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[[Template:Stratigraphic column of Wisconsin]]
[[Template:Stratigraphic column of Wisconsin]]
[[Template:Stratigraphic column of Wyoming]]
[[Template:Stratigraphic column of Wyoming]]




















{{Pp-move-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}
[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe Asia transcontinental.png|thumb|upright=1.5|
{{legend|#67e836|Countries entirely within conventional Europe}}
{{legend|#9ac0ea|Transcontinental territory most often considered to be within Europe}}
{{legend|#5d66be|Transcontinental territory most often considered to be outside Europe}}
{{legend|#945dbe|Geographically Asian states (including [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Cyprus]])}}]]

The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of regions of Europe|various common definitions of Europe]], geographical or political. Fifty-six sovereign states, six of which have limited recognition, are listed with territory in [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Europe]] and/or membership in international European organisations. There are eight areas that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political status.

==Geographical boundaries of Europe==
{{Main|Europe|Boundaries between the continents of Earth}}

Under the commonly used geographic definition, the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of boundaries between the continents of Earth|border]] between [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Asia]] and [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Europe]] stretches along the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ural Mountains]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Charles T. Evans |url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS241/Notes/Geography/Urals.html |title=Ural Mountains |publisher=Novaonline.nvcc.edu |date=2009-07-01 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ural River]], and [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Caspian Sea]] in the east,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/the-ural-river.htm |title=The Ural River |publisher=Geography.howstuffworks.com |date=2008-03-30 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Greater Caucasus]] range<ref>{{cite web|author=Charles T. Evans |url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS241/Notes/Geography/Caucasus.html |title=Caucasus Mountains |publisher=Novaonline.nvcc.edu |date=2009-07-01 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> and the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Black Sea]], with its outlets, the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bosphorus]] and [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Dardanelles]], in the south.<ref>{{cite web|author=Charles T. Evans |url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS241/Notes/Geography/Black.html |title=Black Sea |publisher=Novaonline.nvcc.edu |date=2009-07-01 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref><ref name="Encarta">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007 |title=Europe |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopaedia_761570768/Europe.html |accessdate=2007-12-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwbxqnne?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570768/Europe.html |archivedate=31 October 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name="Encarta"/> Based on that division, [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of list of transcontinental countries|transcontinental states]] [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Azerbaijan]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kazakhstan]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Russia]], and [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Turkey]] have territory both in [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Europe]] and [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Asia]].

The [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of island]] of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Cyprus]] in [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Western Asia]] is proximate to [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Anatolia]] (or [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Anatolia|Asia Minor]]) and is on the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Anatolian Plate]] <ref name="wdowinski">{{cite journal|author=Shimon Wdowinski |author2=Zvi Ben-Avraham |author2-link=Zvi Ben-Avraham |author3=Ronald Arvidsson |author4=Goran Ekström |title=Seismotectonics of the Cyprian Arc |journal = Geophysics Journal International |volume=164 |issue = 164 |pages = 176–181 |year = 2006 |url = http://www.geodesy.miami.edu/articles/2006/Wdowinski_et_al_2006_JGI.pdf |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02737.x |accessdate = 2011-03-05 |bibcode=2006GeoJI.164..176W}}</ref> but is often considered part of Europe and is a current member of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of European Union]] (EU). [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Armenia]] is also entirely in [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Western Asia]] but is a member of certain European organisations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/aboutCoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europe& |title=Council of Europe in Brief |publisher=Coe.int |date= |accessdate=2011-02-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013253/http://www.coe.int/aboutCoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europe& |archivedate=22 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Although the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Mediterranean Sea]] provides a clearer divide between [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Africa]] and [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Europe]], some traditionally European islands such as [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Malta]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sicily]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Pantelleria]] and the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Pelagian Islands]] are located on the African continental plate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA269141 |title=Geological Development of the Sicilian-Tunisian Platform held in Italy (University of Urbino) on November 4, 5, 6, 1992 |publisher=Oai.dtic.mil |date=1992-11-06 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> The island of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Iceland]] is part of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Mid-Atlantic Ridge]], straddling the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Eurasian Plate]] and the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of North American Plate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html |title=Understanding plate motions [This Dynamic Earth, USGS&#93; |publisher=Pubs.usgs.gov |date=1994-06-09 |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref>

Some territories geographically outside Europe have strong connections with European states. [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Greenland]] has socio-political connections with Europe and is part of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kingdom of Denmark]], but closer to the continent of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of North America]] and usually grouped with it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.html |title=CIA - The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> Sometimes [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Israel]] is considered as part of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of regions of Europe|geopolitical Europe]] as well.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located in other continents, such as the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of French overseas departments]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Connor |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5106531,00.html |title=French overseas territories vote to remain close to Paris |publisher=Dw-world.de |date=2010-01-11 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> the Spanish cities of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ceuta]] and [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Melilla]] on the coast of Africa,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/4209538.stm |title=Regions and territories: Ceuta, Melilla |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-10-06 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> and the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Dutch Caribbean]] territories of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bonaire]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Saba]] and [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sint Eustatius]].<ref name="Netherlands">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html |title=Netherlands |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref>

[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe countries map en 2.png|thumb|right|Political map of Europe and the surrounding region]]

==Sovereign states==
A [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of sovereign state]] is a political association with effective [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of sovereignty]] over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mil.sagepub.com/content/17/2/227.short |title=Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique |publisher=Mil.sagepub.com |date=1988-06-01 |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> According to the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Montevideo convention]], a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/sovereignty/montevideo-convention-rights-duties-states/p15897 |title=Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States - Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |date= |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref>

===Recognised states===
There are 50 internationally recognised sovereign states with territory located within the common definition of Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, of which 44 have their [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of capital city]] within Europe. All except the Vatican City are members of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of United Nations]] (UN),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/ |title=United Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=24 February 2011}}</ref> and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City are members of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Council of Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/aboutcoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europe |title=47 countries, 1 Europe |publisher=Council of Europe |accessdate=17 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319025613/http://www.coe.int/aboutCoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europe |archivedate=19 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> 28 of these countries have also been [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Member state of the European Union|member states of the EU]] since 2013, which means they are highly integrated with each other and share their sovereignty with [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Institutions of the European Union|EU institutions]].

Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU.

{|
|-
| style="background:lightcyan; border:1px solid #aaa; width:2em;" | *
| = Member of the EU<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/eu_members/index_en.htm |title=Member States |publisher=Europa |accessdate=17 February 2011}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
! English common and formal names<br><ref name="CIA_Names">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |title=Field Listing :: Names |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=30 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="UN_Names">{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf |title=UNGEGN List of Country Names |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2007 |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref><ref name="Europa">{{cite web|url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-tw1 |title=List of countries, territories and currencies |publisher=Europa |date=9 August 2011 |accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref>
! Domestic short and formal names<br><ref name="CIA_Names"/><ref name="UN_Names"/>
! Capital<br><ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2057.html |title=Field Listing :: Capital |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=17 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |title=UNGEGN World Geographical Names |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |date=13 September 2010 |accessdate=24 February 2011}}</ref>
! Population<br>{{Cref2|a}}<ref name="Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |title=Country Comparison :: Population |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=July 2014 |accessdate=17 October 2014}}</ref>
! Area<br>{{Cref2|a}}<ref name="Area">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |title=Field Listing :: Area |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref>
|- <!-- 01 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Albania.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Albania|alt=Flag of Albania]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Albania.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Albania in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Albania]]{{Cref2|i}}<br /><br />Republic of Albania
| {{lang-sq|Shqipëri / Shqipëria — Republika e Shqipërisë}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tirana]]<br /><br />{{lang-sq|Tiranë}}
| 3,020,209
| {{sort|00028748|{{convert|28748|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 02 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Andorra.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Andorra|alt=Flag of Andorra]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Location Andorra Europe.png|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Andorra in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Andorra]]<br /><br />Principality of Andorra
| {{lang-ca|Andorra — Principat d'Andorra}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Andorra la Vella]]<br /><br />{{lang-ca|Andorra la Vella}}
| 85,458
| {{sort|00000468|{{convert|468|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 03 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Armenia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Armenia|alt=Flag of Armenia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Armenia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Armenia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Armenia]]{{Cref2|b}}<br /><br />Republic of Armenia
| {{lang-hy|Հայաստան — Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն}} <small>(''{{Transl|hy|Hayastan — Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Yerevan]]<br /><br />{{lang-hy|Երևան}} <small>(''{{Transl|hy|Yerevan}}'')</small>
| 3,060,631
| {{sort|00029743|{{convert|29743|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 04 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Austria.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Austria|alt=Flag of Austria]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Austria.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Austria in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Austria]]*<br /><br />Republic of Austria
| {{lang-de|Österreich — Republik Österreich}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Vienna]]<br /><br />{{lang-de|Wien}}
| 8,223,062
| {{sort|00083874|{{convert|83871|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 05 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Azerbaijan|alt=Flag of Azerbaijan]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Azerbaijan.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Azerbaijan in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Azerbaijan]]{{Cref2|b}}<br /><br />Republic of Azerbaijan
| {{lang-az|Azǝrbaycan — Azǝrbaycan Respublikası}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Baku]]<br /><br />{{lang-az|Bakı}}
| 9,686,210
| {{sort|00086600|{{convert|86600|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 06 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Belarus.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Belarus|alt=Flag of Belarus]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Belarus.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Belarus in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Belarus]]<br /><br />Republic of Belarus
| {{lang-be|Беларусь — Рэспубліка Беларусь}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Bielaruś — Respublika Bielaruś}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-ru|Беларусь — Республика Беларусь}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Belarus' — Respublika Belarus'}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Minsk]]<br /><br />{{lang-be|Мінск}} <small>(''{{Transl|be|Minsk}}'')</small>
| 9,608,058
| {{sort|00207600|{{convert|207600|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 07 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Belgium.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Belgium|alt=Flag of Belgium]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Belgium.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Belgium in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Belgium]]*<br /><br />Kingdom of Belgium
| {{lang-nl|België — Koninkrijk België}}<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Belgique — Royaume de Belgique}}<br /><br />{{lang-de|Belgien — Königreich Belgien}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Brussels]]<br /><br />{{lang-nl|Brussel}}<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Bruxelles}}<br /><br />{{lang-de|Brüssel}}
| 11,239,755
| {{sort|00030528|{{convert|30528|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 08 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina|alt=Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Bosnia and Herzegovina in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Gaj's Latin alphabet|Serbian (Latin)]]: ''Bosna i Hercegovina''<br /><br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Serbian language|Serbian]] [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian (Cyrillic)]]: Босна и Херцеговина
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sarajevo]]<br /><br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Gaj's Latin alphabet|Serbian (Latin)]]]: ''Sarajevo''<br /><br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian (Cyrillic)]]: Сарајево
| 3,871,643
| {{sort|00051197|{{convert|51197|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 09 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Bulgaria|alt=Flag of Bulgaria]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Bulgaria.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Bulgaria in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bulgaria]]*<br /><br />Republic of Bulgaria
| {{lang-bg|България — Република България}} <small>(''{{Transl|bg|Bǎlgarija — Republika Bǎlgarija}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sofia]]<br /><br />{{lang-bg|София}} <small>(''{{Transl|bg|Sofia}}'')</small>
| 6,924,716
| {{sort|00110879|{{convert|110879|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 10 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Croatia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Croatia|alt=Flag of Croatia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Croatia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Croatia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Croatia]]*<br /><br />Republic of Croatia
| {{lang-hr|Hrvatska — Republika Hrvatska}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Zagreb]]<br /><br />{{lang-hr|Zagreb}}
| 4,470,534
| {{sort|00056594|{{convert|56594|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 11 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Cyprus.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Cyprus|alt=Flag of Cyprus]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Cyprus.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Cyprus in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Cyprus]]*{{Cref2|c}}<br /><br />Republic of Cyprus
| {{lang-el|Κύπρος — Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία}} <small>(''{{Transl|el|Kýpros — Kypriakí Dimokratía}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-tr|Kıbrıs — Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Nicosia]]<br /><br />{{lang-el|Λευκωσία}} <small>(''{{Transl|el|Lefkosía}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-tr|Lefkoşa}}
| 1,172,458
| {{sort|00009251|{{convert|9251|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 12 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Czech Republic|alt=Flag of the Czech Republic]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Czechia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the Czech Republic in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Czech Republic]]*{{Cref2|j}}
| {{lang-cs|Česko — Česká republika}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Prague]]<br /><br />{{lang-cs|Praha}}
| 10,538,275
| {{sort|00078867|{{convert|78867|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 13 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Denmark.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Denmark|alt=Flag of Denmark]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Denmark.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Denmark in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Denmark]]*{{Cref2|f}}<br /><br />Kingdom of Denmark
| {{lang-da|Danmark — Kongeriget Danmark}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Copenhagen]]<br /><br />{{lang-da|København}}
| 5,569,077
| {{sort|00043094|{{convert|2210000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 14 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Estonia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Estonia|alt=Flag of Estonia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Estonia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Estonia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Estonia]]*<br /><br />Republic of Estonia
| {{lang-et|Eesti — Eesti Vabariik}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tallinn]]<br /><br />{{lang-et|Tallinn}}
| 1,257,921
| {{sort|00045228|{{convert|45228|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 15 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Finland.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Finland|alt=Flag of Finland]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Finland.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Finland in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Finland]]*<br /><br />Republic of Finland
| {{lang-fi|Suomi — Suomen tasavalta}}<br /><br />{{lang-sv|Finland — Republiken Finland}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Helsinki]]<br /><br />{{lang-fi|Helsinki}}<br /><br />{{lang-sv|Helsingfors}}
| 5,268,799
| {{sort|00338145|{{convert|338145|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 16 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of France.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of France|alt=Flag of France]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-France.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing France in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of France]]*<br /><br />French Republic
| {{lang-fr|France — République française}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Paris]]<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Paris}}
| 66,259,012
| {{sort|00643427|{{convert|643427|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}<!--551,500 for Metropolitan-->
|- <!-- 17 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Georgia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Georgia (country)|alt=Flag of Georgia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Georgia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Georgia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]{{Cref2|b}}
| {{lang-ka|საქართველო}} <small>(''{{Transl|ka|Sak'art'velo}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tbilisi]] / T'bilisi<br /><br />{{lang-ka|თბილისი}} <small>(''{{Transl|ka|T'bilisi}}'')</small>
| 4,935,880
| {{sort|00069700|{{convert|69700|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 18 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Germany.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Germany|alt=Flag of Germany]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Germany.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Germany in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Germany]]*<br /><br />Federal Republic of Germany
| {{lang-de|Deutschland — Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Berlin]]<br /><br />{{lang-de|Berlin}}
| 80,996,685
| {{sort|00357022|{{convert|357022|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 19 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Greece.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Greece|alt=Flag of Greece]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Greece.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Greece in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Greece]]*<br /><br />Hellenic Republic
| {{lang-el|Ελλάς — Ελληνική Δημοκρατία}} <small>(''{{Transl|el|Ellás — Ellinikí Dimokratía}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Athens]]<br /><br />{{lang-el|Αθήνα}} <small>(''{{Transl|el|Athína}}'')</small>
| 10,816,286
| {{sort|00131957|{{convert|131957|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 20 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Hungary.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Hungary|alt=Flag of Hungary]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Hungary.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Hungary in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Hungary]]*
| {{lang-hu|Magyarország}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Budapest]]<br /><br />{{lang-hu|Budapest}}
| 9,919,128
| {{sort|00093028|{{convert|93028|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 21 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Iceland.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Iceland|alt=Flag of Iceland]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Iceland.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Iceland in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Iceland]]<br /><br />Republic of Iceland
| {{lang-is|Ísland — Lýðveldið Ísland}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Reykjavík]]<br /><br />{{lang-is|Reykjavík}}
| 317,351
| {{sort|00103000|{{convert|103000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 22 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Ireland.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Ireland|alt=Flag of Ireland]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Ireland.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Ireland in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]*{{Cref2|d}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1948/en/act/pub/0022/index.html |title= Republic of Ireland Act, 1948|year= 1948|work= No. 22/1948|accessdate=2008-12-16}}</ref>
| Ireland<br /><br />{{lang-ga|Éire}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Dublin]]<br /><br />{{lang-ga|Baile Átha Cliath}}
| 4,832,765
| {{sort|00070273|{{convert|70273|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 23 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Italy.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Italy|alt=Flag of Italy]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Italy.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Italy in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Italy]]*<br /><br />Italian Republic
| {{lang-it|Italia — Repubblica Italiana}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Rome]]<br /><br />{{lang-it|Roma}}
| 61,680,122
| {{sort|00301340|{{convert|301340|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 24 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Kazakhstan|alt=Flag of Kazakhstan]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Kazakhstan.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Kazakhstan in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kazakhstan]]{{Cref2|e}}<br /><br />Republic of Kazakhstan
| {{lang-kk|Қазақстан — Қазақстан Республикасы}} <small>(''{{Transl|kk|Qazaqstan — Qazaqstan Respūblīkasy}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-ru|Казахстан — Республика Казахстан}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Kazahstan — Respublika Kazahstan}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Astana]]<br /><br />{{lang-kk|Астана}}<br /><br />{{lang-ru|Астана}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Astana}}'')</small>
| 17,948,816
| {{sort|02724900|{{convert|2724900|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 25 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Latvia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Latvia|alt=Flag of Latvia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Latvia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Latvia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Latvia]]*<br /><br />Republic of Latvia
| {{lang-lv|Latvija — Latvijas Republika}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Riga]]<br /><br />{{lang-lv|Rīga}}
| 2,165,165
| {{sort|00064589|{{convert|64589|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 26 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Liechtenstein|alt=Flag of Liechtenstein]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Location Liechtenstein Europe.png|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Liechtenstein in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Liechtenstein]]<br /><br />Principality of Liechtenstein
| {{lang-de|Liechtenstein — Fürstentum Liechtenstein}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Vaduz]]<br /><br />{{lang-de|Vaduz}}
| 37,313
| {{sort|00000160|{{convert|160|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 27 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Lithuania|alt=Flag of Lithuania]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Lithuania.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Lithuania in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Lithuania]]*<br /><br />Republic of Lithuania
| {{lang-lt|Lietuva — Lietuvos Respublika}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Vilnius]]<br /><br />{{lang-lt|Vilnius}}
| 2,943,472
| {{sort|00065300|{{convert|65300|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 28 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Luxembourg|alt=Flag of Luxembourg]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Luxembourg.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Luxembourg in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Luxembourg]]*<br /><br />Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| {{lang-de|Luxemburg — Großherzogtum Luxemburg}}<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Luxembourg — Grand-Duché de Luxembourg}}<br /><br />{{lang-lb|Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]]<br /><br />{{lang-de|Luxemburg}}<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Luxembourg}}<br /><br />{{lang-lb| Lëtzebuerg}}
| 520,672
| {{sort|00002586|{{convert|2586|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 29 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Macedonia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Republic of Macedonia|alt=Flag of Macedonia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Macedonia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Macedonia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]{{Cref2|i}}<br /><br />Republic of Macedonia
| {{lang-mk|Македонија — Република Македонија}} <small>(''{{Transl|mk|Makedonija — Republika Makedonija}}'')</small><!--"Former Yugoslavian" not included-->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Skopje]]<br /><br />{{lang-mk|Скопје}} <small>(''{{Transl|mk|Skopje}}'')</small>
| 2,091,719
| {{sort|00025713|{{convert|25713|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 30 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Malta.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Malta|alt=Flag of Malta]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Malta.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Malta in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Malta]]*<br /><br />Republic of Malta
| |Malta — Republic of Malta<br /><br />{{lang-mt|Malta — Repubblika ta' Malta}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Valletta]]<br /><br />{{lang-mt|Valletta}}
| 412,655
| {{sort|00000316|{{convert|316|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 31 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Moldova.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Moldova|alt=Flag of Moldova]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Location Moldova Europe.png|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Moldova in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Moldova]]<br /><br />Republic of Moldova
| {{lang-ro|Moldova — Republica Moldova}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Chișinău]]<br /><br />{{lang-ro|Chișinău}}
| 3,583,288
| {{sort|00033851|{{convert|33851|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 32 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Monaco.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Monaco|alt=Flag of Monaco]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Location Monaco Europe.png|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Monaco in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Monaco]]<br /><br />Principality of Monaco
| {{lang-fr|Monaco — Principauté de Monaco}}
| Monaco<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Monaco}}
| 30,508
| {{sort|00000002|{{convert|2|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 33 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Montenegro|alt=Flag of Montenegro]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Montenegro.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Montenegro in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Montenegro]]{{Cref2|i}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]: Црна Гора, ''Crna Gora''
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Podgorica]]<br /><br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]: Подгорица, ''Podgorica''
| 650,036
| {{sort|00013812|{{convert|13812|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 34 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands|alt=Flag of the Netherlands]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Netherlands.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the Netherlands in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Netherlands]]*{{Cref2|f}}{{Cref2|g}}<ref name="Netherlands"/><br /><br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kingdom of the Netherlands]]
| {{lang-nl|Nederland — Koninkrijk der Nederlanden}}<br /><br />{{lang-fy|Nederlân — Keninkryk fan de Nederlannen}}<br /><br />{{lang-pap|Hulandu — Reino di Hulanda}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Amsterdam]] (capital)<br /><br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of The Hague]] (seat of government)<br /><br />{{lang-nl|Amsterdam}}<br /><br />{{lang-fy|Amsterdam}}<br /><br />{{lang-pap|Amsterdam}}<br /><br />{{lang-nl|'s-Gravenhage / Den Haag}}<br /><br />{{lang-fy|De Haach}}<br /><br />{{lang-pap|Den Haag}}
| 16,877,351
| {{sort|00041543|{{convert|41543|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 35 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Norway.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Norway|alt=Flag of Norway]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Norway.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Norway in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Norway]]<br /><br />Kingdom of Norway
| {{lang-nb|Norge — Kongeriket Norge}}<br /><br />{{lang-nn|Noreg — Kongeriket Noreg}}<br /><br />{{lang-se|Norga — Norgga gonagasriika}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Oslo]]<br /><br />{{lang-no|Oslo}}
| 5,147,792
| {{sort|00323802|{{convert|323802|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 36 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Poland.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Poland|alt=Flag of Poland]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Poland.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Poland in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Poland]]*<br /><br />Republic of Poland
| {{lang-pl|Polska — Rzeczpospolita Polska}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Warsaw]]<br /><br />{{lang-pl|Warszawa}}
| 38,346,279
| {{sort|00312685|{{convert|312685|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 37 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Portugal.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Portugal|alt=Flag of Portugal]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Portugal.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Portugal in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Portugal]]*<br /><br />Portuguese Republic
| {{lang-pt|Portugal — República Portuguesa}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Lisbon]]<br /><br />{{lang-pt|Lisboa}}
| 10,427,301
| {{sort|00092090|{{convert|92090|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 38 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Romania.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Romania|alt=Flag of Romania]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Romania.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Romania in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Romania]]*
| {{lang-ro|România}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bucharest]]<br /><br />{{lang-ro|București}}
| 21,729,871
| {{sort|00238391|{{convert|238391|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 39 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Russia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Russia|alt=Flag of Russia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Russia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Russia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Russia]]{{Cref2|e}}<br /><br />Russian Federation
| {{lang-ru|Росси́я — Российская Федерация}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Rossija — Rossijskaja Federacija}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Moscow]]<br /><br />{{lang-ru|Москва}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Moskva}}'')</small>
| 146,267,288
| {{sort|17098242|{{convert|17098242|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 40 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of San Marino.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of San Marino|alt=Flag of San Marino]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Location San Marino Europe.png|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing San Marino in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of San Marino]]<br /><br />Republic of San Marino
| {{lang-it|San Marino — Repubblica di San Marino}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of City of San Marino|San Marino]]<br /><br />{{lang-it|San Marino}}
| 32,742
| {{sort|00000061|{{convert|61|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 41 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Serbia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Serbia|alt=Flag of Serbia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Serbia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Serbia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Serbia]]{{Cref2|i}}<br /><br />Republic of Serbia
| {{lang-sr|Србија — Република Србија}}, {{lang|sr|Srbija — Republika Srbija}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Belgrade]]<br /><br />{{lang-sr|Београд}}, {{lang|sr|Beograd}}
| 7,209,764
| {{sort|00088361|{{convert|88361|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 42 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Slovakia|alt=Flag of Slovakia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Slovakia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Slovakia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Slovakia]]*<br /><br />Slovak Republic
| {{lang-sk|Slovensko — Slovenská republika}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bratislava]]<br /><br />{{lang-sk|Bratislava}}
| 5,443,583
| {{sort|00049035|{{convert|49035|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 43 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Slovenia|alt=Flag of Slovenia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Slovenia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Slovenia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Slovenia]]*<br /><br />Republic of Slovenia
| {{lang-sl|Slovenija — Republika Slovenija}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ljubljana]]<br /><br />{{lang-sl|Ljubljana}}
| 1,988,292
| {{sort|00020273|{{convert|20273|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 44 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Spain.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Spain|alt=Flag of Spain]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Spain.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Spain in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Spain]]*<br /><br />Kingdom of Spain
| {{lang-es|España — Reino de España}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Madrid]]<br /><br />{{lang-es|Madrid}}
| 47,737,941
| {{sort|00505370|{{convert|505370|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 45 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Sweden.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Sweden|alt=Flag of Sweden]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Sweden.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Sweden in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sweden]]*<br /><br />Kingdom of Sweden
| {{lang-sv|Sverige — Konungariket Sverige}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Stockholm]]<br /><br />{{lang-sv|Stockholm}}
| 9,723,809
| {{sort|00450295|{{convert|450295|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 46 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Switzerland|alt=Flag of Switzerland]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Switzerland.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Switzerland in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Switzerland]]<br /><br />Swiss Confederation
| {{lang-de|Schweiz — Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft}}<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Suisse — Confédération suisse}}<br /><br />{{lang-it|Svizzera — Confederazione Svizzera}}<br /><br />{{lang-rm|Svizra — Confederaziun svizra}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bern]] / Berne<br /><br />{{lang-de|Bern}}<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Berne}}<br /><br />{{lang-it|Berna}}
| 8,061,516
| {{sort|00041277|{{convert|41277|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 47 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Turkey.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Turkey|alt=Flag of Turkey]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Turkey.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Turkey in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Turkey]]{{Cref2|e}}{{Cref2|i}}<br /><br />Republic of Turkey
| {{lang-tr|Türkiye — Türkiye Cumhuriyeti}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ankara]]<br /><br />{{lang-tr|Ankara}}
| 79,814,871<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-population-hits-7981-million-people-increasing-over-one-million.aspx?pageID=238&nid=109166&NewsCatID=341|title=Turkey’s population hits 79.81 million people, increasing over one million|publisher=[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Hürriyet Daily News]] |accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref>
| {{sort|00783562|{{convert|783562|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 48 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Ukraine|alt=Flag of Ukraine]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Ukraine in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ukraine]]
| {{lang-uk|Украïна}} <small>(''{{Transl|uk|Ukraina}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kiev]]<br /><br />{{lang-uk|Київ}} <small>(''{{Transl|uk|Kyiv}}'')</small>
| 44,291,413
| {{sort|00602550|{{convert|603550|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 49 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the United Kingdom|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-United Kingdom.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the UK in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of United Kingdom]]*{{Cref2|h}}<br /><br />United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| United Kingdom — United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland <!-- Do not change European Union membership until the United Kingdom either leaves the EU or revokes Article 50. -->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of London]]
| 63,742,977
| {{sort|00243610|{{convert|243610|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|- <!-- 50 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Vatican City|alt=Flag of the Vatican City]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Location Vatican City Europe.png|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Vatican City in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Vatican City]]<br /><br />Vatican City State<br />
----<br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Holy See]]
| {{lang-it|Città del Vaticano — Stato della Città del Vaticano}}<br /><br />{{lang-la|Sancta Sedes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html |title=Holy See (Vatican City) |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref>
| Vatican City<br /><br />{{lang-it|Città del Vaticano}}
| 842
| {{sort|00000000.44|{{convert|0.44|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}}}}
|}

===States with limited recognition===
The following six entities in Europe have partial [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of diplomatic recognition]] by one or more [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of List of United Nations member states|UN member states]] (and therefore are defined as states by the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of constitutive theory of statehood]]) or have no [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of diplomatic recognition]] by any UN member state but are defined as states by the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of declarative theory of statehood]] and are recognised by one or more Non-UN member states. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
! English common and formal names
! Status
! Domestic short and formal names
! Capital
! Population{{Cref2|a}}
! Area{{Cref2|a}}
|- <!-- 01 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Abkhazia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Abkhazia|alt=Flag of Abkhazia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Abkhazia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Abkhazia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Abkhazia]]{{Cref2|b}}<br /><br />Republic of Abkhazia
| Claimed as an [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)|autonomous republic]] of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Recognised by [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia#UN member states|four UN states]].<ref name=ABKSO>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/tuvalu-georgia-retracts-abkhazia-ossetia-recognition/25315720.html|title=Tuvalu Retracts Recognition Of Abkhazia, South Ossetia|date=2014-03-31|publisher=[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref>
| {{lang-ab|Аҧсны}} <small>(''{{Transl|ab|Apsny}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-ru|Абха́зия}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Abhazia}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sukhumi]]<br /><br />{{lang-ab|Аҟəа}} <small>(''{{Transl|ab|Akwa}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-ru|Сухуми}}
| 250,000 <ref name="Abkhazia">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3261059.stm |title=Regions and territories: Abkhazia |publisher=BBC News |date=2011-02-08 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref>
| {{convert|8660|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1358/Abkhazia |title=Abkhazia (autonomous republic, Georgia) |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref>
|- <!-- 02 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Artsakh.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Artsakh|alt=Artsakh]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe Location Republic of Artsakh.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Artsakh in Azerbaijan]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]]{{Cref2|b}}<br /><br />Republic of Artsakh
| Claimed as [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan|part]] of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Azerbaijan]]. De facto independent state,<ref name=countersecession/> recognised by [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Foreign relations of Artsakh|3 non-UN states]].
| {{lang-hy|Արցախի Հանրապետություն}} <small>(''{{Transl|hy|Arts'akhi Hanrapetut'yun}}'')</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nkrusa.org/country_profile/overview.shtml |title=Country Overview |publisher=nkrusa.org |date= |accessdate=2011-03-07}}</ref>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Stepanakert]]<br /><br />{{lang-hy|Ստեփանակերտ}} <small>(''{{Transl|hy|Khankendi}}'')</small>
| 141,400<ref name="Nagorno-Karabakh">{{cite web|url=http://president.nkr.am/en/nkr/statePower/ |title=Official website of the President of the Artsakh Republic |publisher=President.nkr.am |date=2010-01-01 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref>
| {{convert|7000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401669/Nagorno-Karabakh |title=Nagorno-Karabakh (region, Azerbaijan) |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref>
|- <!-- 03 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Kosovo.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Kosovo|alt=Flag of Kosovo]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Kosovo.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Kosovo in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo]]<br /><br />Republic of Kosovo<ref name="CIA_Names"/>
| Recognised by [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of International recognition of Kosovo|{{Numrec|Kos|link=N}} UN member states]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,33|title=Countries that have recognised the Republic of Kosova|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo}}</ref> [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Serbia]] does not recognise the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence]], and considers it an [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|autonomous province]].
| {{lang-sq|Kosova / Kosovë — Republika e Kosovës}}<br /><br />{{lang-sr|Косово — Република Косово, Kosovo – Republika Kosovo}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Pristina]]<ref name="Capital"/><br /><br />{{lang-sq|Prishtina, Prishtinë}}<br /><br />{{lang-sr|Приштина, Priština}}
| 1,836,529<ref name="Population"/>
| {{convert|10887|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Area"/>
|- <!-- 04 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|alt=Flag of Northern Cyprus]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Northern Cyprus.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Northern Cyprus in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Northern Cyprus]]{{Cref2|c}}<br /><br />Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
| Claimed as [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Districts of Cyprus|part]] of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]]. [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus|Recognised]] by Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/148573/Cyprus|title= Cyprus |publisher=[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>
| {{lang-tr|Kuzey Kıbrıs — Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of North Nicosia]]<br /><br />{{lang-tr|Lefkoşa}}
| 294,906<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=82777 |title=Turkish Cyprus announces population as 294,906 |publisher=World Bulletin |date=2011-12-09 |accessdate=2014-01-09}}</ref>
| {{convert|3,355|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Area"/>
|- <!-- 05 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of South Ossetia.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of South Ossetia|alt=Flag of South Ossetia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-South Ossetia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing South Ossetia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of South Ossetia]]{{Cref2|b}}<br /><br />Republic of South Ossetia
| Claimed as [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)|part]] of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Recognised by [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia#UN member states|four UN states]].<ref name=ABKSO/>
| {{lang-os|Хуссар Ирыстон — Республикæ Хуссар Ирыстон}} <small>(''{{Transl|os|Khussar Iryston — Respublikæ Khussar Iryston}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-ru|Южная Осетия — Республика Южная Осетия}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Yuzhnaya Osetiya — Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tskhinvali]]<br /><br />{{lang-os|Цхинвал or Чъреба}} <small>(''{{Transl|os|Chreba}}'')</small>
| 70,000<ref name="South Ossetia">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3797729.stm |title=Regions and territories: South Ossetia |publisher=BBC News |date=2011-02-08 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref>
| {{convert|3900|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/63/129.html |title=South Ossetia |publisher=Hartford-hwp.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-09}}</ref>
|- <!-- 06 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Transnistria (state).svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Transnistria|alt=Flag of Transnistria]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Transnistria in Europe (zoomed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Transnistria in Moldova]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Transnistria]] / Trans-Dniester<br /><br />Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
| Claimed as a [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Administrative divisions of Moldova|territorial unit]] of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Moldova]]. De facto independent state,<ref name=countersecession>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC|title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States|last=Ker-Lindsay|first=James|publisher=[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Oxford University Press]]|year=2012|quote=...there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognised by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh, and Somaliland.|pages=53}}.</ref> recognised by [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of International recognition of Transnistria#UN non-member states|3 non-UN states]].
| {{lang-ro|Nistreană — Republica Moldovenească Nistreană}} <small>(''{{Transl|ro|Nistreană — Republica Moldovenească Nistreană}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-ru|Приднестровье — Приднестровская Молдавская Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Pridnestrov'ye — Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-uk|Придністров'я — Придністровська Молдавська Республіка}} <small>(''{{Transl|uk|Prydnistrov'ya — Pridnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika}}'')</small>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tiraspol]]<br /><br />{{lang-ro|Tiraspol}}<br /><br />{{lang-ru|Тирáсполь}}<br /><br />{{lang-uk|Тирасполь}}
| 530,000<ref name="Transnistria">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3641826.stm#facts |title=Trans-Dniester profile |publisher=BBC News |date=2011-01-20 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref>
| {{convert|3500|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1003890/Transdniestria |title=Transdniestria (separatist enclave, Moldova) |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref>
|}

==Dependent territories==
The following six European entities are [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Dependent territory|dependent territories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2006.html |title=CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing :: Dependency status |publisher=Cia.gov |date=1920-02-09 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref>

{|
|-
| style="background:lightcyan; border:1px solid #aaa; width:2em;" | *
| = Part of the EU, although there may be [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Special Member State territories and the European Union|special arrangements]]
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
! English common and formal names<ref name="CIA_Names"/><ref name="Europa"/>
! Legal status
! Domestic short and formal names
! Capital<ref name="Capital"/>
! Population<ref name="Population"/>
! Area<ref name="Area"/>
|- <!-- 01 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the United Kingdom|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom, as used in Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Akrotiri and Dhekelia in United Kingdom.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]{{Cref2|c}}<br /><br />Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of British overseas territories|British overseas territory]]
| {{lang-en|Akrotiri and Dhekelia — Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Episkopi Cantonment]]<br /><br />{{lang-en|Episkopi Cantonment}}
| 15,700
| {{convert|254|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<!--123+130.8-->
|- <!-- 02 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Faroe Islands|alt=Flag of the Faroe Islands]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Faroe Islands.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the Faroe Islands in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Faroe Islands]] / Faeroe Islands
| Constituent country of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kingdom of Denmark]]
| {{lang-fo|Føroyar}}<br /><br />{{lang-da|Færøerne}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tórshavn]]<br /><br />{{lang-fo|Tórshavn}}<br /><br />{{lang-da|Thorshavn}}
| 49,947
| {{convert|1393|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 03 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Gibraltar.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Gibraltar|alt=Flag of Gibraltar]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:EU-Gibraltar.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Gibraltar in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Gibraltar]]*<ref>{{cite web|author1=Mark Oliver |author2=Sally Bolton |author3=Jon Dennis |author4=Matthew Tempest |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/04/qanda.foreignpolicy |title=Gibraltar; Politics |publisher=Guardian |date=2004-08-04 |accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref>
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of British overseas territories|British overseas territory]]
| {{lang-en|Gibraltar}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Gibraltar]]<br /><br />{{lang-en|Gibraltar}}
| 29,185
| {{convert|6.5|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}
|- <!-- 04 ---><!--Not EU [http://www.gov.gg/ccm/general/press-releases/2002/may/guernseys-position-on-eu-tax-package-to-be-reported-by-hm-government-to-econfin-meeting-of-4-june-2002.en;jsessionid=EE07D4CE023D2AF478E5E8E561234CF6]-->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Guernsey.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Guernsey|alt=Flag of Guernsey]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Guernsey.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Guernsey in relation to the United Kingdom]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bailiwick of Guernsey|Guernsey]]{{Cref2|h}}<br /><br />Bailiwick of Guernsey
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]] in right of Guernsey<ref name="Supreme Court decision">[https://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/docs/UKSC_2013_0155_Judgment.pdf Supreme Court decision]</ref><ref name="royal.gov.uk">[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx Queen and Crown dependencies page of the official website of the British Monarchy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921052748/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx |date=21 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="gov.uk">[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/361537/crown-dependencies.pdf Ministry of Justice's fact sheet on the UK’s relationship with the Crown Dependencies]</ref>
| {{lang-en|Guernsey — Bailiwick of Guernsey}}<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey}}<br /><br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Guernésiais]]: ''Guernési — Bailliage de Guernési''
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Saint Peter Port]]<br /><br />{{lang-en|Saint Peter Port}}<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Saint Pierre Port}}<br /><br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Guernésiais]]: ''Saint Pierre Port''
| 65,849
| {{convert|78|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|- <!-- 05 ---><!--Not EU [http://www.gov.im/cso/externalrelations/eu.xml]-->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of the Isle of Mann.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Isle of Man|alt=Flag of the Isle of Man]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Isle of Man.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the Isle of Man in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Isle of Man]]{{Cref2|h}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]] in right of Man<ref name="gov.uk"/><ref>[https://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/docs/UKSC_2013_0155_Judgment.pdf Supreme Court decision "The Channel Islands, like the Isle of Man (although it has a rather different history), are not part of the United Kingdom. Nor have they ever been British colonies, or British Overseas Territories as the few remaining colonies are now termed. They are Crown Dependencies, enjoying a unique relationship with the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Commonwealth through the Crown, in the person of the Sovereign."]</ref><ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/QueenandCrowndependencies.aspx Queen and Crown dependencies page of the official website of the British Monarchy]</ref>
| {{lang-en|Isle of Man}}<br /><br />{{lang-gv|Mannin — Ellan Vannin}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]]<br /><br />{{lang-en|Douglas}}<br /><br />{{lang-gv|Doolish}}
| 86,866
| {{convert|572|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|- <!-- 06 ---><!--Not EU [http://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=212&Itemid=53]-->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Jersey.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Jersey|alt=Flag of Jersey]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe-Jersey.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Jersey in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Jersey]]{{Cref2|h}}<br /><br />Bailiwick of Jersey
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]] in right of Jersey<ref name="Supreme Court decision"/><ref name="royal.gov.uk"/><ref name="gov.uk"/>
| {{lang-en|Jersey — Bailiwick of Jersey}}<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Jersey — Bailliage de Jersey}}<br /><br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Jèrriais]]: ''Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri''
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Saint Helier]]<br /><br />{{lang-en|Saint Helier}}<br /><br />{{lang-fr|Saint-Hélier}}<br /><br />[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Jèrriais]]: ''Saint Hélyi''
| 96,513
| {{convert|118|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|}

==Special areas of internal sovereignty==
The following places are considered integral parts of their controlling state, but have a political arrangement which was decided through an international agreement.

{|
|-
| style="background:lightcyan; border:1px solid #aaa; width:2em;" | *
| = Part of the EU, although there may be [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of special member state territories and the European Union|special arrangements]]
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
! English common and formal names
! Legal status
! Domestic short and formal names
! Capital
! Population
! Area
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 01 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Åland.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Åland|alt=Flag of Åland]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Location of Åland within Finland and Europe.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Åland in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Åland Islands|Åland]]*<ref>{{Cite book
| last = European Commission for Democracy through Law
| first =
| authorlink = Venice Commission
| title = Local self-government, territorial integrity, and protection of minorities: proceedings of the UniDem Seminar organised in Lausanne on 25–27 April 1996, in co-operation with the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law
| publisher = Council of Europe
| year = 1996
| location = Strasbourg
| pages = 32–35
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TF5JDsGeJuUC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 92-871-3173-2}}</ref><br /><br />Åland Islands<ref name="Europa"/>
| Self-governing area of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Finland]], significant autonomy as the result of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Åland crisis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitaland.com/en/facts/facts/independence |title=Independence |publisher=Visitaland.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref>
| {{lang-sv|Åland — Landskapet Åland}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Mariehamn]]<ref name="Europa"/><br /><br />{{lang-sv|Mariehamn}}
| 27,500<ref name="Åland Islands">{{cite web |url=http://www.visitaland.com/en/facts |title=Åland Official Tourist Gateway - Facts |publisher=Visitaland.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210150745/http://www.visitaland.com/en/facts |archivedate=10 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| {{convert|6787|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Åland Islands"/>
|- style="background:lightcyan;" <!-- 02 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the United Kingdom|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom; Northern Ireland does not have its own flag]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Northern_Ireland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom and Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Northern Ireland]]*
| Part of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of United Kingdom]], devolved government determined by the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Good Friday Agreement]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Good Friday Agreement|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Good-Friday-Agreement|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=7 July 2015}}</ref>
|{{lang-ir|Tuaisceart Éireann}}<br /><br />{{lang-sco|Norlin Airlann}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Belfast]]<ref name="ONS Countries">{{cite web|title=The Countries of the UK|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/the-countries-of-the-uk/index.html|website=Office for National Statistics|publisher=Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)|accessdate=7 July 2015|ref=ONS Countries}}</ref>
| 1,810,863 <ref name="Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency 2012">{{cite web|title=Census 2011 Key Statistics for Northern Ireland |url=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_report_2011.pdf |accessdate=14 January 2013 |author=Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency |date=December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224033625/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_report_2011.pdf |archivedate=24 December 2012 |df= }}</ref>
| {{convert|14130|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="ONS Countries" />
|- <!-- 03 --->
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Flag of Norway.svg|border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Norway|alt=Flag of Norway, as used in Svalbard]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Norway-Svalbard.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Svalbard in Europe]]
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Svalbard]]<ref name="CIA_Names"/>
| Special territory of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Norway]], determined by the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Svalbard Treaty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sysselmannen.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=45301 |title=The Svalbard Treaty |publisher=Governor of Svalbard |date=2008-04-09 |accessdate=2011-03-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65uD75yZV?url=http://www.sysselmannen.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=45301 |archivedate=4 March 2012 |df= }}</ref>
| {{lang-no|Svalbard}}
| [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Longyearbyen]]<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/><br /><br />{{lang-no|Longyearbyen}}
| 2,019<ref name="Population"/>
| {{convert|62045|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Area"/>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of International organisations in Europe]]
* Lists of European countries:
** [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of List of European countries by area|by area]]
** [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of List of sovereign states by date of formation|by date of formation]]
** [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of List of European countries by GDP|by GDP]]
*** [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of List of European countries by GDP per capita|by GDP per capita]]
*** [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of List of European countries by GDP PPP|by GDP PPP]]
** [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of List of European countries by population|by population]]
* [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of List of former sovereign states#Europe|List of former sovereign states in Europe]]
* [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe]]
* [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Regions of Europe]]
* [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Timeline of European nations]]

== Notes ==
{{Cnote2 Begin}}
{{Cnote2|a|n=6|Area and population numbers include integral areas located outside of Europe. The area and population of states with separatist regions includes that of the separatist regions.}}
{{Cnote2|b|n=6|Part of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Transcaucasia|Transcaucasian Region]], at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Physical geography|Physiographically]], Armenia falls entirely in [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Western Asia]], while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Caucasus Mountains]] divide in Europe.}}
{{Cnote2|c|n=3|The island of Cyprus is located on the Cyprian arc on the edge of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Anatolian Plate]] and is [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of physical geography|physiographically]] associated with Asia, but it is part of European organisations such as the EU.}}
{{Cnote2|d|The terms ''Republic of Ireland'' and ''Poblacht na hÉireann'' are not official long names and are used only as a legal description meant to differentiate the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Republic of Ireland|state]] from the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ireland|island]].}}
{{Cnote2|e|n=3|Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territory in both Europe (dark green) and Asia (light green).}}
{{Cnote2|f|n=2|[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Denmark]] and the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Netherlands]] are [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of constituent state|constituent countries]] of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Danish Realm|Kingdom of Denmark]] and the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kingdom of the Netherlands]] respectively. Both are members of the EU; however, the other constituent countries of their kingdoms are not. In international organisations, the terms Denmark and the Netherlands are often used as short forms of their respective kingdoms as a whole.}}
{{Cnote2|g|The Netherlands is also known as "Holland", but this name properly refers only to a [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Holland|region]] of the country. See [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Terminology of the Low Countries|Netherlands (terminology)]].}}
{{Cnote2|h|n=4|The United Kingdom consists of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of countries of the United Kingdom|countries]] of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of England]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Northern Ireland]], [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Scotland]] and [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Wales]]. The UK is responsible for the foreign relations and ultimate good governance of the [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Crown dependencies]] of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey, which are otherwise separate. England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Great Britain]] (or simply Britain), which is sometimes used synonymously with the United Kingdom.}}
{{Cnote2|i|n=6|[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Future enlargement of the European Union|EU candidate country]].}}
{{Cnote2|j|A simpler official short-form name has been encouraged by the Czech government: the English variant '''Czechia''' remains uncommon, but variants in Czech (''Česko'') and some other languages are more popular. See [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Name of the Czech Republic]].}}
{{Cnote2 End}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Sovereign states of Europe}}
{{Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent}}
{{Europe topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sovereign States And Dependent Territories In Europe, List Of}}
[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Category:Lists of countries in Europe| 01]]
[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Category:Dependent territories in Europe|.List]]
[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Category:Administrative territorial entities in Europe|.]]
[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Category:Europe-related lists|Sovereign states and dependent territories]]

[[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of he:אירופה#מדינות באירופה]]

Revision as of 02:29, 23 January 2018

Paleontology in Oregon


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The original scale image of Tyrannosaurus from its description.
The original scale image of Tyrannosaurus from its description.
"Tyrannosaurus and Other Cretaceous Carnivorous Dinosaurs" (1905) a paper by Henry Fairfield Osborn. As the research paper which first described the dinosaur species Tyrannosaurus rex, this paper is of great scientific and historic significance. Tyrannosaurus rex, or T. rex as it is often known as, is one of the most well-known species of dinosaur, and was a large carnivorous dinosaur which lived during the Cretaceous Period. It was one of the last non-avian dinosaur species to become extinct during the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction event, which took place around 65 million years ago.

In 1902, the American Museum expedition in Montana, led by Mr. Barnum Brown, and accompanied by Professor R. S. Lull, secured considerable portions of the skeleton of one of the great Carnivorous Dinosaurs of Upper Cretaceous or Laramie age. Additional portions of this skeleton (Amer. Mus. No. 973) are now (1905) being taken out. I propose to make this animal the type of the new genus Tyrannosaurus, in reference to its size, which greatly exceeds that of any carnivorous land animal hitherto described.

I also briefly characterize as Dynamosaurus another carnivorous dinosaur, with dermal plates, found by Mr. Brown in 1900. The carnivorous group has hitherto been considered as belonging to the single genus Dryptosaurus, but it is probably little less diversified than its herbivorous contemporaries among the Iguanodontia and Ceratopsia. The generic distinctions which are herein indicated by partially studied remains will probably be intensified by future research. Geological, geographical, and morphological considerations render it a priori probable not only that the above genera as well as Deinodon are distinct from Dryptosaurus but that a fifth Cretaceous genus of somewhat more primitive character, which may be called Albertosaurus, is represented in the British Columbia skulls hitherto described as Dryptosaurus.
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The Fossilized Barnstar.

"For your extremely detailed paleontology lists and articles, which are very useful for other editors as well!"

Awarded by: FunkMonk (5 April 2013)

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Sue, a Tyrannosaurus rex specimen discovered in South Dakota.
Skeletal mount of Ornithomimus edmontonicus.
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Lists of prehistoric invertebrates - List of ammonite genera (views) - List of prehistoric annelids (views) - List of brachiopod genera (views) - List of prehistoric bryozoans (views) - List of prehistoric chitinozoans (views) - List of eurypterids (views) - List of extant animal genera represented in the fossil record (views) - List of prehistoric echinoderms (views) - List of prehistoric foraminiferans (views) - List of prehistoric gastropods (views) - List of prehistoric hexacorals (views) - List of prehistoric medusozoans (views) - List of prehistoric octocorals (views) - List of prehistoric sponges (views) - List of trilobites (views) - List of xiphosurans (views)

Lists of prehistoric vertebrates - List of acanthodians (views) - List of prehistoric bony fish (views) - List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish (views) - List of prehistoric jawless fish (views) - List of placoderms (views)

History of paleontology - List of years in paleontology (views) 2014 in paleontology (views)

Mythology and folklore - Alien abduction (views) - Fiery flying serpent (views) - Grey alien (views) - Ropen (views)

Fauna by time period - Arenig (views) - Aalenian (views) - Bajocian (views) - Callovian (views) - Tithonian (views) - Albian (views) - Flora and fauna of the Maastrichtian stage (views)

Drepanosaurids - Drepanosauridae (views) - Dolabrosaurus (views) - Drepanosaurus (views) - Megalancosaurus (views) - Vallesaurus (views)

Individual dinosaur genera - Aralosaurus (views) - Arrhinoceratops (views) - Avimimus (views) - Bactrosaurus (views) - Bagaceratops (views) - Brachyceratops (views) - Brachylophosaurus (views) - Centrosaurus (views) - Conchoraptor (views) - Dromaeosaurus (views) - Dromiceiomimus (views) - Edmontonia (views) - Erlikosaurus (views)

Evolutionary biology - List of transitional fossils (views)

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Stub types - Template: Ammonite-stub - Template: Squid-stub - Template: Trilobite-stub -

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Years in paleontology - User:Abyssal/Year in paleontology template - User:Abyssal/Year in paleontology template 2014 - User:Abyssal/Year in paleontology template 3

Timelines of subfields of paleontology - User:Abyssal/Timeline of ichnology - User:Abyssal/Timeline of paleopathology - User:Abyssal/Timeline of paleontology and culture

** Timelines of individual stratigraphic units - User:Abyssal/Timeline of Dinosaur Park Formation paleontology

California paleontologists - User:Abyssal/Patrick J. Antuzzi - User:Abyssal/Allan P. Bennison - User:Abyssal/Charles Lewis Camp - User:Abyssal/Eustace L. Furlong - ? User:Abyssal/Eric Göhre - User:Abyssal/William J. Morris - User:Abyssal/Bradford Riney - User:Abyssal/James Perrin Smith - User:Abyssal/Chester Stock - User:Abyssal/Samuel Paul Welles

California plesiosaurs - User:Abyssal/Aphrosaurus - User:Abyssal/Fresnosaurus - User:Abyssal/Hydrotherosaurus

Hosselkus Limestone - User:Abyssal/Thalattosaurus - User:Abyssal/Nectosaurus - User:Abyssal/Hosselkus Limestone - User:Abyssal/Toretocnemus - User:Abyssal/Merriamia Thalattosaurus Nectosaurus Hosselkus Limestone Toretocnemus

Timelines of dinosaur taxa research - User:Abyssal/Timeline of Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event research - User:Abyssal/1990s in Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event research - User:Abyssal/1980s in Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event research - User:Abyssal/Timeline of paleontology in popular culture - User:Abyssal/Timeline of ichnology - User:Abyssal/Timeline of Wikiproject Dinosaurs

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User:Abyssal/List of controversies in paleontology



  • Cruickshank, A. R. I. (1994a). "Cranial anatomy of the Lower Jurassic pliosaur Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus (Stutchbury) (Reptilia: Plesiosauria)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 343: 247–260.


  • Cruickshank, A. R. I. (1994b). "A juvenile plesiosaur (Plesiosauria: Reptilia) from the Lower Lias (Hettangian: Lower Jurassic)of Lyme Regis, England: a pliosauroid-plesiosauroid intermediate?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 112: 151–178.


  • Delair, J. B. (1959). "The Mesozoic reptiles of Dorset. Part 2". Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. 80: 52–90.
  • Persson, P. O. (1963). "A revision of the classification of the Plesiosauria with a synopsis of the stratigraphical and geographical distribution of the group". Lunds Universitet A0rsskrift. 59: 1–60.
  • Powell, H. P.; Edmonds, J. M. (1978). "List of type-fossils in the Philpot Collection, Oxford University Museum". Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. 98: 43–53.



  • Storrs, G. W. (1991). "Anatomy and relationships of Corosaurus alcovensis (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) and the Triassic Alcova Limestone of Wyoming". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 44: 1–151.


  • Storrs, G. W. (1993a). "Function and phylogeny in sauropterygian (Diapsida) evolution". American Journal of Science. 293-A: 63–90.
  • Storrs, G. W. (1993b). "The systematic position of Silvestrosaurus and a classification of Triassic sauropterygians (Neodiapsida)". Pal'a'ontologische Zeitschrift. 67: 177–191.
  • Storrs, G. W. (1994). "Fossil vertebrate faunas of the British Rhaetian (latest Triassic)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 112: 217–259.
  • Storrs, G. W.; Taylor, M. A. (1996). "Cranial anatomy of a new plesiosaur genus from the lowermost Lias (Rhaetian/Hettangian) of Street, Somerset, England". Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 16: 403–420.
  • Taylor, M. A. (1992). "Functional anatomy of the head of the large aquatic predator Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus (Plesiosauria, Reptilia) from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic of Yorkshire, England". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 335: 247–280.
  • Taylor, M. A.; Cruickshank, A. R. I. (1993). "Cranial anatomy and functional morphology of Pliosaurus brachyspondylus (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of Westbury, Wiltshire". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 341: 399–418.
  • Torrens, H. S. (1995). "Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme: "the greatest fossilist the world ever knew."". British Journal for the History of Science. 28: 257–284.
  • Tschanz, K. (1989). "Lariosaurus buzzii n. sp. from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland) with comments on the classification of nothosaurs". Palaeontographica A. 208: 153–179.
  • Watson, D. M. S. (1924). "The elasmosaurid shoulder-girdle and forelimb". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 885–917.




  • White, T. E. (1940). "Holotype of Plesiosaurus longirostris Blake and classification of the plesiosaurs". Journal of Paleontology. 14: 451–467.



19th century

1821

  • De la Beche and Conybeare published a sketchy description of some poorly preserved fossils found in various places and rock layers in southwestern England, for which they coined the genus name Plesiosaurus.~145-146 and 150~ However, the separate origins of these "Plesiosaurus" specimens suggest that they actually came from multiple different kinds of animal. Complicating matters further, these remains were later disposed of so the exact identity of their source the cannot be verified or inferred from the inadequate description in the text. De la Beche and Conybeare also failed to designate a type species for their new genus.~150~


For comments on the geographic source and preservation of the original Plesiosaurus fossils, see 145-146. For comments on their stratigraphic provenance, see 150. For the original publication, see.


1822


1823



1824

1829


1840

  • Owen described the species Plesiosaurus hawkinsi.renamed by Storrs and Taylor 1996.~179~

Owen also described the species Plesiosaurus macromus.~180~

1848


1865

  • Owen described the species Plesiosaurus homalospondylus and P. rostratus. These species are now respectively classified in the genera Microcleidus and Archaeonectrus.~179~
  • Seeley described the species Plesiosaurus cliduchus.~180~

1874


1880


1882


1890

  • Lydekker found Plesiosaurus pirscus, named by Parkinson in 1822, to be a nomen dubium.~150-151~

He also found "Plesiosaurus" cliduchus to be synonymous with P. dolichodeirus.~180~

1895

  • Dames described the new species Plesiosaurus guilelmiiperatoris.[1]

20th century

1909

  • Watson erected the new genus Microcleidus for the species "Plesiosaurus" homalospondylus described by Owen in 1865.~179~

1923

  • Huene described the new species Plesiosaurus brachypterygius.~179~

1940


1964

  • Novozhilov erected the new genus Archaeonectrus for the species "Plesiosaurus" rostratus described by Owen in 1865.~179~

1981


1990

  • Sciau and others contended that Plesiosaurus tournemirensis is a distinctive species in that genus.~146~

1993

  • Storrs observed that the plesiosaurs' use of flippers with extra phalanges as their primary means of locomotion was unique among formerly terrestrial animal groups that adapted to aquatic life.[2]
  • Robert T. Bakker erected the new genus Attenborosaurus for the species "Plesiosaurus" conybeare, described by Sollas in 1881.

21st century

2001


Adams, D. A. (1997). "Trinacromerum bonneri, New Species, Last and Fastest Pliosaur of the Western Interior Seaway". Texas Journal of Science. 49 (3): 179–198.

Carpenter, Kenneth (1999). "Revision of North American Elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior". Paludicola. 2 (2). Stuttgart: 148–173.

Chatterjee, S.; Zinsmeister, W. J. (1982). "Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Antarctic Journal. 17 (5): 66.

Cicimurri, D. J.; Everhart, M. J. (2001). "An Elasmosaur with Stomach Contents and Gastroliths from the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous) of Kansas". Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions. 104 (3–4): 129–143.

Cope, Edward Drinker (1868). "Remarks on a new Enaliosaurian, Elasmosaurus platyurus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia. 20: 92–93.

Cope, Edward Drinker (1869). "Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia of North America: Part I". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series. 14 (1 ed.): 235.


Cope, Edward Drinker (1870). "Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia of North America: Part I". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series. 14 (2 ed.): 235.

Everhart, Michael J. (2000). "Gastroliths Associated with Plesiosaur Remains in the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), Western Kansas". Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions. 103 (1–2): 58–69.


Everhart, Michael J. (2002). "Remains of Immature Mosasaurs (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of Western Kansas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (Supplement to Number 2): 52A.


Everhart, Michael J. (2003). "First Records of Plesiosaur Remains in the Lower Smoky Hill Chalk Member (Upper Coniacian) of the Niobrara Formation in Western Kansas". Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions. 106 (3–4): 139–148.


Everhart, Michael J. (2004a). "Plesiosaurs as the food of Mosasaurs: New Data on the Stomach Contents of a Tylosaurus proriger (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of Western Kansas". The Mosasaur. 7: 41–46.


Everhart, Michael J. (2004b). "Conchoidal Fractures Preserved on Elasmosaur Gastroliths are Evidence of Use in Processing Food". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (Supplement to 3): 56A.


Hector, J. (1874). "On the Fossil Reptilia of New Zealand". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 6: 333–364.

Leidy, J. (1870). "[Remarks on Elasmosaurus platyurus]". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 22: 9–10.

Lingham-Soliar, T. "Plesiosaur Locomotion: Is the Four-Wing Problem Real or Merely an Atheoretical Exercise?". Neues Jahrbuch f'u'r Geologie und Palaeontologie. 217. Stuttgart: 45–87.


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Template:Stratigraphic column of Alabama Template:Stratigraphic column of Alaska Template:Stratigraphic column of Arizona Template:Stratigraphic column of Arkansas Template:Stratigraphic column of California Template:Stratigraphic column of Colorado Template:Stratigraphic column of Connecticut Template:Stratigraphic column of Delaware Template:Stratigraphic column of Florida Template:Stratigraphic column of Georgia Template:Stratigraphic column of Hawaii Template:Stratigraphic column of Idaho Template:Stratigraphic column of Illinois Template:Stratigraphic column of Indiana Template:Stratigraphic column of Iowa Template:Stratigraphic column of Kansas Template:Stratigraphic column of Kentucky Template:Stratigraphic column of Louisiana Template:Stratigraphic column of Maine Template:Stratigraphic column of Maryland Template:Stratigraphic column of Massachusetts Template:Stratigraphic column of Michigan Template:Stratigraphic column of Minnesota Template:Stratigraphic column of Mississippi Template:Stratigraphic column of Missouri Template:Stratigraphic column of Montana Template:Stratigraphic column of Nebraska Template:Stratigraphic column of Nevada Template:Stratigraphic column of New Hampshire Template:Stratigraphic column of New Jersey Template:Stratigraphic column of New Mexico Template:Stratigraphic column of New York Template:Stratigraphic column of North Carolina Template:Stratigraphic column of North Dakota Template:Stratigraphic column of Ohio Template:Stratigraphic column of Oklahoma Template:Stratigraphic column of Oregon Template:Stratigraphic column of Pennsylvania Template:Stratigraphic column of Rhode Island Template:Stratigraphic column of South Carolina Template:Stratigraphic column of South Dakota Template:Stratigraphic column of Tennessee Template:Stratigraphic column of Texas Template:Stratigraphic column of Utah Template:Stratigraphic column of Vermont Template:Stratigraphic column of Virginia Template:Stratigraphic column of Washington Template:Stratigraphic column of West Virginia Template:Stratigraphic column of Wisconsin Template:Stratigraphic column of Wyoming [[Draft:List of the prehistoric life of File:Europe Asia transcontinental.png|thumb|upright=1.5|

  Countries entirely within conventional Europe
  Transcontinental territory most often considered to be within Europe
  Transcontinental territory most often considered to be outside Europe
  Geographically Asian states (including Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Cyprus)
]]

The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe, geographical or political. Fifty-six sovereign states, six of which have limited recognition, are listed with territory in Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Europe and/or membership in international European organisations. There are eight areas that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political status.

Geographical boundaries of Europe

Main articles: Europe and Boundaries between the continents of Earth

Under the commonly used geographic definition, the border between Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Asia and Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Europe stretches along the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ural Mountains,[3] Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ural River, and Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Caspian Sea in the east,[4] the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Greater Caucasus range[5] and the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Black Sea, with its outlets, the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bosphorus and Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Dardanelles, in the south.[6][7][7] Based on that division, transcontinental states Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kazakhstan, Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Russia, and Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Turkey have territory both in Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Europe and Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Asia.

The Draft:List of the prehistoric life of island of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Cyprus in Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Western Asia is proximate to Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Anatolia (or Asia Minor) and is on the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Anatolian Plate [8] but is often considered part of Europe and is a current member of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of European Union (EU). Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Armenia is also entirely in Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Western Asia but is a member of certain European organisations.[9]

Although the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Mediterranean Sea provides a clearer divide between Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Africa and Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Europe, some traditionally European islands such as Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Malta, Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sicily, Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Pantelleria and the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Pelagian Islands are located on the African continental plate.[10] The island of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Iceland is part of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Mid-Atlantic Ridge, straddling the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Eurasian Plate and the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of North American Plate.[11]

Some territories geographically outside Europe have strong connections with European states. Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Greenland has socio-political connections with Europe and is part of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kingdom of Denmark, but closer to the continent of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of North America and usually grouped with it.[12] Sometimes Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Israel is considered as part of geopolitical Europe as well.[citation needed]

Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located in other continents, such as the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of French overseas departments,[13] the Spanish cities of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ceuta and Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Melilla on the coast of Africa,[14] and the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Dutch Caribbean territories of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bonaire, Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Saba and Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sint Eustatius.[15]

thumb|right|Political map of Europe and the surrounding region

Sovereign states

A Draft:List of the prehistoric life of sovereign state is a political association with effective Draft:List of the prehistoric life of sovereignty over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest.[16] According to the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Montevideo convention, a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.[17]

Recognised states

There are 50 internationally recognised sovereign states with territory located within the common definition of Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, of which 44 have their Draft:List of the prehistoric life of capital city within Europe. All except the Vatican City are members of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of United Nations (UN),[18] and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City are members of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Council of Europe.[19] 28 of these countries have also been member states of the EU since 2013, which means they are highly integrated with each other and share their sovereignty with EU institutions.

Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU.

* = Member of the EU[20]
Flag Map English common and formal names
[21][22][23] 		Domestic short and formal names
[21][22] 		Capital
[23][24][25] 		Population
[a][26] 		Area
[a][27]
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Albania|alt=Flag of Albania border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Albania in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Albania[i]

Republic of Albania 		Albanian: Shqipëri / Shqipëria — Republika e Shqipërisë Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tirana

Albanian: Tiranë 		3,020,209 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Andorra|alt=Flag of Andorra border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Andorra in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Andorra

Principality of Andorra 		Catalan: Andorra — Principat d'Andorra Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Andorra la Vella

Catalan: Andorra la Vella 		85,458 468 km2 (181 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Armenia|alt=Flag of Armenia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Armenia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Armenia[b]

Republic of Armenia 		Armenian: Հայաստան — Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն (Hayastan — Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun) Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Yerevan

Armenian: Երևան (Yerevan) 		3,060,631 29,743 km2 (11,484 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Austria|alt=Flag of Austria border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Austria in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Austria*

Republic of Austria 		German: Österreich — Republik Österreich Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Vienna

German: Wien 		8,223,062 83,871 km2 (32,383 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Azerbaijan|alt=Flag of Azerbaijan border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Azerbaijan in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Azerbaijan[b]

Republic of Azerbaijan 		Azerbaijani: Azǝrbaycan — Azǝrbaycan Respublikası Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Baku

Azerbaijani: Bakı 		9,686,210 86,600 km2 (33,436 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Belarus|alt=Flag of Belarus border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Belarus in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Belarus

Republic of Belarus 		Belarusian: Беларусь — Рэспубліка Беларусь (Bielaruś — Respublika Bielaruś)

Russian: Беларусь — Республика Беларусь (Belarus' — Respublika Belarus') 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Minsk

Belarusian: Мінск (Minsk) 		9,608,058 207,600 km2 (80,155 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Belgium|alt=Flag of Belgium border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Belgium in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Belgium*

Kingdom of Belgium 		Dutch: België — Koninkrijk België

French: Belgique — Royaume de Belgique

German: Belgien — Königreich Belgien 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Brussels

Dutch: Brussel

French: Bruxelles

German: Brüssel 		11,239,755 30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina|alt=Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Bosnia and Herzegovina in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (Latin): Bosna i Hercegovina

Bosnian, Serbian Serbian (Cyrillic): Босна и Херцеговина 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sarajevo

Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (Latin)]: Sarajevo

Bosnian, Serbian (Cyrillic): Сарајево 		3,871,643 51,197 km2 (19,767 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Bulgaria|alt=Flag of Bulgaria border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Bulgaria in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bulgaria*

Republic of Bulgaria 		Template:Lang-bg (Bǎlgarija — Republika Bǎlgarija) Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sofia

Template:Lang-bg (Sofia) 		6,924,716 110,879 km2 (42,811 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Croatia|alt=Flag of Croatia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Croatia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Croatia*

Republic of Croatia 		Croatian: Hrvatska — Republika Hrvatska Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Zagreb

Croatian: Zagreb 		4,470,534 56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Cyprus|alt=Flag of Cyprus border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Cyprus in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Cyprus*[c]

Republic of Cyprus 		Greek: Κύπρος — Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Kýpros — Kypriakí Dimokratía)

Turkish: Kıbrıs — Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Nicosia

Greek: Λευκωσία (Lefkosía)

Turkish: Lefkoşa 		1,172,458 9,251 km2 (3,572 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Czech Republic|alt=Flag of the Czech Republic border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the Czech Republic in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Czech Republic*[j] Czech: Česko — Česká republika Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Prague

Czech: Praha 		10,538,275 78,867 km2 (30,451 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Denmark|alt=Flag of Denmark border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Denmark in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Denmark*[f]

Kingdom of Denmark 		Template:Lang-da Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Copenhagen

Template:Lang-da 		5,569,077 2,210,000 km2 (853,286 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Estonia|alt=Flag of Estonia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Estonia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Estonia*

Republic of Estonia 		Estonian: Eesti — Eesti Vabariik Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tallinn

Estonian: Tallinn 		1,257,921 45,228 km2 (17,463 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Finland|alt=Flag of Finland border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Finland in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Finland*

Republic of Finland 		Finnish: Suomi — Suomen tasavalta

Swedish: Finland — Republiken Finland 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Helsinki

Finnish: Helsinki

Swedish: Helsingfors 		5,268,799 338,145 km2 (130,559 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of France|alt=Flag of France border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing France in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of France*

French Republic 		French: France — République française Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Paris

French: Paris 		66,259,012 643,427 km2 (248,429 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Georgia (country)|alt=Flag of Georgia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Georgia in Europe Georgia[b] Georgian: საქართველო (Sak'art'velo) Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tbilisi / T'bilisi

Georgian: თბილისი (T'bilisi) 		4,935,880 69,700 km2 (26,911 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Germany|alt=Flag of Germany border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Germany in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Germany*

Federal Republic of Germany 		German: Deutschland — Bundesrepublik Deutschland Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Berlin

German: Berlin 		80,996,685 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Greece|alt=Flag of Greece border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Greece in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Greece*

Hellenic Republic 		Greek: Ελλάς — Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (Ellás — Ellinikí Dimokratía) Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Athens

Greek: Αθήνα (Athína) 		10,816,286 131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Hungary|alt=Flag of Hungary border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Hungary in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Hungary* Hungarian: Magyarország Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Budapest

Hungarian: Budapest 		9,919,128 93,028 km2 (35,918 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Iceland|alt=Flag of Iceland border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Iceland in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Iceland

Republic of Iceland 		Icelandic: Ísland — Lýðveldið Ísland Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Reykjavík

Icelandic: Reykjavík 		317,351 103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Ireland|alt=Flag of Ireland border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Ireland in Europe Ireland*[d][28] Ireland

Irish: Éire 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Dublin

Irish: Baile Átha Cliath 		4,832,765 70,273 km2 (27,133 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Italy|alt=Flag of Italy border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Italy in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Italy*

Italian Republic 		Italian: Italia — Repubblica Italiana Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Rome

Italian: Roma 		61,680,122 301,340 km2 (116,348 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Kazakhstan|alt=Flag of Kazakhstan border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Kazakhstan in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kazakhstan[e]

Republic of Kazakhstan 		Kazakh: Қазақстан — Қазақстан Республикасы (Qazaqstan — Qazaqstan Respūblīkasy)

Russian: Казахстан — Республика Казахстан (Kazahstan — Respublika Kazahstan) 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Astana

Kazakh: Астана

Russian: Астана (Astana) 		17,948,816 2,724,900 km2 (1,052,090 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Latvia|alt=Flag of Latvia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Latvia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Latvia*

Republic of Latvia 		Latvian: Latvija — Latvijas Republika Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Riga

Latvian: Rīga 		2,165,165 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Liechtenstein|alt=Flag of Liechtenstein border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Liechtenstein in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Liechtenstein

Principality of Liechtenstein 		German: Liechtenstein — Fürstentum Liechtenstein Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Vaduz

German: Vaduz 		37,313 160 km2 (62 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Lithuania|alt=Flag of Lithuania border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Lithuania in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Lithuania*

Republic of Lithuania 		Lithuanian: Lietuva — Lietuvos Respublika Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Vilnius

Lithuanian: Vilnius 		2,943,472 65,300 km2 (25,212 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Luxembourg|alt=Flag of Luxembourg border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Luxembourg in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Luxembourg*

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 		German: Luxemburg — Großherzogtum Luxemburg

French: Luxembourg — Grand-Duché de Luxembourg

Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg 		Luxembourg

German: Luxemburg

French: Luxembourg

Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg 		520,672 2,586 km2 (998 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Republic of Macedonia|alt=Flag of Macedonia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Macedonia in Europe Macedonia[i]

Republic of Macedonia 		Macedonian: Македонија — Република Македонија (Makedonija — Republika Makedonija) Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Skopje

Macedonian: Скопје (Skopje) 		2,091,719 25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Malta|alt=Flag of Malta border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Malta in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Malta*

Republic of Malta 		Malta — Republic of Malta

Maltese: Malta — Repubblika ta' Malta 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Valletta

Maltese: Valletta 		412,655 316 km2 (122 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Moldova|alt=Flag of Moldova border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Moldova in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Moldova

Republic of Moldova 		Romanian: Moldova — Republica Moldova Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Chișinău

Romanian: Chișinău 		3,583,288 33,851 km2 (13,070 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Monaco|alt=Flag of Monaco border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Monaco in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Monaco

Principality of Monaco 		French: Monaco — Principauté de Monaco Monaco

French: Monaco 		30,508 2 km2 (0.8 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Montenegro|alt=Flag of Montenegro border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Montenegro in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Montenegro[i] Montenegrin: Црна Гора, Crna Gora Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Podgorica

Montenegrin: Подгорица, Podgorica 		650,036 13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands|alt=Flag of the Netherlands border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the Netherlands in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Netherlands*[f][g][15]

Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kingdom of the Netherlands 		Dutch: Nederland — Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

Template:Lang-fy

Template:Lang-pap 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Amsterdam (capital)

Draft:List of the prehistoric life of The Hague (seat of government)

Dutch: Amsterdam

Template:Lang-fy

Template:Lang-pap

Dutch: 's-Gravenhage / Den Haag

Template:Lang-fy

Template:Lang-pap 		16,877,351 41,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Norway|alt=Flag of Norway border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Norway in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Norway

Kingdom of Norway 		Template:Lang-nb

Nynorsk: Noreg — Kongeriket Noreg

Template:Lang-se 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Oslo

Norwegian: Oslo 		5,147,792 323,802 km2 (125,021 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Poland|alt=Flag of Poland border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Poland in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Poland*

Republic of Poland 		Template:Lang-pl Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Warsaw

Template:Lang-pl 		38,346,279 312,685 km2 (120,728 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Portugal|alt=Flag of Portugal border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Portugal in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Portugal*

Portuguese Republic 		Portuguese: Portugal — República Portuguesa Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Lisbon

Portuguese: Lisboa 		10,427,301 92,090 km2 (35,556 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Romania|alt=Flag of Romania border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Romania in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Romania* Romanian: România Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bucharest

Romanian: București 		21,729,871 238,391 km2 (92,043 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Russia|alt=Flag of Russia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Russia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Russia[e]

Russian Federation 		Russian: Росси́я — Российская Федерация (Rossija — Rossijskaja Federacija) Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Moscow

Russian: Москва (Moskva) 		146,267,288 17,098,242 km2 (6,601,668 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of San Marino|alt=Flag of San Marino border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing San Marino in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of San Marino

Republic of San Marino 		Italian: San Marino — Repubblica di San Marino San Marino

Italian: San Marino 		32,742 61 km2 (24 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Serbia|alt=Flag of Serbia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Serbia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Serbia[i]

Republic of Serbia 		Serbian: Србија — Република Србија, Srbija — Republika Srbija Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Belgrade

Serbian: Београд, Beograd 		7,209,764 88,361 km2 (34,116 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Slovakia|alt=Flag of Slovakia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Slovakia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Slovakia*

Slovak Republic 		Slovak: Slovensko — Slovenská republika Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bratislava

Slovak: Bratislava 		5,443,583 49,035 km2 (18,933 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Slovenia|alt=Flag of Slovenia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Slovenia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Slovenia*

Republic of Slovenia 		Slovene: Slovenija — Republika Slovenija Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ljubljana

Slovene: Ljubljana 		1,988,292 20,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Spain|alt=Flag of Spain border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Spain in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Spain*

Kingdom of Spain 		Spanish: España — Reino de España Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Madrid

Spanish: Madrid 		47,737,941 505,370 km2 (195,124 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Sweden|alt=Flag of Sweden border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Sweden in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sweden*

Kingdom of Sweden 		Swedish: Sverige — Konungariket Sverige Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Stockholm

Swedish: Stockholm 		9,723,809 450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Switzerland|alt=Flag of Switzerland border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Switzerland in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Switzerland

Swiss Confederation 		German: Schweiz — Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft

French: Suisse — Confédération suisse

Italian: Svizzera — Confederazione Svizzera

Template:Lang-rm 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Bern / Berne

German: Bern

French: Berne

Italian: Berna 		8,061,516 41,277 km2 (15,937 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Turkey|alt=Flag of Turkey border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Turkey in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Turkey[e][i]

Republic of Turkey 		Turkish: Türkiye — Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ankara

Turkish: Ankara 		79,814,871[29] 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Ukraine|alt=Flag of Ukraine border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Ukraine in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Ukraine Ukrainian: Украïна (Ukraina) Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kiev

Ukrainian: Київ (Kyiv) 		44,291,413 603,550 km2 (233,032 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the United Kingdom|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the UK in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of United Kingdom*[h]

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 		United Kingdom — United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Draft:List of the prehistoric life of London 63,742,977 243,610 km2 (94,058 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Vatican City|alt=Flag of the Vatican City border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Vatican City in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Vatican City

Vatican City State

Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Holy See 		Italian: Città del Vaticano — Stato della Città del Vaticano

Template:Lang-la[30] 		Vatican City

Italian: Città del Vaticano 		842 0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi)

States with limited recognition

The following six entities in Europe have partial Draft:List of the prehistoric life of diplomatic recognition by one or more UN member states (and therefore are defined as states by the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of constitutive theory of statehood) or have no Draft:List of the prehistoric life of diplomatic recognition by any UN member state but are defined as states by the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of declarative theory of statehood and are recognised by one or more Non-UN member states. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

Flag Map English common and formal names Status Domestic short and formal names Capital Population[a] Area[a]
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Abkhazia|alt=Flag of Abkhazia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Abkhazia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Abkhazia[b]

Republic of Abkhazia 		Claimed as an autonomous republic of Georgia. Recognised by four UN states.[31] Template:Lang-ab (Apsny)

Russian: Абха́зия (Abhazia) 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Sukhumi

Template:Lang-ab (Akwa)

Russian: Сухуми 		250,000 [32] 8,660 km2 (3,344 sq mi)[33]
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Artsakh|alt=Artsakh border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Artsakh in Azerbaijan Artsakh[b]

Republic of Artsakh 		Claimed as part of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Azerbaijan. De facto independent state,[34] recognised by 3 non-UN states. Armenian: Արցախի Հանրապետություն (Arts'akhi Hanrapetut'yun)[35] Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Stepanakert

Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ (Khankendi) 		141,400[36] 7,000 km2 (2,703 sq mi)[37]
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Kosovo|alt=Flag of Kosovo border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Kosovo in Europe Kosovo

Republic of Kosovo[21] 		Recognised by 114 UN member states;[38] Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Serbia does not recognise the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, and considers it an autonomous province. Albanian: Kosova / Kosovë — Republika e Kosovës

Serbian: Косово — Република Косово, Kosovo – Republika Kosovo 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Pristina[24]

Albanian: Prishtina, Prishtinë

Serbian: Приштина, Priština 		1,836,529[26] 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi)[27]
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|alt=Flag of Northern Cyprus border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Northern Cyprus in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Northern Cyprus[c]

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 		Claimed as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Recognised by Turkey.[39] Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs — Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Draft:List of the prehistoric life of North Nicosia

Turkish: Lefkoşa 		294,906[40] 3,355 km2 (1,295 sq mi)[27]
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of South Ossetia|alt=Flag of South Ossetia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing South Ossetia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of South Ossetia[b]

Republic of South Ossetia 		Claimed as part of Georgia. Recognised by four UN states.[31] Template:Lang-os (Khussar Iryston — Respublikæ Khussar Iryston)

Russian: Южная Осетия — Республика Южная Осетия (Yuzhnaya Osetiya — Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya) 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tskhinvali

Template:Lang-os (Chreba) 		70,000[41] 3,900 km2 (1,506 sq mi)[42]
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Transnistria|alt=Flag of Transnistria border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Transnistria in Moldova Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Transnistria / Trans-Dniester

Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic 		Claimed as a territorial unit of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Moldova. De facto independent state,[34] recognised by 3 non-UN states. Romanian: Nistreană — Republica Moldovenească Nistreană (Nistreană — Republica Moldovenească Nistreană)

Russian: Приднестровье — Приднестровская Молдавская Республика (Pridnestrov'ye — Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika)

Ukrainian: Придністров'я — Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (Prydnistrov'ya — Pridnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika) 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tiraspol

Romanian: Tiraspol

Russian: Тирáсполь

Ukrainian: Тирасполь 		530,000[43] 3,500 km2 (1,351 sq mi)[44]

Dependent territories

The following six European entities are dependent territories.[45]

* = Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements
Flag Map English common and formal names[21][23] Legal status Domestic short and formal names Capital[24] Population[26] Area[27]
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the United Kingdom|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom, as used in Akrotiri and Dhekelia border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Akrotiri and Dhekelia[c]

Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia 		British overseas territory Template:Lang-en Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Episkopi Cantonment

Template:Lang-en 		15,700 254 km2 (98 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Faroe Islands|alt=Flag of the Faroe Islands border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the Faroe Islands in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Faroe Islands / Faeroe Islands Constituent country of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kingdom of Denmark Faroese: Føroyar

Template:Lang-da 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Tórshavn

Faroese: Tórshavn

Template:Lang-da 		49,947 1,393 km2 (538 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Gibraltar|alt=Flag of Gibraltar border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Gibraltar in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Gibraltar*[46] British overseas territory Template:Lang-en Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Gibraltar

Template:Lang-en 		29,185 6.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Guernsey|alt=Flag of Guernsey border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Guernsey in relation to the United Kingdom Guernsey[h]

Bailiwick of Guernsey 		Crown Dependency in right of Guernsey[47][48][49] Template:Lang-en

French: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey

Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Guernésiais: Guernési — Bailliage de Guernési 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Saint Peter Port

Template:Lang-en

French: Saint Pierre Port

Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Guernésiais: Saint Pierre Port 		65,849 78 km2 (30 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the Isle of Man|alt=Flag of the Isle of Man border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the Isle of Man in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Isle of Man[h] Crown Dependency in right of Man[49][50][51] Template:Lang-en

Template:Lang-gv 		Douglas

Template:Lang-en

Template:Lang-gv 		86,866 572 km2 (221 sq mi)
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Jersey|alt=Flag of Jersey border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Jersey in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Jersey[h]

Bailiwick of Jersey 		Crown Dependency in right of Jersey[47][48][49] Template:Lang-en

French: Jersey — Bailliage de Jersey

Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Jèrriais: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Saint Helier

Template:Lang-en

French: Saint-Hélier

Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi 		96,513 118 km2 (46 sq mi)

Special areas of internal sovereignty

The following places are considered integral parts of their controlling state, but have a political arrangement which was decided through an international agreement.

* = Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements
Flag Map English common and formal names Legal status Domestic short and formal names Capital Population Area
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Åland|alt=Flag of Åland border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Åland in Europe Åland*[52]

Åland Islands[23] 		Self-governing area of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Finland, significant autonomy as the result of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Åland crisis[53] Swedish: Åland — Landskapet Åland Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Mariehamn[23]

Swedish: Mariehamn 		27,500[54] 6,787 km2 (2,620 sq mi)[54]
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of the United Kingdom|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom; Northern Ireland does not have its own flag border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom and Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Northern Ireland* Part of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of United Kingdom, devolved government determined by the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Good Friday Agreement[55] Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann

Scots: Norlin Airlann 		Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Belfast[56] 1,810,863 [57] 14,130 km2 (5,456 sq mi)[56]
border|centre|100px|link=Flag of Norway|alt=Flag of Norway, as used in Svalbard border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Svalbard in Europe Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Svalbard[21] Special territory of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Norway, determined by the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Svalbard Treaty[58] Norwegian: Svalbard Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Longyearbyen[23][24]

Norwegian: Longyearbyen 		2,019[26] 62,045 km2 (23,956 sq mi)[27]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f
    Area and population numbers include integral areas located outside of Europe. The area and population of states with separatist regions includes that of the separatist regions.
  2. ^ a b c d e f
    Part of the Transcaucasian Region, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.
  3. ^ a b c
    The island of Cyprus is located on the Cyprian arc on the edge of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Anatolian Plate and is physiographically associated with Asia, but it is part of European organisations such as the EU.
  4. ^
    The terms Republic of Ireland and Poblacht na hÉireann are not official long names and are used only as a legal description meant to differentiate the state from the island.
  5. ^ a b c
    Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territory in both Europe (dark green) and Asia (light green).
  6. ^ a b
    Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Denmark and the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Netherlands are constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Kingdom of the Netherlands respectively. Both are members of the EU; however, the other constituent countries of their kingdoms are not. In international organisations, the terms Denmark and the Netherlands are often used as short forms of their respective kingdoms as a whole.
  7. ^
    The Netherlands is also known as "Holland", but this name properly refers only to a region of the country. See Netherlands (terminology).
  8. ^ a b c d
    The United Kingdom consists of the countries of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of England, Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Northern Ireland, Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Scotland and Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Wales. The UK is responsible for the foreign relations and ultimate good governance of the Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey, which are otherwise separate. England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Great Britain (or simply Britain), which is sometimes used synonymously with the United Kingdom.
  9. ^ a b c d e f
    EU candidate country.
  10. ^
    A simpler official short-form name has been encouraged by the Czech government: the English variant Czechia remains uncommon, but variants in Czech (Česko) and some other languages are more popular. See Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Name of the Czech Republic.

References

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference storrs-1997-referred-146 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference storrs-1997-referred-145 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Charles T. Evans (1 July 2009). "Ural Mountains". Novaonline.nvcc.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  4. ^ "The Ural River". Geography.howstuffworks.com. 30 March 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  5. ^ Charles T. Evans (1 July 2009). "Caucasus Mountains". Novaonline.nvcc.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  6. ^ Charles T. Evans (1 July 2009). "Black Sea". Novaonline.nvcc.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  7. ^ a b Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007. Europe. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2007. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Shimon Wdowinski; Zvi Ben-Avraham; Ronald Arvidsson; Goran Ekström (2006). "Seismotectonics of the Cyprian Arc" (PDF). Geophysics Journal International. 164 (164): 176–181. Bibcode:2006GeoJI.164..176W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02737.x. Retrieved 5 March 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ "Council of Europe in Brief". Coe.int. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Geological Development of the Sicilian-Tunisian Platform held in Italy (University of Urbino) on November 4, 5, 6, 1992". Oai.dtic.mil. 6 November 1992. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  11. ^ "Understanding plate motions [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]". Pubs.usgs.gov. 9 June 1994. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  12. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  13. ^ Richard Connor (11 January 2010). "French overseas territories vote to remain close to Paris". Dw-world.de. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  14. ^ "Regions and territories: Ceuta, Melilla". BBC News. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  15. ^ a b "Netherlands". Cia.gov. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  16. ^ "Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique". Mil.sagepub.com. 1 June 1988. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  17. ^ "Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States - Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  18. ^ "United Nations Member States". United Nations. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  19. ^ "47 countries, 1 Europe". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Member States". Europa. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  21. ^ a b c d e "Field Listing :: Names". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  22. ^ a b "UNGEGN List of Country Names" (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  23. ^ a b c d e f "List of countries, territories and currencies". Europa. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  24. ^ a b c d "Field Listing :: Capital". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  25. ^ "UNGEGN World Geographical Names". United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  26. ^ a b c d "Country Comparison :: Population". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  27. ^ a b c d e "Field Listing :: Area". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  28. ^ "Republic of Ireland Act, 1948". No. 22/1948. 1948. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  29. ^ "Turkey's population hits 79.81 million people, increasing over one million". Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  30. ^ "Holy See (Vatican City)". Cia.gov. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  31. ^ a b "Tuvalu Retracts Recognition Of Abkhazia, South Ossetia". Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 31 March 2014.
  32. ^ "Regions and territories: Abkhazia". BBC News. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  33. ^ "Abkhazia (autonomous republic, Georgia)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  34. ^ a b Ker-Lindsay, James (2012). The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States. Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Oxford University Press. p. 53. ...there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognised by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh, and Somaliland..
  35. ^ "Country Overview". nkrusa.org. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  36. ^ "Official website of the President of the Artsakh Republic". President.nkr.am. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  37. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh (region, Azerbaijan)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  38. ^ "Countries that have recognised the Republic of Kosova". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo.
  39. ^ "Cyprus". Draft:List of the prehistoric life of Encyclopædia Britannica.
  40. ^ "Turkish Cyprus announces population as 294,906". World Bulletin. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  41. ^ "Regions and territories: South Ossetia". BBC News. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  42. ^ "South Ossetia". Hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  43. ^ "Trans-Dniester profile". BBC News. 20 January 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  44. ^ "Transdniestria (separatist enclave, Moldova)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  45. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing :: Dependency status". Cia.gov. 9 February 1920. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  46. ^ Mark Oliver; Sally Bolton; Jon Dennis; Matthew Tempest (4 August 2004). "Gibraltar; Politics". Guardian. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  47. ^ a b Supreme Court decision
  48. ^ a b Queen and Crown dependencies page of the official website of the British Monarchy Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ a b c Ministry of Justice's fact sheet on the UK’s relationship with the Crown Dependencies
  50. ^ Supreme Court decision "The Channel Islands, like the Isle of Man (although it has a rather different history), are not part of the United Kingdom. Nor have they ever been British colonies, or British Overseas Territories as the few remaining colonies are now termed. They are Crown Dependencies, enjoying a unique relationship with the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Commonwealth through the Crown, in the person of the Sovereign."
  51. ^ Queen and Crown dependencies page of the official website of the British Monarchy
  52. ^ European Commission for Democracy through Law (1996). Local self-government, territorial integrity, and protection of minorities: proceedings of the UniDem Seminar organised in Lausanne on 25–27 April 1996, in co-operation with the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. pp. 32–35. ISBN 92-871-3173-2.
  53. ^ "Independence". Visitaland.com. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  54. ^ a b "Åland Official Tourist Gateway - Facts". Visitaland.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ "Good Friday Agreement". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  56. ^ a b "The Countries of the UK". Office for National Statistics. Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom). Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  57. ^ Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency (December 2012). "Census 2011 Key Statistics for Northern Ireland" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ "The Svalbard Treaty". Governor of Svalbard. 9 April 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)


01 .List . Sovereign states and dependent territories

Draft:List of the prehistoric life of he:אירופה#מדינות באירופה

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