Jump to content

Hi-Level: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Santa Fe: expand
Fixed typo
Tags: canned edit summary references removed Mobile edit Mobile app edit iOS app edit
Line 94: Line 94:
The [[Budd Company]] approached Santa Fe in 1952 with the proposal to build long-distance bilevel cars, building on the gallery commuter car concept. Santa Fe accepted the proposal, and took delivery of two prototype coaches in 1954. The cars went into regular service on the ''El Capitan''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimmermann|2016|pp=52–53}}</ref> Following a positive customer response, the Santa Fe ordered 47 more cars: ten 68-seat "step down" coaches, twenty-five 72-seat coaches, six lounges, and six dining cars. These constituted five equipment sets ("[[consist]]s"), sufficient for daily service on the ''El Capitan''.<ref name="Wayner">{{Harvnb|Wayner|1972|pp=196–197}}</ref> The project cost $13&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Harvnb|Frailey|2010|p=55}}</ref>
The [[Budd Company]] approached Santa Fe in 1952 with the proposal to build long-distance bilevel cars, building on the gallery commuter car concept. Santa Fe accepted the proposal, and took delivery of two prototype coaches in 1954. The cars went into regular service on the ''El Capitan''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimmermann|2016|pp=52–53}}</ref> Following a positive customer response, the Santa Fe ordered 47 more cars: ten 68-seat "step down" coaches, twenty-five 72-seat coaches, six lounges, and six dining cars. These constituted five equipment sets ("[[consist]]s"), sufficient for daily service on the ''El Capitan''.<ref name="Wayner">{{Harvnb|Wayner|1972|pp=196–197}}</ref> The project cost $13&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Harvnb|Frailey|2010|p=55}}</ref>


A press trip took place between [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Pittsburgh]] on June 16, 1956, using the route of the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (and presaging the use of [[Superliner (railcar)|Superliners]] on [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)|Capitol Limited]]'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimmermann|2016|p=53}}</ref> Santa Fe exhibited the equipment throughout the United States during June and early July. A formal christening took place in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], on July 8, with the [[Beltrán Alfonso Osorio, 18th duke of Alburquerque|duke of Alburquerque]] in attendance. Regular revenue service began on July 15.<ref name="Zimmermann-2016-57">{{Harvnb|Zimmermann|2016|p=57}}</ref> The new train was far more efficient than its predecessor. As Fred Frailey explained:<ref>{{Harvnb|Frailey|2010|p=56}}</ref>
A press trip took place between [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Pittsburgh]] on June 16, 1956, using the route of the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (and presaging the use of [[Superliner (railcar)|Superliners]] on [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)|Capitol Limited]]'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimmermann|2016|p=53}}</ref> Santa Fe exhibited the equipment throughout the United States during June and early July. A formal christening took place in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], on July 8, with the [[Beltrán Alfonso Osorio, 18th duke of Alburquerque|Duke of Alburquerque]] in attendance. Regular revenue service began on July 15.<ref name="Zimmermann-2016-57">{{Harvnb|Zimmermann|2016|p=57}}</ref> The new train was far more efficient than its predecessor. As Fred Frailey explained:<ref>{{Harvnb|Frailey|2010|p=56}}</ref>
{{Quote
{{Quote
|text=...{{nbsp}}a conventional ''El Cap'' ran 16 cars, carried 438 people and weighed 1,069 tons. [[Fred Gurley]]'s $13 million got Santa Fe a 13-car train (including the same head-end cars) that carried 130 additional people ''and'' weighed 110 tons less{{nbsp}}...
|text=...{{nbsp}}a conventional ''El Cap'' ran 16 cars, carried 438 people and weighed 1,069 tons. [[Fred Gurley]]'s $13 million got Santa Fe a 13-car train (including the same head-end cars) that carried 130 additional people ''and'' weighed 110 tons less{{nbsp}}...
Line 104: Line 104:
Despite their success, the cars did not inspire a wave of imitators. By the late 1950s, private-sector passenger travel was in what turned out to be irreversible decline. Most railroads were cutting service; few ordered new equipment of any kind. An exception was the [[Chicago and North Western Railway]] (CNW). The CNW, like the Burlington, used bilevel coaches on its Chicago-area commuter routes. In 1958 it ordered thirteen intercity bilevel cars from [[Pullman-Standard]]: ten coaches, a [[parlor car]], a coach-parlor, and a coach-lounge. Visually they resembled the CNW's existing commuter equipment; a noticeable difference from the Hi-Levels was the adoption of [[head-end power]] (HEP) instead of steam. The cars entered service on the ''[[Peninsula 400]]'', a Chicago–[[Ishpeming, Michigan]], day train, on October 26, 1958.<ref>{{Harvnb|Scribbins|2008|pp=195–196}}</ref> The CNW would be the only other railroad to introduce bilevel equipment on intercity runs.<ref>{{Harvnb|Reed|1975|pp=257–258}}</ref>
Despite their success, the cars did not inspire a wave of imitators. By the late 1950s, private-sector passenger travel was in what turned out to be irreversible decline. Most railroads were cutting service; few ordered new equipment of any kind. An exception was the [[Chicago and North Western Railway]] (CNW). The CNW, like the Burlington, used bilevel coaches on its Chicago-area commuter routes. In 1958 it ordered thirteen intercity bilevel cars from [[Pullman-Standard]]: ten coaches, a [[parlor car]], a coach-parlor, and a coach-lounge. Visually they resembled the CNW's existing commuter equipment; a noticeable difference from the Hi-Levels was the adoption of [[head-end power]] (HEP) instead of steam. The cars entered service on the ''[[Peninsula 400]]'', a Chicago–[[Ishpeming, Michigan]], day train, on October 26, 1958.<ref>{{Harvnb|Scribbins|2008|pp=195–196}}</ref> The CNW would be the only other railroad to introduce bilevel equipment on intercity runs.<ref>{{Harvnb|Reed|1975|pp=257–258}}</ref>


By the 1960s, the Santa Fe encountered capacity problems on the ''[[San Francisco Chief]]'', which ran between Chicago and [[San Francisco]]. Unlike the ''El Capitan'', the ''Chief'' carried a mix of sleeping cars and coaches.<ref>{{Harvnb|Flick|Kogan|1999|p=16}}</ref> To augment capacity, the Santa Fe ordered an additional 24 coaches in 1963–1964: 12 step-down and 12 standard.<ref name="Wayner" /> This was the final major order for new long-distance passenger equipment before the coming of Amtrak; after [[Kansas City Southern Railway]] bought ten new coaches from [[Pullman-Standard]] in 1965, no new locomotive-hauled coaching stock would be built until the first [[Amfleet]]s arrived a decade later.<ref name="Zimmermann-2016-57" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Frailey|2010|pp=11–12}}</ref> Each ''San Francisco Chief'' carried four Hi-Level coaches, displacing six single-level coaches.<ref>{{Harvnb|Flick|Kogan|1999|p=21}}</ref>
By the 1960s, the Santa Fe encountered capacity problems on the ''[[San Francisco Chief]]'', which ran between Chicago and [[San Francisco]]. Unlike the ''El Capitan'', the ''Chief'' carried a mix of sleeping cars and coaches.<ref>{{Harvnb|Flick|Kogan|1999|p=16}}</ref> To augment capacity, the Santa Fe ordered an additional 24 coaches in 1963–1964: 12 step-down and 12 standard.<ref name="Wayner" /> This was the final major order for new long-distance passenger equipment before the coming of Amtrak.<ref name="Zimmermann-2016-57" /> Each ''San Francisco Chief'' carried four Hi-Level coaches, displacing six single-level coaches.<ref>{{Harvnb|Flick|Kogan|1999|p=21}}</ref>


=== Amtrak ===
=== Amtrak ===

Revision as of 21:39, 8 July 2020

For other uses, see High level (disambiguation).

Hi-Level
Row of silver double-deck coaches with red-white-blue striping in the middle
Hi-Level coaches on Amtrak's Southwest Limited at Albuquerque in 1974; the lounge is second from right
Glass windows curving up to ceiling above rows of tables
The interior of an Amtrak Pacific Parlour Car, a refurbished lounge
In service1954–2018
ManufacturerBudd Company
Constructed1952–1964
Number built73 (61 coaches, 6 lounges, 6 diners)
Number preservedVarious in private ownership
Capacity
  • 67 (coach prototypes)
  • 68 (step-down coaches)
  • 72 (coaches)
Operators
Specifications
Car body constructionStainless steel
Car length85 feet (26 m)
Height15+1⁄2 feet (4.7 m)
Weight
  • 80 short tons (73 t) (coaches)
  • 83 short tons (75 t) (lounges)
  • 97 short tons (88 t) (dining cars)
Notes/references
[1]

The Hi-Level was a type of bilevel intercity railroad passenger car used in the United States. The Budd Company designed it in the 1950s for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway ("Santa Fe") for use on the El Capitan, a coach-only streamliner which ran daily between Los Angeles and Chicago. The design was inspired by two recent developments in railroading: the dome car, employed in intercity routes in the Western United States, and bilevel commuter cars operating in the Chicago area. Budd built 73 Hi-Level cars between 1952 and 1964.

Car types included coaches, dining cars, and lounge cars. Most passenger spaces were on the upper level, which featured a row of windows on both sides. Boarding was on the lower level; passengers climbed up a center stairwell to reach the upper level. Vestibules on the upper level permitted passengers to walk between cars; some coaches had an additional stairwell at one end to allow access to single-level equipment. Santa Fe and Budd considered but never created a sleeping car.

The first two prototype coaches entered service on the El Capitan in 1954 and were immediately successful. Budd built sufficient coaches, dining cars, and lounge cars to fully equip the El Capitan, with additional coaches seeing use on the San Francisco Chief. Amtrak inherited the entire fleet in 1971 and continued to use the equipment on its western routes. Tunnel clearances restricted their use in the Eastern United States. In 1979, the first Superliners, based on the Hi-Level concept although built by Pullman-Standard, entered service. Amtrak gradually retired most of its Hi-Levels in the 1990s as more Superliners became available. Five lounges, dubbed "Pacific Parlour Cars", provided first-class lounge service on the Coast Starlight until their retirement in 2018.

Background

See also: El Capitan (train)

The Santa Fe introduced the El Capitan in 1938. The train ran on the Santa Fe's main line between Chicago and Los Angeles. Unusually for streamliners of the period, the El Capitan carried coaches only, and had no sleeping cars. Passengers flocked to the new train, and the Santa Fe added cars to meet the demand. The train grew from five cars in 1938 to twelve in 1942.[2] By the early 1950s fourteen was common.[3] Only seven or eight of these would be passenger-carrying coaches; other cars included head-end cars, a baggage-dormitory for the crew, two dining cars, and a Big Dome lounge.[4]

Sometimes demand was high enough to justify running a second instance ("section") of the train on the same day. The Santa Fe sought a solution to increase the capacity of the train without lengthening it further. Two popular innovations by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q) suggested a solution. First, in 1945, the CB&Q introduced the dome car, in which passengers rode on a second level high above the tracks, affording better views. Second, in 1950, it placed bilevel rail cars in commuter service in the Chicago area. Taken together, these innovations suggested a new possibility: a long-distance bilevel coach, with greater capacity than single-level cars, and the panoramic views of a dome.[5]

History

Santa Fe

Exterior of silver railcar with large windows
The exterior of a Hi-Level lounge on the El Capitan soon after completion in 1956
Red diesel locomotive with yellow striping leading silver train cars through rolling countryside
The San Francisco Chief in 1971. The train had both Hi-Level and single-level cars.

The Budd Company approached Santa Fe in 1952 with the proposal to build long-distance bilevel cars, building on the gallery commuter car concept. Santa Fe accepted the proposal, and took delivery of two prototype coaches in 1954. The cars went into regular service on the El Capitan.[6] Following a positive customer response, the Santa Fe ordered 47 more cars: ten 68-seat "step down" coaches, twenty-five 72-seat coaches, six lounges, and six dining cars. These constituted five equipment sets ("consists"), sufficient for daily service on the El Capitan.[7] The project cost $13 million.[8]

A press trip took place between Washington, D.C. and Pittsburgh on June 16, 1956, using the route of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (and presaging the use of Superliners on Amtrak's Capitol Limited).[9] Santa Fe exhibited the equipment throughout the United States during June and early July. A formal christening took place in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on July 8, with the Duke of Alburquerque in attendance. Regular revenue service began on July 15.[10] The new train was far more efficient than its predecessor. As Fred Frailey explained:[11]

... a conventional El Cap ran 16 cars, carried 438 people and weighed 1,069 tons. Fred Gurley's $13 million got Santa Fe a 13-car train (including the same head-end cars) that carried 130 additional people and weighed 110 tons less ...

— Fred Frailey, Twilight of the Great Trains

Trains editor David P. Morgan thought the equipment was "comfortable" and "[rode] well, even above 90 mph".[12] S. Kip Farrington wrote that he was "definitely sold on the high level in every angle" and that it was "here to stay".[13] A typical train comprised two step-down coaches, five standard coaches, a lounge, and a dining car. The Hi-Level cars continued in service after the Santa Fe combined the El Capitan and Super Chief in 1958.[14] The Santa Fe also converted six single-level baggage cars to baggage-dormitories (Nos. 3477–3482), with a spoiler at one end to create a visual transition.[15] The cars dated from the 1938 version of the El Capitan.[16]

Despite their success, the cars did not inspire a wave of imitators. By the late 1950s, private-sector passenger travel was in what turned out to be irreversible decline. Most railroads were cutting service; few ordered new equipment of any kind. An exception was the Chicago and North Western Railway (CNW). The CNW, like the Burlington, used bilevel coaches on its Chicago-area commuter routes. In 1958 it ordered thirteen intercity bilevel cars from Pullman-Standard: ten coaches, a parlor car, a coach-parlor, and a coach-lounge. Visually they resembled the CNW's existing commuter equipment; a noticeable difference from the Hi-Levels was the adoption of head-end power (HEP) instead of steam. The cars entered service on the Peninsula 400, a Chicago–Ishpeming, Michigan, day train, on October 26, 1958.[17] The CNW would be the only other railroad to introduce bilevel equipment on intercity runs.[18]

By the 1960s, the Santa Fe encountered capacity problems on the San Francisco Chief, which ran between Chicago and San Francisco. Unlike the El Capitan, the Chief carried a mix of sleeping cars and coaches.[19] To augment capacity, the Santa Fe ordered an additional 24 coaches in 1963–1964: 12 step-down and 12 standard.[7] This was the final major order for new long-distance passenger equipment before the coming of Amtrak.[10] Each San Francisco Chief carried four Hi-Level coaches, displacing six single-level coaches.[20]

Amtrak

See also: Amtrak § History
Tall silver coaches with scrub desert in the background
Hi-Levels mixed with slightly taller Superliners on the Southwest Limited in 1981
Tall silver coaches with brick building at right
Hi-Level coaches mixed with a Superliner coach (center) on the Heartland Flyer in 2005

Throughout the 1960s passenger ridership declined on American railroads while losses mounted. In 1971 the United States federal government created Amtrak, a subsidized for-profit corporation, to take over intercity services and reverse the decline.[21][22] The Santa Fe, after some hesitation, participated.[23] Amtrak took over the Santa Fe's remaining trains on May 1, 1971. It acquired the entire Hi-Level fleet and continued to operate them.[24] The primary assignment continued to be the combined Super Chief/El Capitan, known as the Southwest Limited from 1974–1984 and the Southwest Chief thereafter.[25] The Chicago–Houston Texas Chief, another ex-Santa Fe train, also carried Hi-Level coaches.[26]

Amtrak was impressed with the Hi-Levels and used them as the basis for the design of the bilevel Superliner family of railcars. The first of 284 Superliner I cars began arriving from Pullman-Standard in 1978.[27] As the Superliners went into service, Hi-Levels could be found on more of Amtrak's trains throughout the Western United States. Hi-Level coaches appeared on the San Francisco–Chicago San Francisco Zephyr,[28] Chicago–San Antonio, Texas–Los Angeles Eagle,[29] and the Chicago–Seattle, Washington/Portland, Oregon Empire Builder.[30] Dining cars displaced from the Southwest Limited filled in on the Ogden, Utah–Los Angeles Desert Wind.[28] Tunnel clearances around New York City and elsewhere prevented their use on the Northeast Corridor.[31]

The Superliner I order did not include any "step down" coaches, so Hi-Level coaches continued to fulfill this function on Superliner-equipped trains. In the 1980s, Amtrak rebuilt many of these coaches as dormitory-coaches, with half of the car given over to crew space.[32] Amtrak retired all six single-level baggage-dormitory cars by 1981 in lieu of converting them to HEP.[15] By 1990 the Amtrak fleet stood at 69 cars: 36 dormitory-coaches, 21 coaches, 6 diner-lounges rebuilt from dining cars, and the 6 lounge cars, which Amtrak marketed as "See-Level Lounges".[33] The arrival of 195 Superliner II cars from Bombardier Transportation in 1993–1995 permitted the retirement of most of the remaining Hi-Level cars.[34] The Chicago–Toronto International used a mix of Superliners and Hi-Levels from 1995–2000.[35] Hi-Levels remained in service on the Oklahoma City–Dallas Heartland Flyer into the 2000s.[32] The majority of the Hi-Level fleet was retired at the beginning of 2003.[36] The private equity fund Corridor Capital owns most of the fleet, and has proposed employing them for various passenger projects within the United States, including a plan to revive the Coast Daylight.[37][38]

The last major Hi-Level assignment on Amtrak was the Los Angeles–Seattle Coast Starlight. In the late 1990s Amtrak refurbished five of the six lounges for use as sleeping car passenger-only lounges, branded as the "Pacific Parlour Car".[39][40] Amtrak offered separate food and beverage service in the upper level and installed a movie theater in the lower level.[41] The railway writer and historian Karl Zimmermann called them "the greatest treat for sleeping car passengers on Amtrak".[42] By the late 2010s Amtrak was manufacturing new parts for the Hi-Levels at Beech Grove, or in some cases retrofitting the Hi-Levels to use Superliner parts.[43] Amtrak retired the cars after their last run on February 4, 2018, citing safety concerns and rising maintenance costs.[44] They were the last Hi-Levels in regular service, and among the few remaining Heritage Fleet cars.[45] The Steam Railroading Institute, a heritage railroad based in Owosso, Michigan, acquired several for use in excursion service.[46]

Design

The Hi-Levels stood 15+1⁄2 feet (4.7 m) high, 2 feet (0.61 m) taller than most conventional equipment. Seating occupied the entire upper level, with restrooms, baggage, and other non-revenue areas on the lower level. In most cars, vestibules connected the upper levels only.[47] A central staircase linked the two levels.[48] Hi-Levels featured a row of windows across the upper level; on the prototype coaches, this row slanted inwards.[49] The two-level design offered several advantages over conventional single-level equipment. Budd and the Santa Fe expected the upper level, located 8 feet 7 inches (2.62 m) above the rails, to provide a smoother, quieter ride for passengers. With the lower level free of passengers, designers could provide larger restrooms and baggage areas. Finally, the lower level contained all the electrical equipment, away from the passengers, and with easy access for maintenance.[50] Budd used stainless steel in the construction, with fluted sides.[51] The cars cost $275,000 apiece.[1]

Budd built the Hi-Levels with steam heating, the standard method for ensuring passenger comfort in the 1950s. For air conditioning and other electrical needs, it chose to employ independent diesel generators in each car. Coaches required a single 40-kilowatt (54 hp) generator; the massive dining car required two such generators to support the kitchen appliances. In the lounge car a larger 60-kilowatt (80 hp) generator was employed.[52][53] Beginning in the mid-1970s, Amtrak adopted head-end power (HEP) for new orders. HEP and steam are incompatible, so Amtrak had the Hi-Levels converted to HEP to permit their use with new cars. Santa Fe handled the conversion of the Hi-Levels in its Topeka, Kansas, shops.[54] Of the 73 Hi-Levels, all but three underwent the conversion.[55]

Coaches

Rows of seats in a coach filled with passengers
Interior of a "step-down" coach on Amtrak's Southwest Limited in 1974

The 61 coaches could carry either 68 or 72 passengers, more than the 44 of comparable single-level long-distance coaches. This increased capacity permitted the Santa Fe to run the El Capitan with fewer cars, while increasing the total number of passengers carried.[56] The 68-seat coaches featured "step down" stairs at one end to permit access to standard-height equipment; that space was given over to four additional seats on the 72-seat coaches.[7] The prototypes also featured step-down stairs, but carried one fewer passenger.[57]

The passenger windows were 21 inches (53 cm) high. The seat pitch was 50 inches (130 cm).[58] The Dwight Austin-manufactured "Traveleze" seats reclined, and included both head and leg rests.[59] Hand luggage could be stored in racks above the coach seats, or in large storage racks on the lower level.[60] In the prototypes the upper level had no restrooms; in response to passenger feedback, Budd added a restroom to the upper level in the production models. The prototypes also included a "step up" from the aisle to the coach seats; in the production cars, the seats rested flush with the aisle. Each coach weighed 80 short tons (73 t).[48]

Lounges

Silver double height railway car with double row of windows
Amtrak's Sonoma Valley lounge in 2010

The lounge cars were similar to the full-length Big Dome lounges which had entered service with the Santa Fe in 1954. The most obvious difference was the absence of a forward-looking view on the Hi-Level cars.[12] Each of the six lounges could seat 60 people on the upper level. The seating was a mixture of single seats and two- and four-top tables.[61] Nicknames for these cars included "Top of the Cap" and "Sky Lounges". A glass top across two-thirds of the car distinguished it from the rest of the Hi-Levels. The lower level featured the "Kachina Coffee Shop" and a lounge area with seating for 26. Passengers on the lower level could look out through large, 56-inch (140 cm) windows. The lounge cars weighed 83 short tons (75 t).[62][63] Under Santa Fe operation there were attendants on both levels, and a newsstand on the upper level.[61]

Dining cars

Six dining cars were built. Each dining car seated 80, all on the upper level, compared to 36 in a single-level diner, enabling each car to do the work of two single-level dining cars. The lower level housed the kitchen, including ovens, hot plates, a refrigerator, and a dishwasher. Dumbwaiters carried food to the upper level.[52] A diesel generator supplied power to the appliances.[64] The dining cars, the largest single-unit dining cars ever built, weighed 97 short tons (88 t) and rode on six-wheel trucks.[65] As Superliner dining cars arrived in the 1980s, Amtrak rebuilt these cars as diner-lounges, incorporating booths and lounge seating.[66]

Sleeping car proposal

Santa Fe considered equipping the Super Chief with Hi-Level sleeping cars, and Budd drafted a design for such a car in 1957. In this design there was an aisle on the lower level only, and set against one side instead of centerline. The lower level also contained six single bedrooms and a toilet. The upper level would have eight two-person "Vista Bedrooms" which spanned the width of the car. Access to these rooms would be from four sets of stairs from the lower level aside. Each Vista Bedroom would contain an individual toilet and two beds: one stacked above the bed in the single bedroom beneath, and one lengthwise over the aisle.[16] Nothing came of this proposal. Pullman-Standard adopted a more traditional design for Amtrak's Superliner I in the 1970s: five bedrooms and ten roomettes on the upper level, two bedrooms and four roomettes on the lower level.[67]

Summary

Silver double height railway car
A "step down" or transition coach on the Pioneer in 1994. The vestibule is on the lower level.

Including the two prototypes, Budd built 73 Hi-Level cars:[7]

Type Quantity Original road numbers
67-seat prototype coach 2 526–527
68-seat "step down" coach 22 528–549
72-seat coach 37 700–736
Lounge 6 575–580
Diner 6 650–655

Notes

  1. ^ a b White 1985, pp. 195–196
  2. ^ Abbey 2016, p. 62
  3. ^ Flick & Kogan 1999, p. 9
  4. ^ Dorin 2005, p. 38
  5. ^ Flick & Kogan 1999, pp. 8–9
  6. ^ Zimmermann 2016, pp. 52–53
  7. ^ a b c d Wayner 1972, pp. 196–197
  8. ^ Frailey 2010, p. 55
  9. ^ Zimmermann 2016, p. 53
  10. ^ a b Zimmermann 2016, p. 57
  11. ^ Frailey 2010, p. 56
  12. ^ a b Morgan 2015, p. 92
  13. ^ Farrington 1958, p. 203
  14. ^ Flick & Kogan 1999, p. 15
  15. ^ a b Simon & Warner 2011, p. 166
  16. ^ a b Dubin 1974, p. 489
  17. ^ Scribbins 2008, pp. 195–196
  18. ^ Reed 1975, pp. 257–258
  19. ^ Flick & Kogan 1999, p. 16
  20. ^ Flick & Kogan 1999, p. 21
  21. ^ Sanders 2006, pp. 1–3
  22. ^ Thoms 1973, pp. 38–39
  23. ^ Frailey 2010, p. 72
  24. ^ Solomon 2004, p. 129
  25. ^ Sanders 2006, pp. 132–133
  26. ^ Sanders 2006, p. 119
  27. ^ Schafer & Welsh 1997, p. 57
  28. ^ a b Sanders 2006, p. 154
  29. ^ Sanders 2006, p. 120
  30. ^ Sanders 2006, p. 171
  31. ^ Zimmermann 2004, p. 30
  32. ^ a b Yenne 2005, p. 139
  33. ^ Amtrak 1990, p. 12
  34. ^ Sanders 2006, p. 98
  35. ^ Sanders 2006, p. 208
  36. ^ Simon & Warner 2011, p. 190
  37. ^ "Developer working to move AL passenger train project forward". WSFA. July 16, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  38. ^ "The Coast Daylight: A California Legend Reborn" (PDF). myftpupload.com. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  39. ^ Yenne 2005, p. 140
  40. ^ Welsh 1999, p. 56
  41. ^ McCommons 2009, p. 133
  42. ^ Zimmermann 2016, p. 51
  43. ^ Johnston 2017, p. 23
  44. ^ "Coast Starlight Parlour Car Removed" (Press release). Amtrak. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  45. ^ Kenton, Malcolm (January 18, 2018). "Amtrak permanently retiring Pacific Parlour Cars". Trains News Wire. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018. (subscription required)
  46. ^ Durr, Matt (March 18, 2019). "North Pole Express offering adults only cars for 2019 trips". MLive.com. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  47. ^ Griswold 1957, pp. 137–138
  48. ^ a b Flick & Kogan 1999, p. 10
  49. ^ Wayner 1973, inset
  50. ^ "Hi-Level Car to Be Tested by Santa Fe". Chicago Tribune. July 18, 1954. p. 40. Archived from the original on February 11, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  51. ^ Farrington 1958, p. 105
  52. ^ a b Griswold 1957, p. 139
  53. ^ Morgan 2015, pp. 92–94
  54. ^ "Beech Grove HEP Conversion Program Results In Like-New Car For Passengers". Amtrak News. 7 (7): 8. August 1980. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015.
  55. ^ Simon & Warner 2011, pp. 164–166
  56. ^ Griswold 1957, p. 138
  57. ^ Wayner 1973, p. 68
  58. ^ Morgan 2015, p. 90
  59. ^ "Santa Fe Specifies the Dwight Austin Traveleze Seat". Railway Age. April 5, 1954. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
  60. ^ Zimmermann 2016, p. 54
  61. ^ a b Wegman 2008, p. 154
  62. ^ Flick & Kogan 1999, pp. 13–14
  63. ^ Farrington 1958, p. 102
  64. ^ Griswold 1957, p. 240
  65. ^ Flick & Kogan 1999, pp. 12–13
  66. ^ Ingles 1984, p. 18
  67. ^ "superliner sleeper". Amtrak Vacations. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2018.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hi-Level passenger cars.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi-Level&oldid=966735407"