembling jellyfish and snakes.<ref name="NYSkeptics">{{Cite web|url=https://aiptcomics.com/2023/02/08/jordan-peele-nope-cryptids-ufos-uap/|title=Jordan Peele's 'NOPE': cryptids in the clouds?|first=Justin|last=Mullis|date=February 8, 2023|website=aiptcomics.com}}</ref>  In September 1936, Ramond Z. Gallum's short story "A Beast of the Void" envisioned creatures capable of interstellar travel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/Astounding_v18n01_1936-09|title=Astounding v18n01 (1936 09)|date=September 9, 1936|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="WhoDiscovered"/>  Star Trek explored the concept of space animals in episodes like "[[The Immunity Syndrome (Star Trek: The Original Series)|The Immunity Syndrome]]" (1968) and "[[Galaxy's Child]]" (1991).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G72tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181|title=Live Long and Evolve: What Star Trek Can Teach Us about Evolution, Genetics, and Life on Other Worlds|first=Mohamed A. F.|last=Noor|date=February 25, 2020|publisher=Princeton University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> The [[Purrgil]] space whales in the [[Star Wars franchise]] are said to have inspired [[Hyperspace (Star Wars)|Hyperspace]] travel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Britt |first1=Ryan |title=Purrgil? Star Wars Space Whales Are Rewriting Hyperspace Canon |url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/purrgil-explained-star-wars-space-whales-hyperspace-canon |website=[[Inverse (website)]] |date=Feb 20, 2024}}</ref>
 [[Jordan Peele]]'s 2022 movie ''[[Nope (film)|Nope]]'' featured a UFO that is revealed to be an animal.<ref name="TMS">{{cite web|url=https://www.themarysue.com/what-does-the-gordy-subplot-mean-in-jordan-peels-nope|title=What Does the Gordy Subplot Mean in Jordan Peel[e]'s {{'}}''Nope''{{'}}?|date=July 25, 2022|first=Princess|last=Weekes|website=[[The Mary Sue]]|quote=The murder of Jupe's family confirms to OJ that this [[flying saucer]] isn't a ship, but a predatory [[cryptid]], one-winged-angel-style creature that acts when its dominance is tested when people look straight at it.|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725194022/https://www.themarysue.com/what-does-the-gordy-subplot-mean-in-jordan-peels-nope/|url-status=live}}</ref>  Peele and his team collaborated with marine biologists to design an undiscovered aerial predator with anatomical and locomotive elements inspired by jellyfish, octopus,  and other marine lifeforms.<ref name="Jean Jacket">{{cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/nope-movie-ufo-design|title=Inside the Eerie UFO Design for Jordan Peele's 'Nope'|date=July 25, 2022|first=Emma|last=Stefansky|website=[[Thrillist]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725130532/https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/nope-movie-ufo-design|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Polygon">{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/23277377/jordan-peele-nope-movie-creature-design-inspirations|title=The inspirations behind the monster in ''Nope''|date=July 25, 2022|first=Toussaint|last=Egan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|quote=Over the course of the film, the UAP ["unidentified aerial phenomenon"] assumes several terrifying forms, which make it roughly something of a cross between a [[shark]], a [[flying saucer]], a [[manta ray]], a flat humongous man-eating [[eyeball]], and a [[Ophanim|"biblically accurate" angel]], [with] Jean Jacket's appearance and design most closely resembl[ing] those of [[Angels in Neon Genesis Evangelion#Sahaquiel|Sahaquiel, the 10th Angel]], which appears in the 12th episode of the original 1995 anime, [[List of Neon Genesis Evangelion episodes#ep12|"A Miracle's Worth,"]] and the second film in the ''[[Rebuild of Evangelion]]'' tetralogy, ''[[Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance|Evangelion[:] 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance]]''|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725183333/https://www.polygon.com/23277377/jordan-peele-nope-movie-creature-design-inspirations|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IGN">{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/nope-review-jordan-peele|title=IGN: ''Nope'' Review|date=July 20, 2022|first=Siddhant|last=Adlakha|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|access-date=July 20, 2022|quote=(the design of this apparent saucer is, initially, shocking in its simplicity, but by the end, you may as well call it "Biblically accurate").|archive-date=July 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720161149/https://www.ign.com/articles/nope-review-jordan-peele|url-status=live}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:55, 18 June 2024

Proponents

Space animals in fiction

See also

References