Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 01:51, 7 February 2016
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) |
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus | |
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| Species: | S. saprophyticus
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| Binomial name | |
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus (Fairbrother 1940)
Shaw et al. 1951 | |
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative bacterium belonging to the Staphylococcus genus.[1] S. saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections.[2][3]
History
Staphylococcus saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than ten years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination.[citation needed]
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract[3] and perineum.[4] It has been isolated from other sources too including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts.[4] S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli.[5] Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra.[3] Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex,[3] earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis".[6] S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins.[3]
Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered.[7]
Laboratory diagnosis
The urine sediment of a patient with a S. saprophyticus urinary tract infection has a characteristic appearance under the microscope. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always detect S. saprophyticus infection because, even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 105 cfu/ml) are often present.[citation needed]
S. saprophyticus is identified as belonging to the Staphylococcus genus using the Gram stain and catalase test. It is identitified as a species of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive.[3]
Treatment
S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as norfloxacin.[3]
There are many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections that are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations.[8][9][10] [11][12][13]
Different sub-species
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. saprophyticus subsp. bovis and S. saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus, the latter more commonly found in human UTIs. S. saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus is nitrate reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl arylamidase negative while S. Saprophyticus subsp. bovis is nitrate reductase positive and pyrolidonyl arylamidase negative.[14]
References
- ^ Schleifer, KH; Kloos, WE (1975). "Isolation and characterization of Staphylococci from human skin I. Amended descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and descriptions of three new species: Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 25 (1): 50–61. doi:10.1099/00207713-25-1-50. ISSN 0020-7713.
- ^ Kuroda, M; Yamashita, A; Hirakawa, H; Kumano, M; Morikawa, K; Higashide, M; Maruyama, A; Inose, Y; Matoba, K; Toh, H; Kuhara, S; Hattori, M; Ohta, T (September 2005). "Whole genome sequence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus reveals the pathogenesis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (37): 13272–7. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10213272K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502950102. PMC 1201578. PMID 16135568.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g Levinson, W. (2010). Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (11th ed.). pp. 94–9.
- ^ a b Widerström, M; Wiström, J; Sjöstedt, A; Monsen, T (January 2012). "Coagulase-negative Staphylococci: Update on the molecular epidemiology and clinical presentation, with a focus on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 31 (1): 7–20. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1270-6. PMID 21533877.
- ^ Rupp, ME; Soper, DE; Archer, GL (November 1992). "Colonization of the female genital tract with Staphylococcus saprophyticus". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 30 (11): 2975–9. PMC 270562. PMID 1452668.
- ^ "Understanding Bladder Infections -- the Basics". WebMD. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
- ^ Jordan, PA; Iravani, A; Richard, GA; Baer, H (October 1980). "Urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 142 (4): 510–5. doi:10.1093/infdis/142.4.510. PMID 7192302.
- ^ Nostro, A; Cellini, L; Di Giulio, M; D'Arrigo, M; Marino, A; Blanco, AR; Favaloro, A; Cutroneo, G; Bisignano, G (September 2012). "Effect of alkaline pH on staphylococcal biofilm formation". Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. 120 (9): 733–42. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02900.x. PMID 22882263.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ LaPlante, KL; Sarkisian, SA; Woodmansee, S; Rowley, DC; Seeram, NP (September 2012). "Effects of cranberry extracts on growth and biofilm production of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus species". Phytotherapy Research. 26 (9): 1371–4. doi:10.1002/ptr.4592. PMID 22294419.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ Vitamin C Source Food Articles, Cure of Urinary Tract Infection in North India
- ^ Lee, WH; Loo, CY; Bebawy, M; Luk, F; Mason, RS; Rohanizadeh, R (July 2013). "Curcumin and its derivatives: Their application in neuropharmacology and neuroscience in the 21st century". Current Neuropharmacology. 11 (4): 338–78. doi:10.2174/1570159X11311040002. PMC 3744901. PMID 24381528.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ Roy, H; Dare, K; Ibba, M (February 2009). "Adaptation of the bacterial membrane to changing environments using aminoacylated phospholipids". Molecular Microbiology. 71 (3): 547–50. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06563.x. PMC 2774118. PMID 19054327.
- ^ Peterborough Regional Science Fair
- ^ Hájek, V; Meugnier, H; Bes, M; Brun, Y; Fiedler, F; Chmela, Z; Lasne, Y; Fleurette, J; Freney, J (July 1996). "Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis subsp. nov., isolated from bovine nostrils" (PDF). International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 46 (3): 792–6. doi:10.1099/00207713-46-3-792. PMID 8782691.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help)