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Coordinates: 39°49′49″N 84°53′26″W / 39.83028°N 84.89056°W / 39.83028; -84.89056
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| area_code = [[Area code 765|765]]
| area_code = [[Area code 765|765]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 18-64260<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov |archivedate=September 11, 2013 }}</ref>
| blank_info = 18-64260<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=September 11, 2013 |df= }}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:441976 441976]
| blank1_info = [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:441976 441976]
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Richmond is believed{{By whom|date=July 2011}} to have been the smallest community in the United States to have supported a professional [[opera company]] and [[symphony orchestra]]. The [[Whitewater Opera]] has since closed but the Richmond Symphony Orchestra has continued. In 1899 [[Will Earhart]] formed the first complete high school orchestra in the nation. A later high school orchestra director, [[Joseph E. Maddy]], went on to found what is now known as the [[Interlochen Center for the Arts]] in Michigan.
Richmond is believed{{By whom|date=July 2011}} to have been the smallest community in the United States to have supported a professional [[opera company]] and [[symphony orchestra]]. The [[Whitewater Opera]] has since closed but the Richmond Symphony Orchestra has continued. In 1899 [[Will Earhart]] formed the first complete high school orchestra in the nation. A later high school orchestra director, [[Joseph E. Maddy]], went on to found what is now known as the [[Interlochen Center for the Arts]] in Michigan.


In the 1920s during the national revival of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK), Indiana had the largest Klan organization in the country, led by Grand Dragons [[D. C. Stephenson]] and [[Walter F. Bossert]]. At its height, national membership during the second Klan movement reached 1.5 million, with 300,000 from Indiana. Records show that Richmond (home to Whitewater Klan #60) and Wayne County were Klan strongholds, with up to 45 percent of the county's white males having been Klan members. Forty percent of Richmond's [[Kiwanis]] club members, thirty percent of its doctors, and 27 percent of its lawyers were Klan members, but none of the city's bank executives or most powerful business leaders were members.<ref name="state">[http://www.indianahistory.org/library/manuscripts/collection_guides/M0407.html] {{dead link|date=July 2017}}</ref><ref>Leonard J. Moore, ''Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928'', North Carolina Press, 1997.</ref> In 1923 a reported 30,000 people watched a Klan parade through Richmond streets.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/198829412/Spectacular-Array-Presented-by-Klan-in-Mamoth-Parade |title=Spectacular Array Presented by Klan in Mamoth Parade &#124; Ku Klux Klan &#124; Prosecution |website=Scribd.com |date=1923-10-06 |accessdate=2017-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parade of Klansmen Chief Public Figure of Ceremonial Here|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/198875067/Parade-of-Klansmen-Chief-Public-Feature-of-Ceremonial-Here|accessdate=11 January 2014|newspaper=Richmond Palladium and Sun-Telegram|date=October 6, 1923}}</ref> In 1922, Robert Lyons introduced the Klan in Richmond, initially by recruiting at Reid Memorial Presbyterian Church where his father had been pastor until his death seven years earlier.<ref>"Klan issue in Democrat race for president", ''Richmond Item'', May 14, 1924, p. 1.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=37270868 |title=Robert William Lyons (1895 - 1949) - Find A Grave Memorial |website=Findagrave.com |date=2009-05-19 |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref> The Klan polished its reputation by making contributions of money and goods to [[Protestant]] churches and organizations, including the [[Salvation Army]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ku Klux Aids Salvation Army|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/198863602/Ku-Klux-Aids-Salvation-Army|accessdate=11 January 2014|newspaper=The Richmond Item|date=December 21, 1922}}</ref> Thomas Barr, son of [[Daisy Douglas Barr]], nationally prominent Quaker minister and Klan official,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoover|first1=Dwight W.|title=Daisy Douglas Barr: From Quaker to Klan "Kluckeress"|journal=Indiana Magazine of History|date=June 1991|volume=87|issue=2|pages=171–195|url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/11137/15983|accessdate=22 October 2015}}</ref> attended Earlham College and was a KKK campus recruiter.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaspin|first=Elliot|title=Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America|year=2008|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=0786721979|at=Chapter 10 Notes, No. 7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WTZ8-wbTFEC&pg=PT250&lpg=PT250&dq=thomas+barr+earlham+klan&source=bl&ots=TqOvYnYnYI&sig=ralvVOFHPOcHlzj3SeGYkFXvWaQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TMzSUpjvIc61rgHG6YDgAQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=thomas%20barr%20earlham%20klan&f=false|accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Dwight W. Hoover|title=Daisy Douglas Barr: From Quaker to Klan "Kluckeress"|url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/11137/15983|publisher=Indiana Magazine of History|accessdate=20 November 2015|date=June 1991}}</ref>
In the 1920s during the national revival of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK), Indiana had the largest Klan organization in the country, led by Grand Dragons [[D. C. Stephenson]] and [[Walter F. Bossert]]. At its height, national membership during the second Klan movement reached 1.5 million, with 300,000 from Indiana. Records show that Richmond (home to Whitewater Klan #60) and Wayne County were Klan strongholds, with up to 45 percent of the county's white males having been Klan members. Forty percent of Richmond's [[Kiwanis]] club members, thirty percent of its doctors, and 27 percent of its lawyers were Klan members, but none of the city's bank executives or most powerful business leaders were members.<ref name="state">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianahistory.org/library/manuscripts/collection_guides/M0407.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-04-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929233108/http://www.indianahistory.org/library/manuscripts/collection_guides/M0407.html |archivedate=2006-09-29 |df= }} </ref><ref>Leonard J. Moore, ''Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928'', North Carolina Press, 1997.</ref> In 1923 a reported 30,000 people watched a Klan parade through Richmond streets.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/198829412/Spectacular-Array-Presented-by-Klan-in-Mamoth-Parade |title=Spectacular Array Presented by Klan in Mamoth Parade &#124; Ku Klux Klan &#124; Prosecution |website=Scribd.com |date=1923-10-06 |accessdate=2017-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parade of Klansmen Chief Public Figure of Ceremonial Here|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/198875067/Parade-of-Klansmen-Chief-Public-Feature-of-Ceremonial-Here|accessdate=11 January 2014|newspaper=Richmond Palladium and Sun-Telegram|date=October 6, 1923}}</ref> In 1922, Robert Lyons introduced the Klan in Richmond, initially by recruiting at Reid Memorial Presbyterian Church where his father had been pastor until his death seven years earlier.<ref>"Klan issue in Democrat race for president", ''Richmond Item'', May 14, 1924, p. 1.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=37270868 |title=Robert William Lyons (1895 - 1949) - Find A Grave Memorial |website=Findagrave.com |date=2009-05-19 |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref> The Klan polished its reputation by making contributions of money and goods to [[Protestant]] churches and organizations, including the [[Salvation Army]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ku Klux Aids Salvation Army|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/198863602/Ku-Klux-Aids-Salvation-Army|accessdate=11 January 2014|newspaper=The Richmond Item|date=December 21, 1922}}</ref> Thomas Barr, son of [[Daisy Douglas Barr]], nationally prominent Quaker minister and Klan official,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoover|first1=Dwight W.|title=Daisy Douglas Barr: From Quaker to Klan "Kluckeress"|journal=Indiana Magazine of History|date=June 1991|volume=87|issue=2|pages=171–195|url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/11137/15983|accessdate=22 October 2015}}</ref> attended Earlham College and was a KKK campus recruiter.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaspin|first=Elliot|title=Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America|year=2008|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=0786721979|at=Chapter 10 Notes, No. 7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WTZ8-wbTFEC&pg=PT250&lpg=PT250&dq=thomas+barr+earlham+klan&source=bl&ots=TqOvYnYnYI&sig=ralvVOFHPOcHlzj3SeGYkFXvWaQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TMzSUpjvIc61rgHG6YDgAQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=thomas%20barr%20earlham%20klan&f=false|accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Dwight W. Hoover|title=Daisy Douglas Barr: From Quaker to Klan "Kluckeress"|url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/11137/15983|publisher=Indiana Magazine of History|accessdate=20 November 2015|date=June 1991}}</ref>


Also notable was the fact that [[Hoagy Carmichael]] recorded "[[Stardust (song)|Stardust]]" for the first time in Richmond at the [[Gennett]] recording studio. Famed trumpeter and singer [[Louis Armstrong]] was first recorded at Gennett as a member of [[King Oliver]] and his Creole Jazz Band.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aOjP45DTUpAC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=louis+armstrong+gannett&source=bl&ots=GnVH53uDMi&sig=YCI-MUv0Fi4y4YBfDsKdv07Y0bY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lWBAUuebNIfwrQGy8ICoDg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=louis%20armstrong%20gannett&f=false Giants in Their Time: Representative Americans from the Jazz Age to the Cold War], p. 13. Norman K. Risjord, {{ISBN|0742527859}}. 2005</ref>
Also notable was the fact that [[Hoagy Carmichael]] recorded "[[Stardust (song)|Stardust]]" for the first time in Richmond at the [[Gennett]] recording studio. Famed trumpeter and singer [[Louis Armstrong]] was first recorded at Gennett as a member of [[King Oliver]] and his Creole Jazz Band.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aOjP45DTUpAC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=louis+armstrong+gannett&source=bl&ots=GnVH53uDMi&sig=YCI-MUv0Fi4y4YBfDsKdv07Y0bY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lWBAUuebNIfwrQGy8ICoDg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=louis%20armstrong%20gannett&f=false Giants in Their Time: Representative Americans from the Jazz Age to the Cold War], p. 13. Norman K. Risjord, {{ISBN|0742527859}}. 2005</ref>


A group of [[artists]] in the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries came to be known as the [[Richmond Group]]. They included [[John Elwood Bundy]], [[Charles Conner]], [[George Herbert Baker]], [[Maude Kaufman Eggemeyer]] and [[John Albert Seaford]], among others. The [[Richmond Art Museum]] has a collection of regional and American art.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richmondartmuseum.org/ |title=Home |publisher=Richmond Art Museum |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref> Many consider the most significant painting in the collection to be a self-portrait of Indiana-born [[William Merritt Chase]].<ref>[http://www.richmondartmuseum.org/collection/lg-pages/chase-william-merritt.htm ]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref>
A group of [[artists]] in the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries came to be known as the [[Richmond Group]]. They included [[John Elwood Bundy]], [[Charles Conner]], [[George Herbert Baker]], [[Maude Kaufman Eggemeyer]] and [[John Albert Seaford]], among others. The [[Richmond Art Museum]] has a collection of regional and American art.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richmondartmuseum.org/ |title=Home |publisher=Richmond Art Museum |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref> Many consider the most significant painting in the collection to be a self-portrait of Indiana-born [[William Merritt Chase]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richmondartmuseum.org/collection/lg-pages/chase-william-merritt.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-05-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905211055/http://www.richmondartmuseum.org/collection/lg-pages/chase-william-merritt.htm |archivedate=2005-09-05 |df= }}</ref>


The city was connected to the [[National Road]], the first road built by the federal government and a major route west for pioneers of the 19th century.<ref>[http://www.connerprairie.org/historyonline/ntlroad.html ]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref> It became part of the system of [[National Auto Trail]]s. The highway is now known as [[U.S. Route 40 in Indiana|U.S. Route 40]]. One of the extant [[Madonna of the Trail]] monuments was dedicated at Richmond on October 28, 1928<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waynet.org/facts/madonna_of_the_trail.htm |title=Madonna of the Trail - Richmond, Indiana |website=Waynet.org |date= |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref> The monument sits in a corner of Glen Miller Park adjacent to [[U.S. Route 40 in Indiana|US 40]].
The city was connected to the [[National Road]], the first road built by the federal government and a major route west for pioneers of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.connerprairie.org/historyonline/ntlroad.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-05-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613044830/http://www.connerprairie.org/historyonline/ntlroad.html |archivedate=2006-06-13 |df= }}</ref> It became part of the system of [[National Auto Trail]]s. The highway is now known as [[U.S. Route 40 in Indiana|U.S. Route 40]]. One of the extant [[Madonna of the Trail]] monuments was dedicated at Richmond on October 28, 1928<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waynet.org/facts/madonna_of_the_trail.htm |title=Madonna of the Trail - Richmond, Indiana |website=Waynet.org |date= |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref> The monument sits in a corner of Glen Miller Park adjacent to [[U.S. Route 40 in Indiana|US 40]].


Richmond's cultural resources include two of Indiana's three [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[Mummy|mummies]]. One is held by the Wayne County Historical Museum and the second by Earlham College's Joseph Moore Museum, leading to the local nickname of "Mummy capital of Indiana".<ref>[http://waynecountyhistoricalmuseum.com/] {{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waynet.org/nonprofit/jos_moore.htm |title=Joseph Moore Museum - Earlham College |website=Waynet.org |date=2001-10-16 |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref>
Richmond's cultural resources include two of Indiana's three [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[Mummy|mummies]]. One is held by the Wayne County Historical Museum and the second by Earlham College's Joseph Moore Museum, leading to the local nickname of "Mummy capital of Indiana".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waynecountyhistoricalmuseum.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-12-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216073801/http://waynecountyhistoricalmuseum.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-16 |df= }} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waynet.org/nonprofit/jos_moore.htm |title=Joseph Moore Museum - Earlham College |website=Waynet.org |date=2001-10-16 |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref>


The arts were supported by a strong economy increasingly based on manufacturing. Richmond was once known as "the lawn mower capital" because it was a center for manufacturing of [[lawn mower]]s from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century. Manufacturers included Davis, [[Motomower]], [[Dille-McGuire]] and F&N. The farm machinery builder [[Gaar-Scott]] was based in Richmond. The [[Davis Aircraft|Davis Aircraft Co.]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Davis%20D-1-W.asp |title=Davis D-1-W |publisher=Airventuremuseum.org |date=1933-11-22 |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davismonoplane.com/ |title=Davis Monoplane |publisher=Davis Monoplane |date= |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> builder of a light [[parasol wing]] monoplane, operated in Richmond beginning in 1929.
The arts were supported by a strong economy increasingly based on manufacturing. Richmond was once known as "the lawn mower capital" because it was a center for manufacturing of [[lawn mower]]s from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century. Manufacturers included Davis, [[Motomower]], [[Dille-McGuire]] and F&N. The farm machinery builder [[Gaar-Scott]] was based in Richmond. The [[Davis Aircraft|Davis Aircraft Co.]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Davis%20D-1-W.asp |title=Davis D-1-W |publisher=Airventuremuseum.org |date=1933-11-22 |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davismonoplane.com/ |title=Davis Monoplane |publisher=Davis Monoplane |date= |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> builder of a light [[parasol wing]] monoplane, operated in Richmond beginning in 1929.
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==20th-century challenges==
==20th-century challenges==
On April 6, 1968, a [[Richmond, Indiana explosion|natural gas explosion and fire]] destroyed or damaged several downtown blocks and killed 41 people; more than 150 were injured.<ref>[http://gates.mrl.lib.in.us:8080/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/fulltext&CISOPTR=1981&REC=1] {{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref> The book ''Death in a Sunny Street'' is about the event.
On April 6, 1968, a [[Richmond, Indiana explosion|natural gas explosion and fire]] destroyed or damaged several downtown blocks and killed 41 people; more than 150 were injured.<ref>[http://gates.mrl.lib.in.us:8080/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/fulltext&CISOPTR=1981&REC=1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124182201/http://gates.mrl.lib.in.us:8080/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Ffulltext&CISOPTR=1981&REC=1 |date=2008-01-24 }}</ref> The book ''Death in a Sunny Street'' is about the event.


In the rebuilding effort, the city closed the main street through downtown to traffic and built the Downtown Promenade in 1972 (expanded in 1978). When studies showed that car traffic helped businesses, the city had the five-block pedestrian mall broken up. It reopened the street to traffic in 1997 as part of an urban revitalization effort.
In the rebuilding effort, the city closed the main street through downtown to traffic and built the Downtown Promenade in 1972 (expanded in 1978). When studies showed that car traffic helped businesses, the city had the five-block pedestrian mall broken up. It reopened the street to traffic in 1997 as part of an urban revitalization effort.
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*[[Seton Catholic High School (Richmond, Indiana)|Seton Catholic High School]] (founded 2002), a junior and senior high school, is a religious high school. It is based in the former home of St. Andrew High School (1899–1936) and, more recently, St. Andrew Elementary School, adjacent to St. Andrew Church of the Richmond Catholic Community.
*[[Seton Catholic High School (Richmond, Indiana)|Seton Catholic High School]] (founded 2002), a junior and senior high school, is a religious high school. It is based in the former home of St. Andrew High School (1899–1936) and, more recently, St. Andrew Elementary School, adjacent to St. Andrew Church of the Richmond Catholic Community.


The Richmond Japanese Language School (リッチモンド（IN）補習授業校 ''Ritchimondo(IN)Hoshū Jugyō Kō'') a [[Hoshuko|part-time Japanese school]], holds its classes at the Highland Heights School.<ref name=NAList>{{cite web|url=http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/002.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330155208/http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/002.htm |archivedate=2014-03-30 |title=北米の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）：文部科学省 |website=Web.archive.org |date=2014-03-30 |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/6OSTGZpwz?url=http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/002.htm|title=ページの本文に移動する|website=Webcitation.org|accessdate=2017-07-13}}</ref>
The Richmond Japanese Language School (リッチモンド（IN）補習授業校 ''Ritchimondo(IN)Hoshū Jugyō Kō'') a [[Hoshuko|part-time Japanese school]], holds its classes at the Highland Heights School.<ref name=NAList>{{cite web|url=http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/002.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330155208/http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/002.htm |archivedate=2014-03-30 |title=北米の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）：文部科学省 |website=Web.archive.org |date=2014-03-30 |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/002.htm|title=ページの本文に移動する|website=Webcitation.org|accessdate=2017-07-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6OSTGZpwz?url=http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/002.htm|archivedate=2014-03-30|df=}}</ref>


==Religious groups==
==Religious groups==
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*[[Baby Huey (singer)]], rock and soul vocalist
*[[Baby Huey (singer)]], rock and soul vocalist
* [[Mary Haas]], linguist
* [[Mary Haas]], linguist
* [[Jeff Hamilton (drummer)|Jeff Hamilton]], jazz drummer<ref>[http://www.jazzatnewport.org/home.cfm?dir_cat=47265 ]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Jeff Hamilton (drummer)|Jeff Hamilton]], jazz drummer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jazzatnewport.org/home.cfm?dir_cat=47265 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-09-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907035520/http://www.jazzatnewport.org/home.cfm?dir_cat=47265 |archivedate=2006-09-07 |df= }}</ref>
* [[Del Harris]], professional [[basketball]] coach
* [[Del Harris]], professional [[basketball]] coach
* [[Micajah C. Henley]], [[roller skate]] maker
* [[Micajah C. Henley]], [[roller skate]] maker

Revision as of 09:56, 27 July 2017

City of Richmond, Indiana
City
Wayne County Courthouse in Richmond
Wayne County Courthouse in Richmond
Location in the state of Indiana
Location in the state of Indiana
Coordinates: 39°49′49″N 84°53′26″W / 39.83028°N 84.89056°W / 39.83028; -84.89056
CountryUnited States
StateIndiana
CountyWayne
TownshipBoston, Center, Wayne
Government
 • MayorDave Snow (D)
Area
[1]
 • Total
24.08 sq mi (62.37 km2)
 • Land23.92 sq mi (61.95 km2)
 • Water0.16 sq mi (0.41 km2)
Elevation
[2]
981 ft (299 m)
Population
 (2010)[3]
 • Total
36,812
 • Estimate 
(2016)[4]
35,664
 • Density1,539/sq mi (594.2/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
47374-47375
Area code765
FIPS code18-64260[5]
GNIS feature ID441976
Websitewww.richmondindiana.gov

Richmond /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ is a city in east central Indiana, United States, bordering on Ohio. It is the county seat of Wayne County,[6] and in the 2010 census had a population of 36,812.

Situated largely within Wayne Township, its area includes a non-contiguous portion in nearby Boston Township where the Richmond Municipal Airport is located.

The city is sometimes called the "cradle of recorded jazz" because some early jazz records were made there at the studio of Gennett Records, a division of the Starr Piano Company.[7]

The city has twice received the All-America City Award, most recently in 2009.

Geography

Richmond is located at 39°49′49″N 84°53′26″W / 39.830189°N 84.890668°W / 39.830189; -84.890668.[8]

According to the 2010 census, Richmond has a total area of 24.067 square miles (62.33 km2), of which 23.91 square miles (61.93 km2) (or 99.35%) is land and 0.157 square miles (0.41 km2) (or 0.65%) is water.[1]

Richmond is located about 12 miles S of Hoosier Hill, the highest point in Indiana.

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18402,070—
18501,443−30.3%
18606,608357.9%
18709,44542.9%
188012,74234.9%
189016,60830.3%
190018,2269.7%
191022,82425.2%
192026,76517.3%
193032,49321.4%
194035,1478.2%
195039,53912.5%
196044,14911.7%
197043,999−0.3%
198041,349−6.0%
199038,705−6.4%
200039,1241.1%
201036,812−5.9%
2016 (est.)35,664[4]−3.1%
Source: US Census Bureau

2010 census

As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 36,812 people, 15,098 households, and 8,909 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,539.0 inhabitants per square mile (594.2/km2). There were 17,649 housing units at an average density of 737.8 per square mile (284.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.9% White, 8.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.9% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population.

There were 15,098 households of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.0% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.91.

The median age in the city was 38.4 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

2000 census

As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 39,124 people, 16,287 households, and 9,918 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,685.3 people per square mile (650.8/km²). There were 17,647 housing units at an average density of 760.2 per square mile (293.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 86.78% White, 8.87% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.09% from other races, and 2.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.03% of the population.

Richmond lies on the flat lands of eastern Indiana.

There were 16,287 households out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city, the population was spread out with 23.4% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,210, and the median income for a family was $38,346. Males had a median income of $30,849 versus $21,164 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,096. About 12.1% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.8% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over.

History

In 1806 the first European Americans in the area, Quaker families from North Carolina, settled along the East Fork of the Whitewater River. This was part of a general westward migration in the early decades after the American Revolution. John Smith and David Hoover were among the earliest settlers. Richmond is still home to several Quaker institutions, including Friends United Meeting, Earlham College and the Earlham School of Religion.

The settlement was incorporated as a town on Sept. 1, 1818. At that time, it had 24 adult settlers. The first post office in Richmond was established in 1818.[9]

Early cinema and television pioneer Charles Francis Jenkins grew-up on a farm north of Richmond, where he began inventing useful gadgets. As the Richmond Telegram reported, on June 6, 1894, Jenkins gathered his family, friends and newsmen at Jenkins' cousin's jewelry store in downtown Richmond and projected a filmed motion picture for the first time in front of an audience. The motion picture was of a vaudeville entertainer performing a butterfly dance, which Jenkins had filmed himself. Jenkins filed for a patent for the Phantoscope projector in November 1894 and it was issued in March of '95. A modified version of the Phantoscope was later sold to Thomas Edison who named it Edison's Vitascope and began projecting motion pictures in New York City vaudeville theaters, raising the curtain on American cinema.

Richmond is believed[by whom?] to have been the smallest community in the United States to have supported a professional opera company and symphony orchestra. The Whitewater Opera has since closed but the Richmond Symphony Orchestra has continued. In 1899 Will Earhart formed the first complete high school orchestra in the nation. A later high school orchestra director, Joseph E. Maddy, went on to found what is now known as the Interlochen Center for the Arts in Michigan.

In the 1920s during the national revival of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), Indiana had the largest Klan organization in the country, led by Grand Dragons D. C. Stephenson and Walter F. Bossert. At its height, national membership during the second Klan movement reached 1.5 million, with 300,000 from Indiana. Records show that Richmond (home to Whitewater Klan #60) and Wayne County were Klan strongholds, with up to 45 percent of the county's white males having been Klan members. Forty percent of Richmond's Kiwanis club members, thirty percent of its doctors, and 27 percent of its lawyers were Klan members, but none of the city's bank executives or most powerful business leaders were members.[10][11] In 1923 a reported 30,000 people watched a Klan parade through Richmond streets.[12][13] In 1922, Robert Lyons introduced the Klan in Richmond, initially by recruiting at Reid Memorial Presbyterian Church where his father had been pastor until his death seven years earlier.[14][15] The Klan polished its reputation by making contributions of money and goods to Protestant churches and organizations, including the Salvation Army.[16] Thomas Barr, son of Daisy Douglas Barr, nationally prominent Quaker minister and Klan official,[17] attended Earlham College and was a KKK campus recruiter.[18][19]

Also notable was the fact that Hoagy Carmichael recorded "Stardust" for the first time in Richmond at the Gennett recording studio. Famed trumpeter and singer Louis Armstrong was first recorded at Gennett as a member of King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band.[20]

A group of artists in the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries came to be known as the Richmond Group. They included John Elwood Bundy, Charles Conner, George Herbert Baker, Maude Kaufman Eggemeyer and John Albert Seaford, among others. The Richmond Art Museum has a collection of regional and American art.[21] Many consider the most significant painting in the collection to be a self-portrait of Indiana-born William Merritt Chase.[22]

The city was connected to the National Road, the first road built by the federal government and a major route west for pioneers of the 19th century.[23] It became part of the system of National Auto Trails. The highway is now known as U.S. Route 40. One of the extant Madonna of the Trail monuments was dedicated at Richmond on October 28, 1928[24] The monument sits in a corner of Glen Miller Park adjacent to US 40.

Richmond's cultural resources include two of Indiana's three Egyptian mummies. One is held by the Wayne County Historical Museum and the second by Earlham College's Joseph Moore Museum, leading to the local nickname of "Mummy capital of Indiana".[25][26]

The arts were supported by a strong economy increasingly based on manufacturing. Richmond was once known as "the lawn mower capital" because it was a center for manufacturing of lawn mowers from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century. Manufacturers included Davis, Motomower, Dille-McGuire and F&N. The farm machinery builder Gaar-Scott was based in Richmond. The Davis Aircraft Co.,[27][28] builder of a light parasol wing monoplane, operated in Richmond beginning in 1929.

After starting out in nearby Union City, Wayne Agricultural Works moved to Richmond. Wayne was a manufacturer of horse-drawn vehicles, including "kid hacks", a precursor of the motorized school bus. From the early 1930s through the 1940s, several automobile designers and manufacturers were located in Richmond. Among the automobiles locally manufactured were the Richmond, built by the Wayne Works; the "Rodefeld"; the Davis; the Pilot; the Westcott and the Crosley.

In the 1950s, Wayne Works changed its name to Wayne Corporation, by then a well-known bus and school-bus manufacturer. In 1967 it relocated to a site adjacent to Interstate 70. The company was a leader in school-bus safety innovations, but it closed in 1992 during a period of school-bus manufacturing industry consolidations.[citation needed]

Richmond was known as the "Rose City" because of the many varieties once grown there by Hill's Roses. The company had several sprawling complexes of greenhouses, with a total of about 34 acres (140,000 m2) under glass. The annual Richmond Rose Festival honored the rose industry and was a popular summer attraction.

20th-century challenges

On April 6, 1968, a natural gas explosion and fire destroyed or damaged several downtown blocks and killed 41 people; more than 150 were injured.[29] The book Death in a Sunny Street is about the event.

In the rebuilding effort, the city closed the main street through downtown to traffic and built the Downtown Promenade in 1972 (expanded in 1978). When studies showed that car traffic helped businesses, the city had the five-block pedestrian mall broken up. It reopened the street to traffic in 1997 as part of an urban revitalization effort.

On March 17, 1999, the 155-year-old family run business, Swayne, Robinson and Company was destroyed in a fire. The site is now the location of the Wayne County Jail.[30][31]

Architecture

Wayne County Court House

Richmond is noted for its rich stock of historic architecture. In 2003, a book entitled Richmond Indiana: Its Physical Development and Aesthetic Heritage to 1920 by Cornell University architectural historians, Michael and Mary Raddant Tomlan, was published by the Indiana Historical Society. Particularly notable buildings are the 1902 Pennsylvania Railroad Station designed by Daniel H. Burnham of Chicago and the 1893 Wayne County Court House designed by James W. McLaughlin of Cincinnati. Local architects of note include John A. Hasecoster, William S. Kaufman and Stephen O. Yates.

The significance of the architecture has been recognized. Five large districts, such as the Depot District, and several individual buildings are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, the Historic American Buildings Survey and the Historic American Engineering Record.

Educational institutions

Carpenter Hall at Earlham College, founded in 1847.

The Richmond Japanese Language School (リッチモンド（IN）補習授業校 Ritchimondo(IN)Hoshū Jugyō Kō) a part-time Japanese school, holds its classes at the Highland Heights School.[32][33]

Religious groups

Transportation

Air

Richmond Municipal Airport is a public-use airport located five nautical miles (6 mi, 9 km) southeast of the central business district of Richmond. It is owned by the Richmond Board of Aviation Commissioners. It is also an exclave of Richmond.[34]

Road

Richmond is served by Interstate 70 at exits 149, 151, 153, and 156. Public transit service is provided by city-owned Roseview Transit, operating daily except Sundays and major holidays.[35]

Media

The daily newspaper is the Gannett-owned Palladium-Item.

Full-power radio stations include WKBV, WFMG, WQLK, WHON, WKRT, and Earlham College's student-run public radio station WECI. Richmond is also served by WJYW which is repeated on 94.5 and 97.7. Area NPR radio stations include WBSH in Hagerstown, Indiana and WMUB in Oxford, OH.

Richmond is considered to be within the Dayton, Ohio, television market and has one full-power television station, WKOI, which is affiliated with TBN. The city also has one county-wide public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable television station, Whitewater Community Television.[36]

Points of interest

Hicksite Friends Meeting House, 1150 North A Street, Richmond, Indiana, now houses the Wayne County Historical Museum.

Notable people

Sister cities

References

  1. ^ a b "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-07-29.
  2. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
  3. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  4. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  5. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Starr-Gennett Foundation Homepage". Starr-gennett.org. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  8. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  9. ^ "Historical Timeline". WayNet. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2006-04-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ Leonard J. Moore, Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928, North Carolina Press, 1997.
  12. ^ "Spectacular Array Presented by Klan in Mamoth Parade | Ku Klux Klan | Prosecution". Scribd.com. 1923-10-06. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
  13. ^ "Parade of Klansmen Chief Public Figure of Ceremonial Here". Richmond Palladium and Sun-Telegram. October 6, 1923. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  14. ^ "Klan issue in Democrat race for president", Richmond Item, May 14, 1924, p. 1.
  15. ^ "Robert William Lyons (1895 - 1949) - Find A Grave Memorial". Findagrave.com. 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  16. ^ "Ku Klux Aids Salvation Army". The Richmond Item. December 21, 1922. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  17. ^ Hoover, Dwight W. (June 1991). "Daisy Douglas Barr: From Quaker to Klan "Kluckeress"". Indiana Magazine of History. 87 (2): 171–195. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  18. ^ Jaspin, Elliot (2008). Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America. New York: Basic Books. Chapter 10 Notes, No. 7. ISBN 0786721979. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  19. ^ Dwight W. Hoover (June 1991). "Daisy Douglas Barr: From Quaker to Klan "Kluckeress"". Indiana Magazine of History. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  20. ^ Giants in Their Time: Representative Americans from the Jazz Age to the Cold War, p. 13. Norman K. Risjord, ISBN 0742527859. 2005
  21. ^ "Home". Richmond Art Museum. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  22. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2005-09-05. Retrieved 2006-05-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-06-13. Retrieved 2006-05-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ "Madonna of the Trail - Richmond, Indiana". Waynet.org. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  25. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. ^ "Joseph Moore Museum - Earlham College". Waynet.org. 2001-10-16. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  27. ^ "Davis D-1-W". Airventuremuseum.org. 1933-11-22. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  28. ^ "Davis Monoplane". Davis Monoplane. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  29. ^ [1] Archived 2008-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ "March 1999 Home Page Pictures". Waynet.org. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  31. ^ "Swayne, Robinson and Co". Mrl.lib.in.us. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  32. ^ "北米の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）：文部科学省". Web.archive.org. 2014-03-30. Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  33. ^ "ページの本文に移動する". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2017-07-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ FAA Airport Form 5010 for RID PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective May 31, 2012.
  35. ^ "Roseview Transit". City of Richmond. October 21, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  36. ^ "WCTV | Whitewater Community Television". Wctv.info. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  37. ^ "Tiffany Windows - Reid Memorial Presbyterian Church - Wayne County, Indiana". Waynet.org. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  38. ^ "Weeb Ewbank | Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site". Profootballhof.com. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  39. ^ "Norman Foster (1903 - 1976) - Find A Grave Memorial". Findagrave.com. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  40. ^ "Harry Frankel (1888 - 1948) - Find A Grave Memorial". Findagrave.com. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  41. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2006-09-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  42. ^ "Dr. Charles A. Hufnagel". Astro4.ast.vill.edu. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  43. ^ "Oliver P. Morton Biography Page". Civilwarhome.com. 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  44. ^ "Wendell M. Stanley - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  45. ^ "D. Elton Trueblood, 1900 to 1994". Waynet.org. 1994-12-20. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
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