Help:IPA/Alemannic German: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 17:28, 26 July 2018

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Swabian, Low Alemannic, High Alemannic and Highest Alemannic pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

Notes:

No Alemannic dialect uses all of the sounds described in this guide.
Each example word is tagged with the name of the dialect from which it comes.
The majority of the example words are from the Zurich dialect.
Most Alemannic dialects are not written very often, and thus do not have official spellings. For the sake of consistency, this guide uses the Zurich German spelling convention proposed by Dieth & Schmid-Cadalbert (1986).^[1]

See Bernese German phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of one of the Alemannic dialects.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	Closest equivalent
b̥	Huube [ˈhuːb̥ə] 'bonnet' (ZH)^[2]	bare
d̥	Lade [ˈlɒd̥ə] 'store' (ZH)^[2]	dart
f	offe [ˈofə] 'open' (VS)	foot
fː	offe [ˈofːə] 'open' (BE)	staff function
ɡ̊	haage [ˈhɒːɡ̊ə] 'fence in' (ZH)^[2]	go
ɣ̊	mache [ˈmɒɣ̊ə] 'to make' (ZH)^[2]^[3]	Scottish loch
ʁ̥	mache [ˈmɒʁ̥ə] 'to make' (ZH)^[2]^[3]	Scottish loch
h	Hand [hɒnd̥] 'hand' (ZH)	hat
j	Jaar [jɒːr] 'year' (ZH)	you
k	Egge [ˈekə] 'edge' (BS)	scan
kː	Egge [ˈɛkːə] 'edge' (BE)	scan
kʰ	Kind [kʰind̥] 'child' (BSG)^[4]	cone
kx	hocke [ˈhokxə] 'sit' (ZH)^[3]	Broad cockney cake
qχ	hocke [ˈhoqχə] 'sit' (ZH)^[3]	Broad cockney cake
l	maale [ˈmɒːlə] 'to paint' (ZH)	lover
lː	Müller [ˈmylːər] 'miller' (ZH)	real life
m	zaame [ˈtsɒːmə] 'tame' (ZH)	mood
mː	Hammer [ˈhamːər] 'hammer' (BE)	film-maker
n	zaane [ˈtsɒːnə] 'to teethe' (ZH)	noon
nː	Sunne [ˈz̥ʊnːə] 'sun' (BE)	cleanness
ŋ	Zange [ˈtsɒŋə] 'pliers' (ZH)	ring
ŋː	Zange [ˈtsaŋːə] 'pliers' (BE)	ring, but longer
p	huupe [ˈhuːpə] 'to hoot' (BS)	span
pː	öppe [ˈœpːə] 'around' (BE)	span
pʰ	Pack [pʰɒkx] 'parcel' (ZH)^[4]	pole
pf	Soipfe [ˈz̥oi̯pfə] 'soap' (ZH)	cupfull
r	faare [ˈv̥ɒːrə] 'to drive' (ZH)^[5]	American water
rː	cheerren [ˈxeːrːən] 'to sweep' (Haslital)^[5]	Italian burro
ʀ	faare [ˈv̥ɒːʀə] 'to drive' (ZH)^[5]	No English equivalent
ʁ	faare [ˈv̥ɒːʁə] 'to drive' (ZH)^[5]	roughly like go, but without completely blocking air flow on the g
ʁ̥	besser [ˈb̥esʁ̥] 'better' (BS)^[5]	Scottish loch
ʕ	ändard [ˈend̥aʕd̥] 'changes' (SWG)^[6]	No English equivalent
s	hasse [ˈhɑsə] 'to hate' (VS)	soon
sː	hasse [ˈhasːə] 'to hate' (BE)	class size
ʃ	tüüsche [ˈtyːʃə] 'to exchange' (VS)	ship
ʃː	Äsche [ˈæʃːə] 'ash' (BE)	cash shortage
t	Latte [ˈlɑtə] 'lath' (BS)	stand
tː	Latte [ˈlatə] 'lath' (BE)	stand
tʰ	Thee [tʰeː] 'tea' (ZH)^[4]	too
ts	butze [ˈb̥utsə] 'to clean' (ZH)	cats
tʃ	tätsche [ˈtætʃə] 'to clap' (ZH)	chip
v̥	Ofe [ˈov̥ə] 'oven' (ZH)^[2]	foot
ʋ	Wand [ʋɒnd̥] 'wall' (ZH)	between wine and vine
ʋː	niww [niʋː] 'new' (Haslital)	between wine and vine
w	chalt [ɣ̊awt] 'cold' (BE)^[7]	wine
wː	Balle [ˈb̥awːə] 'ball' (BE)^[8]	roughly like bowwow
x	lache [ˈlɑxə] 'to laugh' (VS)^[3]	Scottish loch
xː	lache [ˈlaxːə] 'to laugh' (BE)^[3]	Scottish loch, but longer
χ	lache [ˈlɑχə] 'to laugh' (VS)^[3]	Scottish loch
χː	lache [ˈlaχːə] 'to laugh' (BE)^[3]	Scottish loch, but longer
z̥	Hase [ˈhɒz̥ə] 'hares' (ZH)^[2]	soon
ʒ̊	nuusche [ˈnuːʒ̊ə] 'to rummage' (ZH)^[2]	ship

Vowels
IPA	Examples	Closest equivalent
a	Affe [ˈafːə] 'apes' (SG)^[9]	art
aː	schlaaffe [ˈʒ̊laːfə] 'to sleep' (SG)^[9]	father
ɑ	Affe [ˈɑfːə] 'apes' (BE)^[9]	art
ɑː	schlaaffe [ˈʒ̊lɑːfə] 'to sleep' (BE)^[9]	father
ɒ	Mane [ˈmɒnə] 'men' (ZH)^[9]	RP hot
ɒː	maane [ˈmɒːnə] 'to remind' (ZH)^[9]	RP nod
æ	gäll [ɡ̊æl] 'isn't it?' (ZH)	hat
æː	gääl [ɡ̊æːl] 'yellow' (ZH)	had
e	Bett [ˈb̥et] 'bed' (ZH)	Scottish late
eː	deene [ˈd̥eːnə] 'stretch' (ZH)	Scottish day
ɛ	Hèr [hɛr] 'mister' (ZH)	bet
ɛː	hèèr [hɛːr] 'from' (ZH)	bed
ə	schwèche [ˈʒ̊ʋɛxə] 'to weaken' (ZH)^[10]	about
i	sibe [ˈz̥ib̥ə] 'seven' (ZH)	leaf
iː	siibe [ˈz̥iːb̥ə] 'to sieve' (ZH)	leave
ɪ	Rìtter [ˈrɪtər] 'knight' (BE)	kit
ɪː	Rììs [rɪːz̥] 'giant' (BE)	kid
ɔ	Òfe [ˈɔv̥ə] 'oven' (BE)	off
ɔː	Gòòfe [ˈɡ̊ɔːv̥ə] 'kids' (BE)	dog
o	hole [ˈholə] 'to fetch' (ZH)	Scottish oak
oː	hool [hoːl] 'hollow' (ZH)	Scottish stove
ø	Böge [ˈb̥øɡ̊ə] 'sheets of paper' (ZH)	Somewhat like nurse
œ	Blö̀ff [b̥lœf] 'bluff' (ZH)	Somewhat like nurse
øː	Böögge [ˈb̥øːkə] 'fools' (ZH)	Somewhat like fur
œː	tö̀ö̀rfe [ˈtœːrfə] 'to be allowed to' (ZH)	Somewhat like fur
u	Bruch [b̥rux] 'break' (ZH)	boot
uː	Bruuch [b̥ruːɣ̊] 'custom' (ZH)	food
ʉː	Muus [mʉːs] 'mouse' (BSG)^[11]	Modern RP goose
ʊ	Schùtt [ʒ̊ʊt] 'debris' (BE)	foot
ʊː	Brùùch [b̥rʊːɣ̊] 'break' (BE)	good
y	Füli [ˈv̥yli] 'pen' (ZH)	Somewhat like cute
ʏ	hǜtt [hʏt] 'today' (BE)	Somewhat like cute
yː	Füüli [ˈv̥yːli] 'laziness' (ZH)	Somewhat like feud
ʏː	Tǜǜre [ˈtʏːrə] 'door' (BE)	Somewhat like feud

Diphthong offsets
IPA	Examples	English approximation
a̯	nia [nia̯] 'never' (SWG)	roughly like ear
æ̯	niä [niæ̯] 'never' (UR)
ə̯	nie [niə̯] 'never' (ZH)
i̯	frei [v̥rei̯] 'free' (ZH)	The y-like ending in day
o̯	Chüo [xyo̯] 'cow' (VS)	The w-like ending in go
u̯	äu [æu̯] 'also' (ZH)	The w-like ending in go
y̑	vlöüge [ˈv̥lœy̑ɡ̊ə] 'to fly' (Saanenland)	Roughly like the w-like ending in go

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Examples	Explanation
ˈ	deene [ˈd̥eːnə] 'stretch' (ZH)	Primary stress, as in deer /ˈdɪər/
ˌ	Hèrdöpfel [ˈhɛrˌd̥øpfəl] 'potato' (ZH)	Secondary stress, as in as in commandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/

Notes

^ Cited in Fleischer & Schmid (2006:251)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Some scholars choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents with the symbols ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩, rather than ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩. In that case, the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨pː, tː, kː, xː, sː, ʃː⟩ or ⟨pp, tt, kk, xx, ss, ʃʃ⟩, rather than ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Here, we choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents as ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩, whereas the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Long fortis obstruents or geminates occur in most of Switzerland except for the extreme Northeast, Wallis, and the Grisons–St. Gall Rhine valley.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The dorsal obstruents /kx, x, ɣ̊/ are realized as velar [kx, x, ɣ̊] or uvular [qχ, χ, ʁ̥], depending on the dialect.
^ ^a ^b ^c The aspirated consonants [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] occur in borrowings from Standard German (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244)). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, an aspirated [kʰ] is also present in native words.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The /r/ phoneme can be pronounced as an alveolar trill [r] or an alveolar tap [ɾ] (with both being transcribed with ⟨r⟩ in this guide for the sake of simplicity),, a uvular trill [ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative or approximant [ʁ], a voiceless lenis uvular fricative [ʁ̥]. Some dialects (e.g. Zurich German) use all six realizations (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244)).
^ In Swabian German, /r/ is realized as a uvular approximant [ʁ̞] in syllable onset, but as a pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞] in other positions (Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache.). For simplicity, we transcribe these sounds as, respectively, [ʁ] and [ʕ].
^ In Bernese German, /l/ in the syllable coda is realized as [w].
^ In Bernese German, the geminate /lː/ is realized as [wː].
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The open vowels /a, aː/ can be front or central (with both sets transcribed as [a, aː] for simplicity), back unrounded [ɑ, ɑː] or back rounded [ɒ, ɒː], depending on the dialect.
^ The schwa /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
^ In Basel German and in the dialect of Markgräflerland, /uː/ is fronted to [ʉː].

Bibliography

Dauwalder, Hans (1992), Wie mma s seid und cha schriiben. Eine haslideutsche Kurzgrammatik, Meiringen: Gemeinnütziger Verein
Dieth, Eugen; Schmid-Cadalbert, Christian (1986), Schwyzertütschi Dialäktschrift. Dieth-Schreibung (2nd ed.), Aarau: Sauerländer
Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 243–253, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441
Hotzenköcherle, Rudolf, ed. (1962–1997), Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz, Bern: Francke
Werlen, Iwar (1977), Lautstrukturen des Dialekts von Brig im schweizerischen Kanton Wallis, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
Marti, Werner (1985), Berndeutsch-Grammatik, Bern: Francke, ISBN 3-7720-1587-5

[1] Cited in Fleischer & Schmid (2006:251)

[lenisobstruents-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Some scholars choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents with the symbols ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩, rather than ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩. In that case, the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨pː, tː, kː, xː, sː, ʃː⟩ or ⟨pp, tt, kk, xx, ss, ʃʃ⟩, rather than ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Here, we choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents as ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩, whereas the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Long fortis obstruents or geminates occur in most of Switzerland except for the extreme Northeast, Wallis, and the Grisons–St. Gall Rhine valley.

[velaruvular-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The dorsal obstruents /kx, x, ɣ̊/ are realized as velar [kx, x, ɣ̊] or uvular [qχ, χ, ʁ̥], depending on the dialect.

[aspirated-4] The aspirated consonants [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] occur in borrowings from Standard German (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244)). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, an aspirated [kʰ] is also present in native words.

[r-5] The /r/ phoneme can be pronounced as an alveolar trill [r] or an alveolar tap [ɾ] (with both being transcribed with ⟨r⟩ in this guide for the sake of simplicity),, a uvular trill [ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative or approximant [ʁ], a voiceless lenis uvular fricative [ʁ̥]. Some dialects (e.g. Zurich German) use all six realizations (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244)).

[6] In Swabian German, /r/ is realized as a uvular approximant [ʁ̞] in syllable onset, but as a pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞] in other positions (Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache.). For simplicity, we transcribe these sounds as, respectively, [ʁ] and [ʕ].

[7] In Bernese German, /l/ in the syllable coda is realized as [w].

[8] In Bernese German, the geminate /lː/ is realized as [wː].

[open-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The open vowels /a, aː/ can be front or central (with both sets transcribed as [a, aː] for simplicity), back unrounded [ɑ, ɑː] or back rounded [ɒ, ɒː], depending on the dialect.

[10] The schwa /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.

[11] In Basel German and in the dialect of Markgräflerland, /uː/ is fronted to [ʉː].

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|t|d̥}}</big><!--The link is correct, because Alemannic does not have voiced plosives.-->
-| {{lang|gsw|La'''d'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈlɑd̥ə]}} 'store' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="lenisobstruents"/>
+| {{lang|gsw|La'''d'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈlɒd̥ə]}} 'store' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="lenisobstruents"/>
 | '''''d'''art''
 |-
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|k|ɡ̊}}</big><!--The link is correct, because Alemannic does not have voiced plosives.-->
-| {{lang|gsw|haa'''g'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈhɑːɡ̊ə]}} 'fence in' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="lenisobstruents"/>
+| {{lang|gsw|haa'''g'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈhɒːɡ̊ə]}} 'fence in' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="lenisobstruents"/>
 | '''''g'''o''
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|x|ɣ̊}}</big><!--The link is correct, because Alemannic does not have voiced fricatives (apart from the rhotic [ʁ] in some dialects).-->
-| {{lang|gsw|ma'''ch'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈmɑɣ̊ə]}} 'to make' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="lenisobstruents"/><ref name="velaruvular">The dorsal obstruents {{IPA|/kx, x, ɣ̊/}} are realized as velar {{IPA|[{{IPA link|kx}}, {{IPA link|x}}, {{IPA link|x|ɣ̊}}]}} or uvular {{IPA|[{{IPA link|qχ}}, {{IPA link|χ}}, {{IPA link|χ|ʁ̥}}]}}, depending on the dialect.</ref>
+| {{lang|gsw|ma'''ch'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈmɒɣ̊ə]}} 'to make' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="lenisobstruents"/><ref name="velaruvular">The dorsal obstruents {{IPA|/kx, x, ɣ̊/}} are realized as velar {{IPA|[{{IPA link|kx}}, {{IPA link|x}}, {{IPA link|x|ɣ̊}}]}} or uvular {{IPA|[{{IPA link|qχ}}, {{IPA link|χ}}, {{IPA link|χ|ʁ̥}}]}}, depending on the dialect.</ref>
 | rowspan="2" | Scottish ''lo'''ch'''''
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|χ|ʁ̥}}</big><!--The link is correct, because Alemannic does not have voiced fricatives (apart from the rhotic [ʁ] in some dialects).-->
-| {{lang|gsw|ma'''ch'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈmɑʁ̥ə]}} 'to make' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="lenisobstruents"/><ref name="velaruvular"/>
+| {{lang|gsw|ma'''ch'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈmɒʁ̥ə]}} 'to make' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="lenisobstruents"/><ref name="velaruvular"/>
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|'''H'''and}} {{IPA|[hɑnd̥]}} 'hand' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
+| {{lang|gsw|'''H'''and}} {{IPA|[hɒnd̥]}} 'hand' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
 | '''''h'''at''
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|'''J'''aar}} {{IPA|[jɑːr]}} 'year' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
+| {{lang|gsw|'''J'''aar}} {{IPA|[jɒːr]}} 'year' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
 | '''''y'''ou''
 |-
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|maa'''l'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈmɑːlə]}} 'to paint' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
+| {{lang|gsw|maa'''l'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈmɒːlə]}} 'to paint' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
-| '''''l'''ouver''
+| '''''l'''over''
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|l|lː}}</big>
@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|zaa'''m'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈtsɑːmə]}} 'tame' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
+| {{lang|gsw|zaa'''m'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈtsɒːmə]}} 'tame' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
 | '''''m'''ood''
 |-
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|zaa'''n'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈtsɑːnə]}} 'to teethe' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
+| {{lang|gsw|zaa'''n'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈtsɒːnə]}} 'to teethe' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
 | '''''n'''oon''
 |-
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|Za'''ng'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈtsɑŋə]}} 'pliers' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
+| {{lang|gsw|Za'''ng'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈtsɒŋə]}} 'pliers' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
 | ''ri'''ng'''''
 |-
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|p|pʰ}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|'''P'''ack}} {{IPA|[pʰɑkx]}} 'parcel' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="aspirated"/>
+| {{lang|gsw|'''P'''ack}} {{IPA|[pʰɒkx]}} 'parcel' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="aspirated"/>
 | '''''p'''ole''
 |-
@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|faa'''r'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈv̥ɑːrə]}} 'to drive' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="r">The {{IPA|/r/}} phoneme can be pronounced as an alveolar trill {{IPAblink|r}} or an alveolar tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} (with both being transcribed with {{angbr|{{IPA|r}}}} in this guide for the sake of simplicity),, a uvular trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}}, a voiced uvular fricative or approximant {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, a voiceless lenis uvular fricative {{IPAblink|χ|ʁ̥}}. Some dialects (e.g. [[Zurich German]]) use all six realizations ({{Harvcoltxt|Fleischer|Schmid|2006|p=244}}).</ref>
+| {{lang|gsw|faa'''r'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈv̥ɒːrə]}} 'to drive' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="r">The {{IPA|/r/}} phoneme can be pronounced as an alveolar trill {{IPAblink|r}} or an alveolar tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} (with both being transcribed with {{angbr|{{IPA|r}}}} in this guide for the sake of simplicity),, a uvular trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}}, a voiced uvular fricative or approximant {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, a voiceless lenis uvular fricative {{IPAblink|χ|ʁ̥}}. Some dialects (e.g. [[Zurich German]]) use all six realizations ({{Harvcoltxt|Fleischer|Schmid|2006|p=244}}).</ref>
 | [[American English|American]] ''wa'''t'''er''
 |-
@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʀ}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|faa'''r'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈv̥ɑːʀə]}} 'to drive' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="r"/>
+| {{lang|gsw|faa'''r'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈv̥ɒːʀə]}} 'to drive' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="r"/>
 | No English equivalent
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʁ}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|faa'''r'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈv̥ɑːʁə]}} 'to drive' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="r"/>
+| {{lang|gsw|faa'''r'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈv̥ɒːʁə]}} 'to drive' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="r"/>
 | roughly like '''''g'''o'', but without completely blocking air flow on the '''''g'''''
 |-
@@ Line 185: / Line 185: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|'''W'''and}} {{IPA|[ʋɑnd̥]}} 'wall' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
+| {{lang|gsw|'''W'''and}} {{IPA|[ʋɒnd̥]}} 'wall' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})
 | between '''''w'''ine'' and '''''v'''ine''
 |-
@@ Line 217: / Line 217: @@
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|s|z̥}}</big><!--The link is correct, because Alemannic does not have voiced fricatives (apart from the rhotic [ʁ] in some dialects).-->
-| {{lang|gsw|Ha'''s'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈhɑz̥ə]}} 'hares' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="lenisobstruents"/>
+| {{lang|gsw|Ha'''s'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈhɒz̥ə]}} 'hares' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="lenisobstruents"/>
 | '''''s'''oon''
 |-
@@ Line 232: / Line 232: @@
 ! Closest equivalent
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|a}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|a|a}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|'''A'''ffe}} {{IPA|[ˈafːə]}} 'apes' ({{abbr|BE|Bernese German}})<ref name="open">The open vowels {{IPA|/a, aː/}} can be front or central (with both sets transcribed as {{IPA|[{{IPA link|a}}, {{IPA link|aː}}]}} for simplicity) or back {{IPA|[{{IPA link|ɑ}}, {{IPA link|ɑː}}]}}, depending on the dialect.</ref>
+| {{lang|gsw|'''A'''ffe}} {{IPA|[ˈafːə]}} 'apes' ({{abbr|SG|St. Gallen}})<ref name="open">The open vowels {{IPA|/a, aː/}} can be front or central (with both sets transcribed as {{IPA|[{{IPA link|a}}, {{IPA link|aː}}]}} for simplicity), back unrounded {{IPA|[{{IPA link|ɑ}}, {{IPA link|ɑː}}]}} or back rounded {{IPA|[{{IPA link|ɒ}}, {{IPA link|ɒː}}]}}, depending on the dialect.</ref>
-| rowspan="2" | '''''a'''rt''
+| '''''a'''rt''
+|-
+| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|a|aː}}</big>
+| {{lang|gsw|schl'''aa'''ffe}} {{IPA|[ˈʒ̊laːfə]}} 'to sleep' ({{abbr|SG|St. Gallen}})<ref name="open"/>
+| ''f'''a'''ther''
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɑ}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|M'''a'''ne}} {{IPA|[ˈmɑnə]}} 'men' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="open"/>
+| {{lang|gsw|'''A'''ffe}} {{IPA|[ˈɑfːə]}} 'apes' ({{abbr|BE|Bernese German}})<ref name="open"/>
+| '''''a'''rt''
-|-
-| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|aː}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|schl'''aa'''ffe}} {{IPA|[ˈʒ̊laːfə]}} 'to sleep' ({{abbr|BE|Bernese German}})<ref name="open"/>
-| rowspan="2" | ''f'''a'''ther''
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɑː}}</big>
-| {{lang|gsw|m'''aa'''ne}} {{IPA|[ˈmɑːnə]}} 'to remind' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="open"/>
+| {{lang|gsw|schl'''aa'''ffe}} {{IPA|[ˈʒ̊lɑːfə]}} 'to sleep' ({{abbr|BE|Bernese German}})<ref name="open"/>
+| ''f'''a'''ther''
+|-
+| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɒ}}</big>
+| {{lang|gsw|M'''a'''ne}} {{IPA|[ˈmɒnə]}} 'men' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="open"/>
+| [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] ''h'''o'''t''
+|-
+| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɒː}}</big>
+| {{lang|gsw|m'''aa'''ne}} {{IPA|[ˈmɒːnə]}} 'to remind' ({{abbr|ZH|Zurich German}})<ref name="open"/>
+| RP ''n'''o'''d''
 |-
 | style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|æ}}</big>

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet keys
Adyghe Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Modern Standard Egyptian Hejazi Lebanese Tunisian Armenian Assamese Asturian Australian languages Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Breton Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Standard Insular Chinese Mandarin Cantonese Hokkien Jin Wu Xiang Corsican Czech Danish Dari Dutch English Old English Emilian-Romagnol Esperanto Estonian Extremaduran Fijian Finnish Franco-Provençal French Galician Georgian German Standard Alemannic Colognian Greek Greenlandic Gujarati Haitian Creole Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hmong Hungarian Icelandic Igbo Indonesian Inuktitut Inupiaq Irish Isan Italian Central Japanese Kazakh Khmer Korean Kurdish Kyrgyz Lakota Lao Latin Latvian Ligurian Lithuanian Lombard Luxembourgish Macedonian Malagasy Malay Malayalam Maltese Mandinka Manx Māori Marathi Marshallese Mauritian Creole Mayan Mongolian Mirandese Nahuatl Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Northern Thai Norwegian Occitan Odia Pashto Persian Piedmontese Polish Portuguese Punjabi Quechua Romanian Romansh Russian Sanskrit Sardinian Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Shan Sicilian Slovak Slovene Sorbian Spanish Swahili Swazi Swedish Sylheti Tagalog Tai Lue Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Tibetan Tigrinya Turkish Turkmen Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Venetian Vietnamese Walloon Welsh West Frisian Xhosa Yiddish Yoruba Zhuang Zulu
Comparisons	IPA conventions for English English dialects Wikipedia pronunciation respelling Other English pronunciation respellings
Introductory guides	Symbols For English speakers Manual of Style: Pronunciation