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==The first flag of Puerto Rico==
==The first flag of Puerto Rico==
Bracetti then moved to the hacienda "El Triunfo" which was to become the clandestine nucleus of the revolution that would be known as El "[[Grito de Lares]]". The Rojas' admiration for Betances led them to join him in the conspiracy to rebel against and gain independence from Spain.
Bracetti then moved to the hacienda "El Triunfo" which was to become the clandestine nucleus of the revolution that would be known as El "[[Grito de Lares]]". The Rojas' admiration for Betances led them to join him in the conspiracy to rebel against and gain independence from Spain.
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| <center>'''Original Lares Revolutionary Flag'''</center>
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The Rojas brothers became the independence leaders in Lares and their code name was "Centro Bravo" (Bravo Center). Manuel Rojas, Bracetti's brother-in-law, was named Commander of the Liberation Army. [[Mathias Brugman]] was the independence leader in [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico|Mayagüez]] and his group went by the code name of "Capá Prieto" (Dark Cape).
The Rojas brothers became the independence leaders in Lares and their code name was "Centro Bravo" (Bravo Center). Manuel Rojas, Bracetti's brother-in-law, was named Commander of the Liberation Army. [[Mathias Brugman]] was the independence leader in [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico|Mayagüez]] and his group went by the code name of "Capá Prieto" (Dark Cape).


Bracetti's nickname was "Brazo de Oro" (Golden Arm) and she was appointed the leader of the "Lares's Revolutionary Council". Betances suggested that Bracetti knit the first flag (modeled on the Dominican republic's flag) of the future "Republic of Puerto Rico". She designed and knitted the flag taking into consideration Betances' suggestions. The flag was divided in the middle by a white Latin cross, the two lower corners were red and the two upper corners were blue. A white star was placed in the upper left blue corner.The Women from Puerto Rico.''Mariana Bracetti'']. Retrieved on September 26, 2007.ording to Puerto Rican poet [[Luis Llorens Torres]] the white cross on it stand for the yearning for homeland redemption; the red squares, the blood poured by the heroes of the rebellion and the white star in the blue solitude square, stands for liberty and freedom.
Bracetti's nickname was "Brazo de Oro" (Golden Arm) and she was appointed the leader of the "Lares's Revolutionary Council". Betances suggested that Bracetti knit the first flag (modeled on the Dominican republic's flag) of the future "Republic of Puerto Rico". She designed and knitted the flag taking into consideration Betances' suggestions. The flag was divided in the middle by a white Latin cross, the two lower corners were red and the two upper corners were blue. A white star was placed in the upper left blue corner.<ref name="Bracerri">The Women from Puerto Rico. [http://users.aol.com/boriken01/mariana.htm ''Mariana Bracetti'']. Retrieved on September 26, 2007.</ref> According to Puerto Rican poet [[Luis Llorens Torres]] the white cross on it stand for the yearning for homeland redemption; the red squares, the blood poured by the heroes of the rebellion and the white star in the blue solitude square, stands for liberty and freedom.<ref>[http://www.prfrogui.com/home/lares.htm Lares]</ref>


==El Grito de Lares==
==El Grito de Lares==
On the morning of September 23, 1868, an Army of about 800 men met in the "El Triunfo" plantation and Manuel Rojas proceeded to take the town of Lares, which initiated the revolution known as "El Grito de Lares". Once the town was taken, Bracetti's flag was placed on the High Altar of the Parroquial Church. The revolutionists declared Puerto Rico a Republic, sworn in [[Francisco Ramírez Medina]] as its first president and celebrated a speedy Mass.
On the morning of September 23, 1868, an Army of about 800 men met in the "El Triunfo" plantation and Manuel Rojas proceeded to take the town of Lares, which initiated the revolution known as "El Grito de Lares". Once the town was taken, Bracetti's flag was placed on the High Altar of the Parroquial Church. The revolutionists declared Puerto Rico a Republic, sworn in [[Francisco Ramírez Medina]] as its first president and celebrated a speedy Mass.


The rebel forces then departed to take over the next town, [[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico|San Sebastián del Pepino]]. The Spanish militia, however, surprised the group with strong resistance, causing great confusion among the armed rebels who, led by Manuel Rojas, retreated back to Lares. Upon an order from the governor, Julián Pavía, the Spanish militia soon rounded up the rebels. All of the survivors, including Bracetti, were imprisoned in [[Arecibo]] and the insurrection was quickly brought to an end. The original Lares flag was taken by a Spanish army officer as a war prize and many years later transferred to the Puerto Rican people. It is now exhibited in the University of Puerto Rico's Museum.The First Puerto Rican Flag Eighty of the prisoners died in jail, Bracetti however, lived and was released on January 20, 1869, when the new Spanish Republican government granted them general amnesty. Madrinas to us all: Significant Latinas in history] Mariana Bracetti died in the City of Añasco, Puerto Rico in 1903 and was buried in the Plaza of Añasco. There is a monument honoring her on the spot where she is buried.
The rebel forces then departed to take over the next town, [[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico|San Sebastián del Pepino]]. The Spanish militia, however, surprised the group with strong resistance, causing great confusion among the armed rebels who, led by Manuel Rojas, retreated back to Lares. Upon an order from the governor, Julián Pavía, the Spanish militia soon rounded up the rebels. All of the survivors, including Bracetti, were imprisoned in [[Arecibo]] and the insurrection was quickly brought to an end. The original Lares flag was taken by a Spanish army officer as a war prize and many years later transferred to the Puerto Rican people. It is now exhibited in the University of Puerto Rico's Museum.<ref>[http://flagspot.net/flags/pr].html The First Puerto Rican Flag</ref> Eighty of the prisoners died in jail, Bracetti however, lived and was released on January 20, 1869, when the new Spanish Republican government granted them general amnesty.<ref>[http://www.thelatinavoz.com/ArticleArchive.php?ID=52 Madrinas to us all: Significant Latinas in history]</ref> Mariana Bracetti died in the City of Añasco, Puerto Rico in 1903 and was buried in the Plaza of Añasco. There is a monument honoring her on the spot where she is buried.


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
Juan de Mata Terreforte, a revolutionist who fought alongside [[Manuel Rojas]] in "El Grito de Lares", who was the Vice-President of Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee, a Chapter of the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York City, adopted the Bracetti's "Flag of Lares" as the flag which represented Puerto Rico. It became their standard until 1892, when the current design, modeled after the Cuban flag, was unveiled and adopted by the committee.
Juan de Mata Terreforte, a revolutionist who fought alongside [[Manuel Rojas]] in "El Grito de Lares", who was the Vice-President of Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee, a Chapter of the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York City,<ref>[http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/print_version.cfm?ref=06101303 Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico]</ref> adopted the Bracetti's "Flag of Lares" as the flag which represented Puerto Rico. It became their standard until 1892, when the current design, modeled after the Cuban flag, was unveiled and adopted by the committee.


Bracetti was the principal subject of two books. The first book was "El Grito de Lares" by [[Luis Llorens Torres]] and the second book "Brazo de Oro" by Cesáreo Rosa-Nieves. Her memory has been honored in Puerto Rico were there are schools, streets and avenues named after her. In Lares there is a Mariana Bracetti Museum Mariana Bracetti Academy Charter School.]</ref> The Mariana Bracetti Plaza in New York City was also named after her.
Bracetti was the principal subject of two books. The first book was "El Grito de Lares" by [[Luis Llorens Torres]] and the second book "Brazo de Oro" by Cesáreo Rosa-Nieves.<ref name="Bracerri">[http://users.aol.com/boriken01/mariana.htm Mariana Bracetti]</ref> Her memory has been honored in Puerto Rico were there are schools, streets and avenues named after her. In Lares there is a Mariana Bracetti Museum <ref>[http://travelandsports.com/lab.htm Museo Mariana Bracetti]</ref> and there is a Mariana Bracetti Academy Charter School in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>[http://www.mbacs.org Mariana Bracetti Academy Charter School.]</ref> The Mariana Bracetti Plaza in New York City was also named after her.<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/manbracetti.shtml New York City Housing Authority]</ref>


==See also==
{{Portal|Puerto Rico}}
*[[María de las Mercedes Barbudo]]
*[[Lola Rodríguez de Tió]]
*[[Blanca Canales]]
*[[Lolita Lebron]]
*[[Intentona de Yauco]]
* [[List of famous Puerto Ricans]]
* [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico]]
{{Clear}}

==Further reading==
*''Puerto Rican Women/Mujeres Puertorriqueñas'' (Paperback). By Carmen D. Votaw (author), Michelle Sague (editor), and Pat Barton (illustrator); ISBN 0965064905

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{PRIndependence}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Bracetti, Mariana
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1825
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Añasco, Puerto Rico]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 1903
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Añasco, Puerto Rico]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bracetti, Mariana}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bracetti, Mariana}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1825 births]]

Revision as of 16:44, 9 October 2011

Mariana Bracetti
File:Bracetti.JPG
"Brazo de Oro" (Golden Arm)
Born1825 (1825)
Añasco, Puerto Rico
Died1903 (1904)
Añasco, Puerto Rico
OccupationPuerto Rico independence movement leader
SpouseMiguel Rojas

Mariana Bracetti (1825–1903) was a patriot and leader of the Puerto Rico independence movement in the 1860s. She is attributed with having knitted the flag that was intended to be used as the national emblem of Puerto Rico in the failed attempt to overthrow the Spanish government on the island to establish it as a sovereign republic, later known as the Grito de Lares. The flag's design was later adopted as the official flag of the municipality of Lares, Puerto Rico.

Early years

Bracetti, born in the city of Añasco, Puerto Rico, met and developed a romantic relationship with Miguel Rojas, a rich businessman visiting Añasco. Rojas and his brother Manuel owned a coffee plantation called "El Triunfo". Miguel and Manuel Rojas were admirers of Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances and were influenced by his ideals of independence for Puerto Rico. Bracetti married Rojas with whom she had children.[1]

The first flag of Puerto Rico

Bracetti then moved to the hacienda "El Triunfo" which was to become the clandestine nucleus of the revolution that would be known as El "Grito de Lares". The Rojas' admiration for Betances led them to join him in the conspiracy to rebel against and gain independence from Spain.

Original Lares Revolutionary Flag

The Rojas brothers became the independence leaders in Lares and their code name was "Centro Bravo" (Bravo Center). Manuel Rojas, Bracetti's brother-in-law, was named Commander of the Liberation Army. Mathias Brugman was the independence leader in Mayagüez and his group went by the code name of "Capá Prieto" (Dark Cape).

Bracetti's nickname was "Brazo de Oro" (Golden Arm) and she was appointed the leader of the "Lares's Revolutionary Council". Betances suggested that Bracetti knit the first flag (modeled on the Dominican republic's flag) of the future "Republic of Puerto Rico". She designed and knitted the flag taking into consideration Betances' suggestions. The flag was divided in the middle by a white Latin cross, the two lower corners were red and the two upper corners were blue. A white star was placed in the upper left blue corner.[2] According to Puerto Rican poet Luis Llorens Torres the white cross on it stand for the yearning for homeland redemption; the red squares, the blood poured by the heroes of the rebellion and the white star in the blue solitude square, stands for liberty and freedom.[3]

El Grito de Lares

On the morning of September 23, 1868, an Army of about 800 men met in the "El Triunfo" plantation and Manuel Rojas proceeded to take the town of Lares, which initiated the revolution known as "El Grito de Lares". Once the town was taken, Bracetti's flag was placed on the High Altar of the Parroquial Church. The revolutionists declared Puerto Rico a Republic, sworn in Francisco Ramírez Medina as its first president and celebrated a speedy Mass.

The rebel forces then departed to take over the next town, San Sebastián del Pepino. The Spanish militia, however, surprised the group with strong resistance, causing great confusion among the armed rebels who, led by Manuel Rojas, retreated back to Lares. Upon an order from the governor, Julián Pavía, the Spanish militia soon rounded up the rebels. All of the survivors, including Bracetti, were imprisoned in Arecibo and the insurrection was quickly brought to an end. The original Lares flag was taken by a Spanish army officer as a war prize and many years later transferred to the Puerto Rican people. It is now exhibited in the University of Puerto Rico's Museum.[4] Eighty of the prisoners died in jail, Bracetti however, lived and was released on January 20, 1869, when the new Spanish Republican government granted them general amnesty.[5] Mariana Bracetti died in the City of Añasco, Puerto Rico in 1903 and was buried in the Plaza of Añasco. There is a monument honoring her on the spot where she is buried.

Legacy

Juan de Mata Terreforte, a revolutionist who fought alongside Manuel Rojas in "El Grito de Lares", who was the Vice-President of Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee, a Chapter of the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York City,[6] adopted the Bracetti's "Flag of Lares" as the flag which represented Puerto Rico. It became their standard until 1892, when the current design, modeled after the Cuban flag, was unveiled and adopted by the committee.

Bracetti was the principal subject of two books. The first book was "El Grito de Lares" by Luis Llorens Torres and the second book "Brazo de Oro" by Cesáreo Rosa-Nieves.[2] Her memory has been honored in Puerto Rico were there are schools, streets and avenues named after her. In Lares there is a Mariana Bracetti Museum [7] and there is a Mariana Bracetti Academy Charter School in Philadelphia.[8] The Mariana Bracetti Plaza in New York City was also named after her.[9]

See also

Further reading

  • Puerto Rican Women/Mujeres Puertorriqueñas (Paperback). By Carmen D. Votaw (author), Michelle Sague (editor), and Pat Barton (illustrator); ISBN 0965064905

References

  1. ^ Fundación Héctor A. García; Poryecto Salón Hogar. Mariana Bracetti. Retrieved on September 26, 2007.
  2. ^ a b The Women from Puerto Rico. Mariana Bracetti. Retrieved on September 26, 2007. Cite error: The named reference "Bracerri" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ Lares
  4. ^ [1].html The First Puerto Rican Flag
  5. ^ Madrinas to us all: Significant Latinas in history
  6. ^ Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico
  7. ^ Museo Mariana Bracetti
  8. ^ Mariana Bracetti Academy Charter School.
  9. ^ New York City Housing Authority

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