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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The consonants of Chichimeca Jonaz are: {{IPA|/p t t͡s t͡ʃ k ʔ b d d͡ʒ ɡ s ʃ h z l r w/}} and the [[fortis and lenis]] nasals {{IPA|/m n/}} and {{IPA|/<u>m</u> <u>n</u>/}}. The oral vowels are {{IPA|/i ɪ u e o æ ɑ/}} and nasal vowels are {{IPA|/ĩ ɪ̃ ũ ẽ õ œ̃ ɑ̃/}}.<ref>Lastra 1984 p. 23</ref> Chichimeca Jonaz is a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] language and distinguish high and low level tones.<ref>Suaréz 1983 p. 51</ref>
Chichimeca Jonaz is a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] language and distinguishes high and low level tones.<ref>Suaréz 1983 p. 51</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
!
!
!Front
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]
!Near-front
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar]]
!Back
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Velar]]
!Close
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|i
|-align=center
|
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|u
| style="font-size:larger;"| {{IPA|m̱}}
|-
| style="font-size:larger;"| {{IPA|m}}
!Near-close
| style="font-size:larger;"| {{IPA|ṉ}}
|
| style="font-size:larger;"| {{IPA|n}}
|ɪ
| colspan="2" |
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="2" |
!Close-mid
|-align=center
|e
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
|
| style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|p}}
|o
| style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|b}}
|-
| style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|t}}
!Near-open
| style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|d}}
|æ
| colspan="2" |
|
| style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|k}}
|
| style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|g}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|ʔ}}
!Open
|-align=center
|
! [[Fricative]]
|
| colspan="2" |
|ɑ
| style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|s}}
| style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|z}}
| colspan="2" style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|ʃ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|h}}
|-align=center
! [[Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|ts}}
| style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|tʃ}}
| style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|dʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-align=center
! [[Liquid]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|ɾ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-align=center
! [[Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="font-size:larger;"|{{IPA|w}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
|}
In addition, Chichimeca Jonaz has nasal counterparts of these vowels, which are {{IPA|/ĩ ɪ̃ ũ ẽ õ œ̃ ɑ̃/}}.<ref name=":0">Lastra 1984 p. 23</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!{{Small|voiceless}}
|p
|
|t
|
|k
|ʔ
|-
!{{Small|voiced}}
|b
|
|d
|
|g
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!{{Small|voiceless}}
|
|
|s
|ʃ
|
|h
|-
!{{Small|voiced}}
|
|
|z
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!{{Small|voiceless}}
|
|
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|
|
|-
!{{Small|voiced}}
|
|
|
|d͡ʒ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
|r
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|w
|
|}
There are also fortis-lenis versions of the nasal consonants: <u>m</u> and <u>n</u>.<ref name=":0" />


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 18:51, 12 May 2018

See also: Chichimeca
Chichimeca
Jonaz
Eza'r
Native toMexico
RegionGuanajuato
EthnicityChichimeca Jonaz
Native speakers
2,200 (2010 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3pei
Glottologchic1272
ELPChichimeca-Jonaz
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Chichimeca or Chichimeca Jonaz is an indigenous language of Mexico spoken by around 200 Chichimeca Jonaz people in Misión de Chichimecas near San Luis de la Paz in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. The Chichimeca Jonaz language belongs to the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family. The Chichimecos self identify as úza and call their language eza'r.

Distribution

The language is currently spoken only in San Luis de la Paz (Guanajuato), on the rancho of Misión de Chichimecas, which is located on a small town to the east of the town. In 1934, Jacques Soustelle counted 452 chichimecas, 63 of which were children which attended the local school. Prior to that point the language was spoken in five other locations:[2]

  1. Misión Arnedo (Guanajuato) to the east of San Luis, near Villa Victoria.
  2. Misión de las Palmas (Querétaro), along the Etorax river, which arises near Victoria.
  3. Misión de Santa Rosa, to the north of Victoria.
  4. San Pedro Tolimán, where a mission was established in the 18th century, which failed, however, and the chichimecas abandoned the area. It was later repopulated with Otomís.
  5. Villa Colón (Querétaro), to the south of Tolimán.

Phonology

Chichimeca Jonaz is a tonal language and distinguishes high and low level tones.[3]

Vowels
Front Near-front Back
Close i u
Near-close ɪ
Close-mid e o
Near-open æ
Open ɑ

In addition, Chichimeca Jonaz has nasal counterparts of these vowels, which are /ĩ ɪ̃ ũ ẽ õ œ̃ ɑ̃/.[4]

Consonants
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d g
Fricative voiceless s ʃ h
voiced z
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ
voiced d͡ʒ
Trill r
Approximant l w

There are also fortis-lenis versions of the nasal consonants: m and n.[4]

Notes

  1. ^ INALI (2012) México: Lenguas indígenas nacionales
  2. ^ de Angulo, Jaime (1933). "The Chichimeco language (Central Mexico)". International Journal of American Linguistics. 7 (3/4): 152–194. doi:10.1086/463802. JSTOR 1262948.
  3. ^ Suaréz 1983 p. 51
  4. ^ a b Lastra 1984 p. 23

References

Suaréz, Jorge A. (1983). The Mesoamerian Indian Languages. Cambridge Languages Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22834-4. OCLC 8034800.
Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda (1984). "Chichimeco Jonaz". In Munro S. Edmonson (Volume ed.), with Patricia A. Andrews (ed.). Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 2: Linguistics. Victoria Reifler Bricker (General Editor). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 20–43. ISBN 0-292-77593-8. OCLC 10207920.


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