Mercury switch: Difference between revisions
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Mercury switches consist of one or more sets of [[contact|electrical contacts]] in a sealed [[glass]] envelope which contains a bead of [[mercury (element)|mercury]]. The envelope may also contain air, an [[inert gas]], or a vacuum. Gravity is constantly pulling the drop of mercury to the lowest point in the envelope. When the switch is tilted in the appropriate direction, the mercury touches a set of contacts, thus completing the electrical circuit through those contacts. Tilting the switch the opposite direction causes the mercury to move away from that set of contacts, thus breaking that circuit. <ref> Jacob Fraden, ''Handbook of Modern Sensors - Physics, Designs and Applications (3rd Edition)''. Springer - Verlag, 2004 pp. 256-257 </ref>.The switch may contain multiple sets of contacts, closing different sets at different angles allowing, for example, Single-Pole, Double-Throw'' (''[[Switch#Contact arrangements|SPDT]]'') operation. |
Mercury switches consist of one or more sets of [[contact|electrical contacts]] in a sealed [[glass]] envelope which contains a bead of [[mercury (element)|mercury]]. The envelope may also contain air, an [[inert gas]], or a vacuum. Gravity is constantly pulling the drop of mercury to the lowest point in the envelope. When the switch is tilted in the appropriate direction, the mercury touches a set of contacts, thus completing the electrical circuit through those contacts. Tilting the switch the opposite direction causes the mercury to move away from that set of contacts, thus breaking that circuit. <ref> Jacob Fraden, ''Handbook of Modern Sensors - Physics, Designs and Applications (3rd Edition)''. Springer - Verlag, 2004 pp. 256-257 </ref>.The switch may contain multiple sets of contacts, closing different sets at different angles allowing, for example, Single-Pole, Double-Throw'' (''[[Switch#Contact arrangements|SPDT]]'') operation. |
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Advantages of the mercury switch over other types are that the contacts are enclosed, so oxidation of the contact points is unlikely; in [[Electrical equipment in hazardous areas|hazardous locations]], interrupting the circuit will not emit a spark that can ignite flammable gasses. Contacts stay clean, and even if an internal arc is produces, the contact surfaces are renewed on every operation, so the contacts don't wear out. Even a small drop of mercury has a low resistance, so switches can carry useful amounts of current in a small size <ref> Martin J. Heathcote, ''The J & P transformer book: a practical technology of the power transformer'' Newnes, 2007 ISBN 0750681640 p.285 </ref>. The sensitivity of the drop to gravity provides a unique sensing function, and lends itself to simple mechanisims for manual or automatic operation. The switches are quiet as there are no contacts that abruptly snap together. The mass of the moving mercury drop can provide an "over center" effect to avoid chattering as the switch is tilted. Multiple contacts can be included in the envelope for two or more circuits. |
Advantages of the mercury switch over other types are that the contacts are enclosed, so oxidation of the contact points is unlikely; in [[Electrical equipment in hazardous areas|hazardous locations]], interrupting the circuit will not emit a spark that can ignite flammable gasses. Contacts stay clean, and even if an internal arc is produces, the contact surfaces are renewed on every operation, so the contacts don't wear out. Even a small drop of mercury has a low resistance, so switches can carry useful amounts of current in a small size <ref> Martin J. Heathcote, ''The J & P transformer book: a practical technology of the power transformer'' Newnes, 2007 ISBN 0750681640 p.285 </ref>. The sensitivity of the drop to gravity provides a unique sensing function, and lends itself to simple, low-force mechanisims for manual or automatic operation. The switches are quiet as there are no contacts that abruptly snap together. The mass of the moving mercury drop can provide an "over center" effect to avoid chattering as the switch is tilted. Multiple contacts can be included in the envelope for two or more circuits. |
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| ⚫ | Disadvantages when compared with other types include: Mercury switches have a relatively slow operating rate so are not used when many operating cycles are required per second. Mercury switches are sensitive to gravity so may be unsuitable in portable or mobile devices that can change orientation or that vibrate. Mercury compounds are highly toxic and accumulate in any [[food chain]], so mercury is not permitted in many new designs. Glass envelopes and wire electrodes may be fragile and require flexible leads to prevent damaging the envelope. The mercury drop forms a common electrode, so circuits are not reliably isolated from each other if a multipole switch is used. |
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| ⚫ | Disadvantages when compared with other types include: Mercury switches have a relatively slow operating rate due to the inertia of the mercury drop, so they are not used when many operating cycles are required per second.<ref> David W. Pessen, ''Industrial automation: circuit design and components'',Wiley-IEEE, 1989 ISBN 0471600717, page 44</ref> Mercury switches are sensitive to gravity so may be unsuitable in portable or mobile devices that can change orientation or that vibrate. Mercury compounds are highly toxic and accumulate in any [[food chain]], so mercury is not permitted in many new designs. Glass envelopes and wire electrodes may be fragile and require flexible leads to prevent damaging the envelope. The mercury drop forms a common electrode, so circuits are not reliably isolated from each other if a multipole switch is used. |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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===Roll sensing=== |
===Roll sensing=== |
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Tilt switches may be used for a rollover or tip over warning for construction equipment and lift vehicles operating in rugged off-highway terrain. There are several non-mercury types but few are implemented due to sensitivity to shock and vibration - causing false tripping. However devices resistant to this do exist. |
Tilt switches may be used for a rollover or tip over warning for construction equipment and lift vehicles operating in rugged off-highway terrain. There are several non-mercury types but few are implemented due to sensitivity to shock and vibration - causing false tripping. However devices resistant to this do exist. |
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=== Automotive uses === |
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Mercury switches were used in automobiles for lighting controls (for example, trunk lid lights), ride control, and [[ABS|Antilock braking control]] systems. Scrapped automobiles can leak mercury to the environment if these switches are not properly removed. These uses are being discontinued. <ref> United States, '' Mercury study report to Congress'', DIANE Publishing, 1997 ISBN 1428903720, page 2-11 |
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Tilt switches can be found in alarms that are triggered when a driver's head tips, alerting them if they are falling asleep at the wheel. |
Tilt switches can be found in alarms that are triggered when a driver's head tips, alerting them if they are falling asleep at the wheel. |
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Revision as of 20:30, 3 September 2010
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2010) |
A mercury switch (also known as a mercury tilt switch) is a switch whose purpose is to allow or interrupt the flow of electric current in an electrical circuit in a manner that is dependent on the switch's physical position or alignment relative to the direction of the "pull" of earth's gravity, or other inertia.
Mercury switches consist of one or more sets of electrical contacts in a sealed glass envelope which contains a bead of mercury. The envelope may also contain air, an inert gas, or a vacuum. Gravity is constantly pulling the drop of mercury to the lowest point in the envelope. When the switch is tilted in the appropriate direction, the mercury touches a set of contacts, thus completing the electrical circuit through those contacts. Tilting the switch the opposite direction causes the mercury to move away from that set of contacts, thus breaking that circuit. [1].The switch may contain multiple sets of contacts, closing different sets at different angles allowing, for example, Single-Pole, Double-Throw (SPDT) operation.
Advantages of the mercury switch over other types are that the contacts are enclosed, so oxidation of the contact points is unlikely; in hazardous locations, interrupting the circuit will not emit a spark that can ignite flammable gasses. Contacts stay clean, and even if an internal arc is produces, the contact surfaces are renewed on every operation, so the contacts don't wear out. Even a small drop of mercury has a low resistance, so switches can carry useful amounts of current in a small size [2]. The sensitivity of the drop to gravity provides a unique sensing function, and lends itself to simple, low-force mechanisims for manual or automatic operation. The switches are quiet as there are no contacts that abruptly snap together. The mass of the moving mercury drop can provide an "over center" effect to avoid chattering as the switch is tilted. Multiple contacts can be included in the envelope for two or more circuits.
Disadvantages when compared with other types include: Mercury switches have a relatively slow operating rate due to the inertia of the mercury drop, so they are not used when many operating cycles are required per second.[3] Mercury switches are sensitive to gravity so may be unsuitable in portable or mobile devices that can change orientation or that vibrate. Mercury compounds are highly toxic and accumulate in any food chain, so mercury is not permitted in many new designs. Glass envelopes and wire electrodes may be fragile and require flexible leads to prevent damaging the envelope. The mercury drop forms a common electrode, so circuits are not reliably isolated from each other if a multipole switch is used.
Uses
Roll sensing
Tilt switches may be used for a rollover or tip over warning for construction equipment and lift vehicles operating in rugged off-highway terrain. There are several non-mercury types but few are implemented due to sensitivity to shock and vibration - causing false tripping. However devices resistant to this do exist.
Automotive uses
Mercury switches were used in automobiles for lighting controls (for example, trunk lid lights), ride control, and Antilock braking control systems. Scrapped automobiles can leak mercury to the environment if these switches are not properly removed. These uses are being discontinued. Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[4]Mercury tilt switches can be found in some bomb and landmine fuzes, typically in the form of anti-handling devices, for example, a variant of the VS-50 mine.
Toxicity
Since mercury is a poisonous heavy metal, devices containing mercury switches must be treated as hazardous waste for disposal. Because it is now RoHS restricted, it has been eliminated in most modern applications. A metal ball and contact wires can directly replace it. Low-precision thermostats simply use a bimetal strip and a switch contact; precision thermostats use a thermistor or silicon temperature sensor. Low-cost accelerometers replace the mercury tilt switch in precision applications.
See also
- Mercury arc valve, a rectifier device intended for high electrical voltages/currents
- Mercury battery, an electrochemical battery
- Mercury coulometer, an electro analytical chemistry device that determines the amount of matter transformed during a mercury reaction
- Mercury probe, an electrical probing device to sample for electrical characterization
- Mercury swivel commutator, an electrical circuit, current-reversing switch using the element mercury
- Mercury-wetted relay
External links
References
- ^ Jacob Fraden, Handbook of Modern Sensors - Physics, Designs and Applications (3rd Edition). Springer - Verlag, 2004 pp. 256-257
- ^ Martin J. Heathcote, The J & P transformer book: a practical technology of the power transformer Newnes, 2007 ISBN 0750681640 p.285
- ^ David W. Pessen, Industrial automation: circuit design and components,Wiley-IEEE, 1989 ISBN 0471600717, page 44
- ^ "1979: Car bomb kills Airey Neave". BBC News. 30 March 1979. Retrieved 26 March 2010.