Kurdistan

For other uses, see Kurdistan (disambiguation).

Kurdistan

Location	Parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey
Estimated Area	ca. 74,000 sq mi (191,660 sq km)-392,000 sq km [11]
Estimated Population	About 25-30 Million

Kurdistan (literally meaning "the land of Kurds") is the name of a geographic region and a cultural region in Middle East inhabited by Kurds. It is not an independent state.

The region was known with various spellings during the ancient history of the Mesopotamia. The ancient Sumerians referred to the region as Kur-a, the Elamites as Kurdasu, the Akkadians as Kurtei, the Assyrians as Kurti, the Babylonians as Qardu, the Greeks and the Romans as Corduene. The term Kurdistan was used for the first time by Sultan Sanjar the Seljuk King in the 12th century. He formed a province named Kurdistan centered at Bahar situated to the northeast of Hamadan. This province, was located between Azerbaijan and Luristan. It included the regions of Hamadan, Dinawar, Kermanshah and Senna, to the east of the Zagros and to the west of Sharazur (Kirkuk) and Khuftiyan, on the river Zab.

The exact borders of Kurdistan are hard to define. It is generally held to include the regions in northern and northeastern Mesopotamia with large Kurdish populations. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, Kurdistan is a mountainous region of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, inhabited predominantly by Kurds. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, Kurdistan includes 27-28 million people in a 190,000 km² (74,000 sq. mi) area, while according to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, it includes a 390,000 km² area. Others estimate as many as 40 million Kurds live in Kurdistan, which covers an area as big as France. The boundaries of the modern ethnographic region of Kurdistan overlaps with parts of the ancient Assyrian Empire, which was overthrown and its people assimilated by Medes and various other tribes as well as parts of the historical ethnic homeland of the Armenian people. While Iran and Iraq acknowledge Kurdistan as parts of their territories (Iraqi Kurdistan region in Iraq and Kurdistan Province in Iran), Turkey and Syria do not recognize Kurdistan as a demographic or geographic region.

Following World War I and the defeat of Ottoman Empire, Kurds were promised an independent nation-state in the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres. Turkish nationalists, however, rejected the terms of the treaty, and following the defeat of the Greek forces in the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), the Treaty of Lausanne was signed in 1923 in Turkey's favor. The larger area known as Turkish Kurdistan was given to Turkey and the rest was accepted as part of the British Empire (except for the Iranian Kurdistan, which at that time was part of Persia). Since that time Kurdish nationalists have continued to seek independence in an area approximating that identified at Sèvres. However, the idea of an independent nation-state came to a halt when the surrounding countries joined to reject the independence of Kurdistan.

History

Main article: History of the Kurds

The tract to this day known as Kurdistan, the high mountain region south and south-east of Lake Van between Persia and Mesopotamia, was in the possession of Kurds from before the time of Xenophon, and was known as the country of the Carduchi (Greek:Καρδούχοι) , as Cardyene or Cordyene.

File:Kurdistan-Corduene.jpg

BC 60 Corduene (Kurdistan)

Kurds claim descent from various ancient groups; among them the Guti, Mannai (Mannaeans), Hurrian and Medes. The original Mannaean homeland was situated east and south of the Lake Urmia, roughly centered around modern-day Mahabad. The Medes came under Persian rule during the reign of Cyrus the Great and Darius. Centuries later, Kurdish-inhabited areas in the Middle East witnessed the clash of the two competing super powers of those times, namely the Sassanid Empire and the Roman Empire. At their peak, the Romans ruled large Kurdish-inhabited areas, particularly the western and northern Kurdish areas in the Middle East. The Kurdish Kingdom of Corduene was a vassal state of the Roman Empire.

From 189 BCE to 384 CE, the ancient kingdom of Corduene ruled northern Mesopotamia. It was situated to the east of Tigranocerta (i.e., to the east and south of present-day Diyarbakir in south-eastern Turkey). It became a vassal state of the Roman Republic in 66 BCE. It remained allied with the Romans until 384 CE.

In the 7th century A.D., Arabs conquered most of the Middle East, and Kurds became subjects of Arab Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates. In the second half of the 10th century, Kurdistan was shared amongst four big Kurdish principalities. In the North the Shaddadid (951-1174) (in parts of Armenia and Arran), in the East the Hasanwayhid (959-1015) and the Annazid (990-1116) (in Hulwan, Kermanshah and Khanaqin) and in the West the Marwanid (990-1096) of Diyarbakir.

Kurds in the medieval period were living in several semi-independent states called "emirates". A comprehensive history of these states and their relationship with their neighbors is given in the famous textbook of "Sharafnama" written by Prince Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi in 1597. The famous Kurdish Emirates included Baban, Soran, Badinan and Garmiyan in present-day Iraq; Bakran, Bokhtan (Botan) and Badlis in Turkey, and Mukriyan and Ardalan in Iran. In 17th century, Ahmad Khani (Ehmedê Xanî) wrote "Mem û Zîn", the Kurdish national epic, and he was seen by some as an early advocate of Kurdish nationalism.

File:Treaty Of Sevres.gif

A map depicting the effects of Sèvres upon Turkey

Evliya Çelebi, the famous Turkish traveller, has mentioned 9 regions which formed parts of Kurdistan in 17th century: Erzurum, Van, Hakkari, Diyarbakir, Jazira, Amadiya, Musil, Sharazur and Ardalan.

In the 16th century A.D., the Kurdish inhabited areas were split between Safavid Iran and the Ottoman Empire after long wars. Before World War I, most Kurds lived within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire in the province of Kurdistan. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Allies created several countries within its former boundaries. Originally, Kurdistan along with Armenia was to be one of them, according to the never-ratified Treaty of Sèvres. However, the reconquest of these areas by Kemal Atatürk and other pressing issues caused the Allies to accept the renegotiated Treaty of Lausanne, giving this territory to Turkey and leaving the Kurds without a self-ruled region. Other Kurdish areas were assigned to the new British and French mandated states of Iraq and Syria under both treaties. These boundaries were drawn with more concern for the division of oil resources and influence between different colonial powers and for rewarding pro-Allied Arab leaders than with ethnic distribution.

Modern History

The unofficial Kurdish flag flown by Kurds in parts of Iraq and Armenia. The flag is banned in Iran [3], [4] (audio), [5], [6], Syria [7] [8], and Turkey where flying it is a criminal offence [9], [10].

Since WWI, Kurdistan has been divided between several states, in all of which Kurds are minorities. Many Kurds have campaigned for independence or autonomy, often through force of arms. However, there has been no support by any of the regional governments or by outside powers for changes in regional boundaries. A sizable Kurdish diaspora exists in Western Europe that participates in agitation for Kurdish issues, but most of the governments in the Middle East have historically banned open Kurdish activism.

In Iraq, Kurdish guerrilla groups, known in the Kurdish culture as 'Peshmerga', have fought for a Kurdish state. In Iraqi Kurdistan, Peshmerga fought against the (former) Iraqi government before and during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq and now comprise significant parts of Iraqi army forces such as police especially in Iraqi Kurdistan as well as some neighboring regions.

Another militant group, the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), has fought an armed campaign in Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran for over thirty years. In Turkey, more than 30,000 Turkish and Kurdish people have died as a result of the war between the state and the PKK, with alleged atrocities being committed by both sides.

In Iranian Kurdistan, frequent unrest and occasional military crackdown have happened throughout the 1990s and even to the present [12]. In Iran, Kurds twice had their own controlled free area without government control: The Republic of Mahabad in Iran which was the second independent Kurdish state of the 20th century, after the Republic of Ararat in modern Turkey; and second time after the Iranian revolution in 1979.

There have also been casualties in Syrian Kurdistan such as the 2004 incident.

Militarization

Due to political crises and conflicts in Kurdistan, Kurdistan is one of the most militarized regions on earth; all of those countries which have Kurdistan within their political borders have focused military operations in the region.

Economy

Although Kurdistan is regarded as a region rich in oil and other minerals, it is largely undeveloped, with the exception of Iraqi Kurdistan

Geography

The Zagros Mountains from space, September 1992

According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, Kurdistan covers about 74,000 sq mi (191,660 sq km), and its chief towns are Diyarbakir, Bitlis, and Van in Turkey, Mosul and Karkuk (Kirkuk) in Iraq, and Kermanshah in Iran. According to Encyclopaedia of Islam, Kurdistan covers around 190,000 sq km in Turkey, 125,000 sq km in Iran, 65,000 sq km in Iraq, and 12,000 sq km in Syria and the total area of Kurdistan is estimated at approximately 392,000 sq km. Others estimate as many as 40 million Kurds live in Kurdistan, which covers an area as big as France. The Kurdistan Province in Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan are both included in the usual definition of Kurdistan.

Iranian Kurdistan encompasses Kurdistan Province and greater parts of West Azarbaijan, Kermanshah, Ilam Province and smaller parts of Lorestan.

Iraqi Kurdistan is divided into 6 governorates which until this time three of them plus parts of other ones are under the control of Kurdistan Regional Government.

Syrian Kurdistan is mostly located in present-day northeastern Syria. This region covers greater part of the province of Al Hasakah. The main cities in this region are Al-Qamishli (or "Qamişlû" in Kurdish) and Al Hasakah (or "Hesaka" in Kurdish). Another region with significant Kurdish population is in the northen part of Syria. The Kurdish-inhabited northern and northeastern parts of Syria in Kurdish is called "Kurdistana Binxetê". [13]. (see Demographics of Syria and [14]).

Forests

Although Kurdistan has a harsh and cold climate, it is not a desert. Mountain chains are covered with pasture, and its valleys with forests. There are around 16 million hectares (160,000 sq km) of forests in all parts of Kurdistan. Oaks, firs and other conifers can be found in those forests. The platanus, willow and poplar, are found near waters and rivers [15].

Mountains

Mountains, even to this day, have been important geographical and symbolic figures in Kurdish life, so that there is a saying that Kurds have no friends but the mountains [16]. The Mount Judi is the most important mountain in Kurdish folklore and along with Mount Ararat is one of the mountains that is thought to be the final resting place of Noah's Ark. Other important mountains of Kurdistan are Shingar, Qendil, Shaho, Gabar, etc.

Rivers

Map of Tigris-Euphrates watershed

There are many rivers in Kurdistan that are at least as important, if not more important, than oil. The plateaus and mountains of Kurdistan, which are characterized by heavy rainfall and in winter a heavy coat of snow, are a water reservoir for the Near and Middle East. This is the source of the famous Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as well as numerous other smaller rivers like the Khabur, Tharthar, Ceyhan, Araxes, Kura, Sefidrud, Karkha, which their major tributaries spring from the mountains of Kurdistan. Those rivers that are entirely or nearly entirely in Kurdistan are usually of historical importance to the Kurds. Among these are the Murat (Arasān) and Buhtān rivers in northern and western Kurdistan (in Turkey); the Peshkhābur, the Lesser and the Greater Zab, and the Sirwan/Diyala in central Kurdistan (in Iraq); and the Jaghatu (Zarrinarud), the Tātā'u (Siminarud), the Zohāb (Zahāb), and the Gāmāsiyāb in southern Kurdistan etc. With their water, the Tigris and the Euphrates give life not only to the Mesopotamian plain and whole of Kurdistan but also to Iraq and Syria. These rivers, which flow down from heights of three to four thousand meters above sea level, are also very significant for the production of energy. Iraq and Syria have built numerous dams across these rivers and their tributaries. But the most important ones are a series of dams that were built by Turkey as part of the GAP project (Southeast Anatolia Project). The GAP project is still not complete, but it already supplies a significant proportion of Turkey's electrical-energy needs. Due to the extraordinary archaeological richness of the land, almost any dam built in Kurdistan drowns a portion of Kurdish history [17].

Lakes

There are a number of lakes in Kurdistan. The eastern borders of Kurdistan ends with the Lake Urmia and the western borders with semi-contiguous Kurdish-inhabited regions to the Mediterranean sea. Lake Van is the world's fourth largest non-saline body of water by volume. The Zarivar Lake around Mariwan as well as Lake Dukan around the city of Sulaymaniyah are considerable touristic sites [18].

Climate

There are many rivers flowing and running through mountains of Kurdistan making it distinguished by its fertile lands, plentiful water, picturesque nature.

The mountainous nature of Kurdistan, the difference of temperatures in its various parts, and its wealth of waters, make Kurdistan a land of agriculture and tourism.

The climate of Kurdistan is harsh, because of its high altitude. There is a lot of snow fall in the high mountains. Percipitation varies between 200 to 400 mm a year in the plains, and between 700 to 3,000 mm a year on the high plateaux between mountain chains.

• A Canyon
  A Canyon
• Dukan region
  Dukan region
• Kurdistan nature
  Kurdistan nature
• Bexal region
  Bexal region
• Kurdistan nature
  Kurdistan nature
• 
  Duhok
• Geli Eli Beg Waterfall
  Geli Eli Beg Waterfall
• 
  Zarivar Lake

Historical attractions

Being homeland for various ancient nations for millennia, there are a large number of historical sites and attractions in Kurdistan.

• Slemani
  Slemani
• Hewler
  Hewler
• 
  Slemani
• Ancient Citadel of Hewler
  Ancient Citadel of Hewler
• The house of Moshir Diwan is an example of Persian Qajarid architecture in Sanandaj (Sinne).
  The house of Moshir Diwan is an example of Persian Qajarid architecture in Sanandaj (Sinne).
• Pol-e Farhad Abad, a Seljukid era bridge near Qarveh.
  Pol-e Farhad Abad, a Seljukid era bridge near Qarveh.
• Sanandaj (Sinne) Congregation Mosque, 1812 CE.
  Sanandaj (Sinne) Congregation Mosque, 1812 CE.
• 
  Ardashir II is believed to be standing here in this relief at Taq-e Bostan. On his left is Ahura Mazda, on his right is Anahita, and below him is a mounted Persian knight.

See also

• Ey Reqîb (the Kurdish national anthem)
• History of the Kurds
• Kurdish music
• Kurdish Institute of Paris
• Kurdish people

External links

• Essays on the Origins of Kurdish Nationalism, edited by Abbas Vali
• The Encyclopedia of Kurdistan
• Kurds, Kurdistan, The Encyclopaedia of Islam.
• Troubled Times - A Brief History Of Kurdistan
• A dozen maps of Kurdistan by GlobalSecurity.org
• "Turkey renames 'divisive' animals" BBC News 8 March2005
• A number of pictures from historical attractions in Kurdistan