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A number of websites exist promoting the use of oxyhydrogen (often called "HHO"), selling plans for do-it-yourself electrolysers or entire kits with the promise of large improvements in fuel efficiency. According to a spokesman for the [[American Automobile Association]], "All of these devices look like they could probably work for you, but let me tell you they don't."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/148710/gas_crisis_fuels_dubious_online_offers.html|title=Gas Crisis Fuels Dubious Online Offers|last=Spring|first=Tom|date=July 28, 2008|publisher=PC World|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref>
A number of websites exist promoting the use of oxyhydrogen (often called "HHO"), selling plans for do-it-yourself electrolysers or entire kits with the promise of large improvements in fuel efficiency. According to a spokesman for the [[American Automobile Association]], "All of these devices look like they could probably work for you, but let me tell you they don't."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/148710/gas_crisis_fuels_dubious_online_offers.html|title=Gas Crisis Fuels Dubious Online Offers|last=Spring|first=Tom|date=July 28, 2008|publisher=PC World|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref>


Although opinions around this technology are often strongly polarised, the benefits and dangers of injecting oxygen compounds into air-fuel mixtures are well understood. Nitrous oxide is the most well know example, having been exploited and banned in some classes of motor sports. Injecting pure molecular hydrogen and oxygen into an internal combustion engine has been found to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.<ref>Thorsten Allgeier, Martin Klenk and Tilo Landenfeld (January, 2004). "Advanced Emissions and Fuel Economy Control Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and Hydrogen in SI-Engines". SAE Technical Paper Series (2004-01-1270): p. 11–12.</ref>
Although opinions around this technology are often strongly polarised, the benefits and dangers of injecting oxygen compounds into air-fuel mixtures are well understood. Nitrous oxide is the most well know example, having been exploited and banned in some classes of motor sports. Injecting pure molecular hydrogen and oxygen into an internal combustion engine has been found to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.<ref>Thorsten Allgeier, Martin Klenk and Tilo Landenfeld (January, 2004). "Advanced Emissions and Fuel Economy Control Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and Hydrogen in SI-Engines". SAE Technical Paper Series (2004-01-1270): p. 11–12.</ref><ref>Thorsten Allgeier, Martin Klenk and Tilo Landenfeld (January, 2004). "Advanced Emissions and Fuel Economy Control Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and Hydrogen in SI-Engines". SAE Technical Paper Series (2004-01-1270): p. 11–12.</ref>


The increase in extra power and improved fuel efficiency is predominantly due to the presence of the extra oxygen, not the hydrogen. The higher oxygen saturation in the air-fuel mixture provides for a more complete fuel burn per cylinder stroke. The hydrogen helps to reduce emissions by combining with unburnt hydrocarbons and exhaust gases to form carbon dioxide and water. The injected gases also have a cooling effect on the combustion reaction, resulting in lower nitrogen oxide emissions.
The increase in extra power and improved fuel efficiency is predominantly due to the presence of the extra oxygen, not the hydrogen. The higher oxygen saturation in the air-fuel mixture provides for a more complete fuel burn per cylinder stroke. The hydrogen helps to reduce emissions by combining with unburnt hydrocarbons and exhaust gases to form carbon dioxide and water.<ref>Thorsten Allgeier, Martin Klenk and Tilo Landenfeld (January, 2004). "Advanced Emissions and Fuel Economy Control Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and Hydrogen in SI-Engines". SAE Technical Paper Series (2004-01-1270): p. 11–12.</ref> The injected gases also have a cooling effect on the combustion reaction, resulting in lower nitrogen oxide emissions.<ref>Yougen Kong, Sam Crane, Palak Patel and Bill Taylor (January, 2004). "NOx Trap Regeneration with an On-Board Hydrogen Generation Device". SAE Technical Paper Series (2004-01-0582): pp. 6–7.</ref>


However, if the vehicle’s alternator has to supply the power to produce the gas, the benefits will be modest (around 4% improvement in fuel efficiency). This technology is termed [[hydrogen fuel enhancement]].
However, if the vehicle’s alternator has to supply the power to produce the gas, the benefits will be modest (around 4% improvement in fuel efficiency).<ref>DOT - Hydrogen Injection Systems</ref><ref>Wired magazine: Truckers Choose Hydrogen Power</ref> This technology is termed [[hydrogen fuel enhancement]].


==Gasoline pill and related additives==
==Gasoline pill and related additives==

Revision as of 20:03, 7 February 2011

See also: Perpetual motion

A water-fuelled car is an automobile that supposedly derives its energy directly from water. Water-fuelled cars have been the subject of numerous international patents, newspaper and popular science magazine articles, local television news coverage, and the Internet. The claims for these devices have been found to be incorrect and some were found to be tied to investment frauds.[1][2][3][4] These vehicles may be claimed to produce fuel from water on board with no other energy input, or may be a hybrid of sorts claiming to get energy from both water and a conventional source (such as gasoline).

This article focuses on vehicles that claim to extract chemical potential energy directly from water. Water is fully oxidized hydrogen. Hydrogen itself is a high-energy, flammable substance, but its useful energy is released when water is formed—water will not burn. The process of electrolysis, discussed below, would split water into hydrogen and oxygen, but it takes as much energy to take apart a water molecule as was released when the hydrogen was oxidized to form water. In fact, some energy would be lost in converting water to hydrogen and then burning the hydrogen because some heat would always be produced in the conversions. Releasing chemical energy from water would therefore violate the first and/or second laws of thermodynamics.[5][6][7][8]

What water-fuelled cars are not

A water-fuelled car is not any of the following:

  • Water injection which is a method for cooling the combustion chambers of engines by adding water to the incoming fuel-air mixture, allowing for greater compression ratios and reduced engine knocking (detonation).
  • The hydrogen car, although it often incorporates some of the same elements. To fuel a hydrogen car from water, electricity is used to generate hydrogen by electrolysis. The resulting hydrogen is then either burned in the car's engine or merged with oxygen to create water via a fuel cell. The car ultimately receives its energy from electricity that may come from the power grid or an alternative energy source such as solar energy, with the hydrogen acting as an energy carrier.

Chemical energy content of water

The energy content of fuels is often represented by the heat of combustion, measured by burning a fuel in oxygen. A value in joules, for example, cannot even be given to water as it does not burn in oxygen and does not produce any heat. Water is a low-energy, stable compound that is produced from the oxidation of high-energy substances such as molecular hydrogen or hydrocarbons. Spontaneous chemical reactions are the types of reactions that can be utilized to release energy for useful work. In spontaneous chemical reactions, the reactants will be higher in energy than the products. When fossil fuels are burned, the hydrogen is oxidized to water, releasing its stored energy, and the carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide, another low-energy compound.

This spontaneous reaction can be represented with the following chemical equation: CnHm + (n + m/4) O2 → n CO2 + m/2 H2O.

Nonspontaneous chemical reactions do not release energy, and energy must be provided for the reactions to take place. These types of reactions store energy. An example is the electrolysis of water, a process that consumes energy and produces molecular hydrogen which represents a store of chemical energy.

Proponents of water-fuelled cars point out the abundance and low cost of water; however, water is such an abundant chemical compound in part because it has very stable bonds that resist most reactions. Water will not even burn in oxygen, although it will burn with fluorine as an electron acceptor.[9] Because fluorine is so reactive, however, most of it has been converted to a fluoride, and producing fluorine would also require energy. For water to participate in a reaction that releases energy, high energy compounds must be added. For example, it is possible to generate the combustible fuel acetylene by adding calcium carbide to water. However, the calcium carbide, a high-energy material, is the 'fuel,' not water. Under conditions common on Earth, chemical energy cannot be extracted from water alone.[6][7] (It is theoretically possible to extract nuclear energy from water by fusion, but fusion power plants of any scale remain impractical, and no allegedly water-fuelled cars are claimed to be powered by fusion.)

Electrolysis

See also: Electrolysis of water

Many alleged water-fuelled cars obtain hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen (sometimes called "oxyhydrogen", "HHO", or "Brown's Gas") by the electrolysis of water, a process that must be powered with electricity. The hydrogen or oxyhydrogen is then burned, supposedly powering the car and also providing the energy to electrolyse more water. The overall process can be represented by the following chemical equations:

2H2O → 2H2 + O2 [Electrolysis step]
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O [Combustion step]

Since the combustion step is the exact reverse of the electrolysis step, the energy released in combustion exactly equals the energy consumed in the electrolysis step, and—even assuming 100% efficiency—there would be no energy left over to power the car. In other words, such systems start and end in the same thermodynamic state, and are therefore perpetual motion machines, violating the first law of thermodynamics. Furthermore, under actual conditions in which hydrogen is burned, efficiency is limited by the second law of thermodynamics and is likely to be around 20%.[10][11] More energy is therefore required to drive the electrolysis cell than can be extracted from burning the resulting hydrogen-oxygen mixture.

Claims of functioning water-fuelled cars

Stanley Meyer's water fuel cell

Main article: Stanley Meyer's water fuel cell
Stanley Meyer's water fuel cell[12]

Stanley Meyer claimed that he ran a dune buggy on water instead of petrol. He replaced the spark plugs with "injectors" to spray a fine mist of water into the engine cylinders, which he claimed were subjected to an electrical resonance. The "fuel cell" would split the water mist into hydrogen and oxygen gas, which would then be combusted back into water vapour in a conventional internal combustion engine to produce net energy. Meyer's claims were never independently verified, and in 1996 he was found guilty of fraud in an Ohio court.[1] He died of an aneurysm in 1998, although conspiracy theories persist in which it is claimed that he was poisoned.[13]

Garrett electrolytic carburetor

Charles H. Garrett allegedly demonstrated a water-fuelled car "for several minutes", which was reported on September 8, 1935, in The Dallas Morning News.[14] The car generated hydrogen by electrolysis as can be seen by examining Garrett's patent, issued that same year.[15] This patent includes drawings which show a carburetor similar to an ordinary float-type carburetor but with electrolysis plates in the lower portion, and where the float is used to maintain the level of the water. Garrett's patent fails to identify a new source of energy.

Charles H. Garrett, mechanical Pulse width modulator[15]

Aquygen

In 2002, the firm Hydrogen Technology Applications has also patented an electrolyser design and has trademarked the term "Aquygen" to refer to the hydrogen oxygen gas mixture produced by the device.[16][17][18] Originally developed as an alternative to oxyacetylene welding, the company also claims to be able to run a vehicle exclusively on "Aquygen" and invoke an unproven state of matter called "magnegases" and a discredited theory about magnecules to explain their results.[19][20] Company founder Dennis Klein claims to be in negotiations with a major US auto manufacturer and that the US government wants to produce Hummers that use his technology.[21][22]

At present, the company no longer claims it can run a car exclusively on "Aguygen", and is instead marketing it as a technique to increase fuel efficiency[23], thus making it Hydrogen fuel enhancement rather than a water-fuelled car.

Genepax Water Energy System

In June 2008, Japanese company Genepax unveiled a car which it claims runs on only water and air,[24] and many news outlets dubbed the vehicle a "water-fuel car".[25] The company says it "cannot [reveal] the core part of this invention,” yet,[26] but it has disclosed that the system uses an onboard energy generator (a "membrane electrode assembly") to extract the hydrogen using a "mechanism which is similar to the method in which hydrogen is produced by a reaction of metal hydride and water".[27] The hydrogen is then used to generate energy to run the car. This has led to speculation that the metal hydride is consumed in the process and is the ultimate source of the car's energy, making the car a hydride-fuelled "hydrogen on demand" vehicle, rather than water-fuelled as claimed.[28][29][30] On the company's website the energy source is explained only with the words "Chemical reaction".[31] The science and technology magazine Popular Mechanics has described Genepax's claims as "Rubbish."[32] The vehicle that Genepax demonstrated to the press in 2008 was a REVAi electric car, manufactured in India and sold in the UK as the G-Wiz.

In early 2009, Genepax announced they were closing their website, citing large development costs[33].

Thushara Priyamal Edirisinghe

Also in 2008, Sri Lankan news sources reported that Thushara Priyamal Edirisinghe claimed to drive a water-fuelled car about 300 kilometers[34] on three litres of water.[35][36] Like other alleged water-fuelled cars described above, energy for the car is supposedly produced by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using electrolysis, and then burning the gases in the engine. Thushara showed the technology to Prime Minister Ratnasiri Wickramanayaka, who "extended the Government’s full support to his efforts to introduce the water-powered car to the Sri Lankan market."[35]

Thushara was arrested a few months later on suspicion of investment fraud.[4]

Daniel Dingel

Daniel Dingel, a Filipino inventor, has been claiming since 1969 to have developed technology allowing water to be used as fuel. In 2000, Dingel entered into a business partnership with Formosa Plastics Group to further develop the technology. In 2008, Formosa Plastics successfully sued Dingel for fraud, with the 82-year-old Dingel being sentenced to 20 years imprisonment.[3]

Hydrogen as a supplement

Main article: Hydrogen fuel enhancement

In addition to claims of cars that run exclusively on water, there have also been claims that burning hydrogen or oxyhydrogen in addition to petrol or diesel fuel increases mileage. Around 1970, Yull Brown developed technology which allegedly allows cars to burn fuel more efficiently while improving emissions. In Brown's design, a hydrogen oxygen mixture (so-called "Brown's Gas") is generated by the electrolysis of water, and then fed into the engine through the air intake system. Whether the system actually improves emissions or fuel efficiency is debated.[37] Similarly, Hydrogen Technology Applications claims to be able to increase fuel efficiency by bubbling "Aquyen" into the fuel tank.

A common fallacy found in connection with this type of modification is the mistaken assumption that cars generate excess electricity via their alternators that normally goes to waste and therefore is available for electrolysis. The amount of force required to turn an alternator or generator depends strictly on the electrical resistance of the circuits it is supplying, and residual heat lost due to friction. If an electrolysis unit is added to a car, the current it draws from the car's electrical system will make the alternator harder to turn, which will put additional drag on the engine. As a result more fuel will be required to maintain the same rotational speed (RPM).[38]

A number of websites exist promoting the use of oxyhydrogen (often called "HHO"), selling plans for do-it-yourself electrolysers or entire kits with the promise of large improvements in fuel efficiency. According to a spokesman for the American Automobile Association, "All of these devices look like they could probably work for you, but let me tell you they don't."[39]

Although opinions around this technology are often strongly polarised, the benefits and dangers of injecting oxygen compounds into air-fuel mixtures are well understood. Nitrous oxide is the most well know example, having been exploited and banned in some classes of motor sports. Injecting pure molecular hydrogen and oxygen into an internal combustion engine has been found to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.[40][41]

The increase in extra power and improved fuel efficiency is predominantly due to the presence of the extra oxygen, not the hydrogen. The higher oxygen saturation in the air-fuel mixture provides for a more complete fuel burn per cylinder stroke. The hydrogen helps to reduce emissions by combining with unburnt hydrocarbons and exhaust gases to form carbon dioxide and water.[42] The injected gases also have a cooling effect on the combustion reaction, resulting in lower nitrogen oxide emissions.[43]

However, if the vehicle’s alternator has to supply the power to produce the gas, the benefits will be modest (around 4% improvement in fuel efficiency).[44][45] This technology is termed hydrogen fuel enhancement.

Main article: Gasoline pill

Related to the water-fuelled car hoax are claims that additives, often a pill, convert the water into usable fuel, similar to a carbide lamp, in which a high-energy additive produces the combustible fuel. This "gasoline pill" has been allegedly demonstrated on a full-sized vehicle, as reported in 1980 in Mother Earth News. Once again, water itself cannot contribute any energy to the process, the additive or the pill is the fuel.

"Like Water for Octane", an episode of The Lone Gunmen (TV series),[46] is based on a "water-powered" car that character Melvin Frohike saw with his own eyes back in 1962.[47]

The Water Engine, a David Mamet play, made into a television film in 1994, tells the story of Charles Lang inventing an engine that runs using water for fuel. The plot centers on the many obstacles the inventor must overcome to patent his device.[48]

In "That '70s Show", Steven Hyde repeatedly makes reference to a "Car that runs on water" while in "The Circle."

The plot of the 1996 action film Chain Reaction revolves around a technology to turn water (via a type of self-sustaining bubble fusion & electrolysis) into fuel and official suppression of it.

A formula for a water-fueled engine and the car developed with it is central to the plot of the children's film Frank Enstein.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Edwards, Tony (1996-12-01). "End of road for car that ran on Water". The Sunday Times. Times Newspapers Limited. p. Features 12. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  2. ^ State of New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety press release, November 9, 2006
  3. ^ a b Lopez, Allison (December 20, 2008). "Inventor, 82, gets 20 years for 'estafa'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  4. ^ a b "Sri Lanka - Water car story didn't hold water". Daily Mirror. October 16, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  5. ^ "The Truth About Water-Powered Cars: Mechanic's Diary". Popular Mechanics. 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  6. ^ a b Professor doubts water car claims - A leading alternative fuels expert throws water on Japanese company claims that it's developed the world's first car powered by just water. Professor Theodosios Korakianitis at Queen Mary University of London says water by itself would not be enough to get your car going. [1]
  7. ^ a b Ball, Philip (September 14, 2007). "Burning water and other myths". Nature News. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
  8. ^ http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/research-technology/report/Guidelines-H2-Fuel-in-CMVs-Nov2007.pdf
  9. ^ Lide, David R. (2004). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data (85th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–12. ISBN 9780849304859.
  10. ^ Physics In an Automotive Engine
  11. ^ Improving IC Engine Efficiency
  12. ^ US 4936961  Method for the production of a fuel gas - Stanley A. Meyer
  13. ^ NatureNews, "Burning water and other myths", September 14, 1997
  14. ^ http://keelynet.com/energy/garrett.htm
  15. ^ a b US 2006676  Electrolytic carburetor - Charles H. Garrett
  16. ^ Business Wire Hydrogen Technology Applications and UTEK Corporation Announce Strategic Alliance Agreement (April 2002)
  17. ^ EVWORLD FEATURE: Electric Cars and the Goldilocks Planet: Global Warming | Carbon Dioxide | Cold Fusion
  18. ^ Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News: Clearwater man puts technology to work Tampa Tribune (Tampa, Florida) (November 2005)
  19. ^ J. M. Calo (November 3, 2006). "Comments on "A new gaseous and combustible form of water," by R.M. Santilli (Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2006: 31(9), 1113–1128)". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 32 (32): 1309–1312. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.004.
  20. ^ Cars run on water: Miracle or scam?
  21. ^ Goodbye Big Oil - Vive
  22. ^ FOX News 13: Clearwater Florida man makes HHO gas to run a welder and a car on pure water Craig Patrick looks at Aquygen as an industrial gas replacement and an evolutionary step for hybrid cars.(2005)
  23. ^ http://hytechapps.com/products.html
  24. ^ "New Fuel Cell System 'Generates Electricity with Only Water, Air'". Nikkei Business Publications,Inc. 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
  25. ^ "Water-fuel car unveiled in Japan". Reuters. 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  26. ^ Ghelfi, Carli (June 18, 2008). "Water-fueled car: too good to be true?". Cleantech.com. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  27. ^ "Japanese company creates eco-friendly car that uses water as fuel!". India Times. 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  28. ^ http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/06/genepax-water-powered-car-japan-debunking.php
  29. ^ "Japanese Company Says Laws of Physics Don't Apply — to Cars". Slashdot. 2008-06-14. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
  30. ^ Rapier, Robert (18 June 2008). "How to Run a Car on Water: The Truth About Genepax's Hydrogen Car". The Intelligence Daily. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  31. ^ http://www.iitk.ac.in/che/jpg/papersb/full%20papers/K-106.pdf
  32. ^ Allen, Mike (July 3, 2008). "The Truth About Water-Powered Cars: Mechanic's Diary". Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  33. ^ http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2009/03/20/no-more-embarrassment-for-thomson-reuters-genepax-water-car-is-dead/
  34. ^ The news sources cited below report that the trip was from Christ King College, Pannipitiya, Thushara, to Anuradhapura and back.
  35. ^ a b Business Intelligence Middle East:The water-powered car race heats up still further
  36. ^ Dailynews Sri Lanka: In search of creativity
  37. ^ newsreview: Hydrogen generators get a test drive in the search for fuel economy and lower emissions By Scott D.F. Reeves
  38. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dz8rzgzJWbY
  39. ^ Spring, Tom (July 28, 2008). "Gas Crisis Fuels Dubious Online Offers". PC World. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  40. ^ Thorsten Allgeier, Martin Klenk and Tilo Landenfeld (January, 2004). "Advanced Emissions and Fuel Economy Control Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and Hydrogen in SI-Engines". SAE Technical Paper Series (2004-01-1270): p. 11–12.
  41. ^ Thorsten Allgeier, Martin Klenk and Tilo Landenfeld (January, 2004). "Advanced Emissions and Fuel Economy Control Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and Hydrogen in SI-Engines". SAE Technical Paper Series (2004-01-1270): p. 11–12.
  42. ^ Thorsten Allgeier, Martin Klenk and Tilo Landenfeld (January, 2004). "Advanced Emissions and Fuel Economy Control Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and Hydrogen in SI-Engines". SAE Technical Paper Series (2004-01-1270): p. 11–12.
  43. ^ Yougen Kong, Sam Crane, Palak Patel and Bill Taylor (January, 2004). "NOx Trap Regeneration with an On-Board Hydrogen Generation Device". SAE Technical Paper Series (2004-01-0582): pp. 6–7.
  44. ^ DOT - Hydrogen Injection Systems
  45. ^ Wired magazine: Truckers Choose Hydrogen Power
  46. ^ "The Lone Gunmen - Plot Summary." _IMDB_. 2007. Internet Movie Database Inc. Accessed 2007-11-18.
  47. ^ "The Lone Gunmen - Like Water for Octane (2001) - Overview - Plot Outline." _IMDB_. 2007. Internet Movie Database Inc. Accessed 2007-11-18.
  48. ^ "The Water Engine - Plot Summary for" _IMDB_. 2007. Internet Movie Database Inc. Accessed 2008-03-17.
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