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Waltham Abbey

Coordinates: 51°41′05″N 0°00′01″E / 51.6846°N 0.0004°E / 51.6846; 0.0004
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This article is about the town. For the former abbey, see Waltham Abbey Church. For other uses, see Waltham Abbey (disambiguation).

Waltham Abbey
Clockwise from top: Waltham Abbey Church and ruins, the Royal Gunpowder Mills, pedestrianised Sun Street, the Welsh Harp public house, and Waltham Abbey Town Hall
Waltham Abbey is located in Essex
Waltham Abbey
Waltham Abbey
Location within Essex
Area16.3746 sq mi (42.410 km2)
Population22,859 (Parish, 2021)[1]
18,645 (Built-up area, 2021)[2]
OS grid referenceTL385005
• Charing Cross14 mi (23 km) SW
Civil parish
  • Waltham Abbey
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townWALTHAM ABBEY
Postcode districtEN9
Post townLONDON
Postcode districtE4
Post townLOUGHTON
Postcode districtIG10
Dialling code01992
020
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Essex
51°41′05″N 0°00′01″E / 51.6846°N 0.0004°E / 51.6846; 0.0004

Waltham Abbey is a town and civil parish in south-west Essex, England. Part of the Epping Forest District, the built-up area forms part of the wider urban area of London, being 14 miles (23 km) north-east of Charing Cross. It lies on the Greenwich Meridian, between the River Lea in the west and Epping Forest in the east, with large parts of the parish forming part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. As well as the main built-up area of Waltham Abbey itself, the parish covers the areas of Claverhambury, Fishers Green, High Beach, Holyfield, Lippitts Hill, Sewardstone, Sewardstonebury and Upshire.

The town takes its name from and is renowned for its former abbey, the last in England to be dissolved, now the Abbey Church of Waltham Holy Cross and St Lawrence, a scheduled ancient monument and the town's parish church. It is believed to be the final resting place of King Harold Godwinson, who died in the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The town is twinned with the German town of Hörstel. As of the 2021 census, the built-up area of Waltham Abbey had a population of 18,645 and the parish had a population of 22,859.

Historically an ancient parish named Waltham Holy Cross in the Waltham hundred of Essex, it became a local government district in 1850, and was granted urban district status in 1894. It was included in the Metropolitan Police District in 1840, and the London postal district upon its inception in 1856. It formed part of the review area for the Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London, but did not become part of the Greater London administrative area in 1965. Whilst the use of the name Waltham Abbey for the town dates back to the 16th century at the earliest, the parish itself was not renamed until 1974, when the successor parish covering the former Waltham Holy Cross Urban District was named Waltham Abbey. Its administrative headquarters have been at Waltham Abbey Town Hall since 1904.

Toponymy

The name Waltham derives from weald or wald "forest" and ham "homestead" or "enclosure". The name of the ancient parish was usually given as "Waltham Holy Cross" in civil matters and "Waltham Abbey" in ecclesiastical matters.[3] The use of the name Waltham Abbey for the main settlement in the parish seems to have originated in the 16th century, although there has often been inconsistency in the use of the two names.[4] Despite the similar name, the parish never included Waltham Cross on the opposite side of the River Lea, which formed part of the parish of Cheshunt in Hertfordshire.[5] The civil parish of Waltham Holy Cross was formally renamed Waltham Abbey in 1974.[6]

History

Early history

There are traces of prehistoric and Roman settlement in the town. Ermine Street lies only 5 km west and the causeway across the River Lea from Waltham Cross in Hertfordshire may be a Roman construction. A local legend claims that Boudica's rebellion against the Romans ended in the neighbourhood, when she poisoned herself with hemlock gathered on the banks of Cobbins Brook.

Abbey as main landowner

Main article: Waltham Abbey Church

The recorded history of the town began during the reign of Canute in the early 11th century when his standard-bearer Tovi or Tofig the Proud, founded (or rebuilt) a church here to house the miraculous cross discovered at Montacute in Somerset. It is this cross that gave Waltham the earliest suffix to its name. After Tovi's death around 1045, Waltham reverted to the King (Edward the Confessor), who gave it to the Earl Harold Godwinson (later king). Harold rebuilt Tovi's church in stone around 1060, in gratitude it is said for his cure from a paralysis, through praying before the miraculous cross. Waltham's people used the abbey as their parish church, and paid their tithes, worked the glebe as well any of their lord's land, and paid other dues to the canons.[7]

Legend has it that after his death at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, Harold's body was brought to Waltham for burial near to the High Altar. Today, the spot is marked by a stone slab in the churchyard (originally the site of the high altar before the Reformation).

Waltham Abbey

In 1177, as part of his penance for his part in the murder of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, Henry II refounded Harold's church as a priory of Augustinian Canons Regular of sixteen canons and a prior or dean. In 1184, this was enlarged so that Waltham became an abbey with an abbot and twenty-four canons, which grew to be the richest monastery in Essex. The town grew to the west and south of the abbey.[7][8]

In the medieval and early Tudor periods, there were two guilds in the parish, each with an endowment for a priest: the Brotherhood of Our Lady, and the Charnel Guild, whose priest was also the parish curate. The former, which existed from at least 1375, occupied the Lady Chapel in the parochial part of the church. The Charnel Guild, which occurs as 'the Sepulchre' in 1366, probably used its crypt.[7]

The town's dependence on the Abbey is signalled by its decline after the Abbey was dissolved and partially demolished in 1540, the last working abbey or monastery to be dissolved. Waltham Abbey vicarage is a 17th-century timber framed and plastered building. It was given by Edward Denny, 1st Earl of Norwich to create the first curacy, but was much altered in the 18th century and later, and was more recently architecturally Grade II*listed.[9] In the early 19th century the church held three Sunday services, including one in the evening for the local factory workers. In 1862, Holy Communion was celebrated monthly and attended by about 100.[7]

Post-Reformation

In the 17th century there were four churchwardens (who fulfilled some roles of local government, collected and distributing poor relief): one each for the town, Holyfield, Upshire, and Sewardstone. Joseph Hall, curate from 1608, was later Bishop successively of Exeter and Norwich. A complete diocesan list of curates was printed to 1888 and Thomas Fuller, author of The Worthies of England and of the first History of Waltham Abbey, was curate 1649–58.[7]

In the 17th century, a gunpowder factory was opened in the town, no doubt due to good river communications and empty marshland by the River Lea and this now forms the museum below.[10]

Post-Industrial Revolution

The factory was sold to the government in 1787 and was greatly expanded during the next century, becoming the Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills. In the 19th century, searches began for more powerful and reliant propellant explosives, and guncotton was developed here by Frederick Abel, starting in 1863. Cordite production began in 1891 and the site was enlarged several times. The site was an obvious target during World War II, and a German V-2 rocket landed near the factory in Highbridge Street on 7 March 1945, causing considerable damage to property and large loss of life. The factory eventually closed in 1943, and the site was developed into an explosives research establishment. There was also a fulling mill at Sewardstone around 1777 and a pin factory by 1805. Silk and calico printing were also important industries. The River Lee Navigation was also improved, a new canal cut across the marshes was opened in 1769, bringing more trade to the town. Outside the town, the parish is largely rural and agriculture has been an important occupation.[7]

The supposed grave of King Harold Godwinson, d.1066

In the first half of the 20th century, the area was extensively covered in glass-houses and market gardens. Gravel extraction has also long been a major industry in the Lea Valley, leaving a legacy of pits now used for recreation and an important wildlife habitat. In 1959–60 all of the church's houses and land were converted to stock or bank investments.[7] No rectory has existed – the benefice before becoming the present vicarage serving four churches in the wider area was a perpetual curacy — a relevant fact for the purposes of chancel repair liability that therefore cannot exist.[7] In the 1960s and 1970s, the population of the town increased, partly by an extensive programme of clearances and redevelopment in the town centre, and partly by the development of housing estates on the outskirts, such as Roundhills and Ninefields.

Governance

Waltham Abbey Town Hall

There are three tiers of local government covering Waltham Abbey, at parish (town), district and county level: Waltham Abbey Town Council, Epping Forest District Council and Essex County Council. The town council is based at Waltham Abbey Town Hall on Highbridge Street.[11]

Waltham Abbey has formed part of the Epping Forest parliamentary constituency since 1974, represented by Dame Eleanor Laing MP of the Conservative Party since 1997. Prior to 1974, the town formed part of the Epping constituency, served by Sir Winston Churchill as its Member of Parliament between 1924 and 1945.[12]

Administrative history

The ancient parish of Waltham Holy Cross was in the Waltham Hundred of Essex.[13] The parish was divided into the township of Waltham Abbey and the hamlets of Upshire, Holyfield, and Sewardstone.[4] The parish was included in the Metropolitan Police District in 1840.

The whole parish was made a local board of health district in 1850, governed by a local board.[14] Such districts were reconstituted as urban districts in 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894, so it became the Waltham Holy Cross Urban District.[13] The urban district council built itself the Town Hall in 1904 to serve as its headquarters.[15]

As it formed part of the Registrar General's definition of the Greater London Conurbation, the urban district formed part of the review area for the Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London. However, it did not subsequently become part of the Greater London administrative area created in 1965, because it was surrounded by the Metropolitan Green Belt and had limited connection to the London built-up area.[16]

The urban district was abolished in 1974 to become part of the new Epping Forest District.[17] A successor parish was created covering the former Waltham Holy Cross Urban District, but with the new parish being named Waltham Abbey rather than Waltham Holy Cross.[6] The new parish council created in 1974 resolved that the parish should have the status of a town under the Local Government Act 1972, allowing it to take the name Waltham Abbey Town Council.[18][11]

Geography

The River Lea, which forms the county boundary with Hertfordshire, is the town's western boundary, and the eastern boundary runs through Epping Forest. The land rises gradually from the marshes and meadows by the river to a small plateau of london clay in the east, 60–90 metres above sea level, capped in the highest parts by the sand and gravel of Epping Forest. On the river the elevations range from 22m in the northwest[n 1] to 13.5m in the southwest[n 2]. To the southwest, occupying a former course of the River Lea, is the King George V Reservoir, opened in 1913. Cobbins Brook, a tributary of the River Lea, crosses the parish from east to west. Waltham Abbey parish includes in its 41 km2 the villages and hamlets of High Beach, Holyfield, Sewardstone and Upshire. The M25 motorway runs to the south of the town through the middle of the parish and can be accessed east of the town at Junction 26 via Honey Lane or the rural relief road, the A121 directly south of the motorway.[19]

The north-west of the parish contains part of the Lee Valley Park. Most of the parish, and the majority of its population, are within the Waltham Abbey post town of the EN postcode area. However, lightly populated parts to the south are within the Loughton post town of the IG postcode area, and the Sewardstone and Gilwell Park areas to the southwest are within the E postcode area of the London post town.

The main settlement in the parish is the town of Waltham Abbey, and the other smaller settlements are the hamlets of Claverhambury, Fishers Green, Holyfield, High Beach, Sewardstone and Upshire.

Claverhambury consists of approximately 15 homes and farms by two woods, Deerpark Wood and Stockings Grove, to the north-east of the town centre. Its bounds are the eastern slopes of Galley Hill. The western side of this hilltop is wooded. It is directly south of Epping Long Green, a tall ridge topped by the Stort Valley Way footpath between the towns of Epping and Harlow.[20][19]

Fishers Green is a locality 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the town of Waltham Abbey on the B194 road on the section known as the Crooked Mile.

Holyfield consists of approximately 11 homes and farms and is mostly on the western slopes of Monkham's Hill, near the top of which is situated Monkham's Hall.[21] Seven buildings in the hamlet are architecturally listed.[22] In the west are plant nurseries above lakes of the River Lea, and an arboretum and tree nursery separate the hamlet from the town to the south. It is located at grid reference grid reference TL385035.

View of the City of London skyline from Monkhams Hill

Watercourses

Over the centuries many channels have been dug to divide the River Lea and drain the westernmost land. These channels flow southward across Cheshunt Marsh and part of Waltham Abbey parish;[23][24]

Tributaries of the Lea River System

  • Cobbins Brook flows through the town from the east and northeast.

Demography

As of the 2021 census, the population of the built-up area of Waltham Abbey was 18,645, an increase from 17,746 in 2011.[25] The population of the wider civil parish was 22,859, an increase from 21,149 in 2011.[26] 82% of the population of the parish live in the built-up area of Waltham Abbey.

As of the 2021 census, the population of the civil parish was 22,859, an increase from 21,149 in 2011. The majority of the population (82%) resides in the town of Waltham Abbey, which had a 2021 population of 18,647. The 2021 census showed that 74.6% of the civil parish population identified as White British. 63.8% of the civil parish population was Christian at the 2011 census, with 25.3% declaring themselves irreligious. Minority religious groups include the Muslim and Jewish populations, forming 1.7 and 1.1 percent of the population respectively.[27]

Waltham Abbey civil parish
Ethnic Group 2001[28] 2011[29] 2021
Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 19,536 95.8% 19,316 91.3% 19,009 83.2%
White: English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British 18,742 91.9% 18,115 85.7% 17,060 74.6%
White: Irish 266 1.3% 247 1.2% 276 1.2%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – 36 0.2% 21 0.1%
White: Romani – – – – 34 0.1%
White: Other 528 2.6% 918 4.3% 1,618 7.1%
Asian: Total 249 1.2% 448 2.1% 810 3.5%
Asian or Asian British: Indian 159 0.8% 174 0.8% 315 1.4%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani 19 0.1% 70 0.3% 170 0.7%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi 0 0% 23 0.1% 46 0.2%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese 46 0.2% 68 0.3% 56 0.2%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 25 0.1% 113 0.5% 223 1%
Black: Total 328 1.6% 732 3.5% 1,327 5.8%
Black or Black British: African 87 0.4% 295 1.4% 605 2.6%
Black or Black British: Caribbean 213 1% 363 1.7% 522 2.3%
Black or Black British: Other Black 28 0.1% 74 0.3% 200 0.9%
Mixed: Total 236 1.2% 528 2.5% 1,008 4.4%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean 113 0.6% 237 1.1% 384 1.7%
Mixed: White and Black African 25 0.1% 46 0.2% 138 0.6%
Mixed: White and Asian 57 0.3% 129 0.6% 165 0.7%
Mixed: Other Mixed 41 0.2% 116 0.5% 321 1.4%
Other: Total 39 0.2% 125 0.6% 705 3.1%
Other: Arab – – 23 0.1% 63 0.3%
Other: Any other ethnic group 39 0.2% 102 0.5% 642 2.8%
Total 20,388 100% 21,149 100% 22,859 100%

Landmarks

Abbey Church

The nave of Waltham Abbey

The medieval Waltham Abbey Church was kept as it was close to a town and is still used as a parish church. In addition there are other remains of the former abbey – the Grade II*listed Midnight Chapel,[30] the gatehouse, a vaulted passage and Harold's Bridge – all in the care of English Heritage. [31] These grounds are notable for the reputed grave of Harold II or "Harold Godwinson", the last Anglo-Saxon King of England.

Local museum

Housed in a building dating back to 1520 is the Epping Forest District Museum, which tells the story of the people who have lived and worked in this part of south Essex from the earliest times to the present.[32]

Royal Gunpowder Mills

On the site of a former gunpowder factory another museum illustrates the evolution of explosives and the development of the Royal Gunpowder Mills (an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage) through interactive and traditional exhibitions and displays. The site hosts living history and battle re-enactment events most summer weekends and also offers a self-guided nature walk that shows visitors the ecology that has reclaimed much of the remaining 175 acres (0.71 km2).

Architecturally notable buildings

The Welsh Harp Inn
  • The Welsh Harp in the Market Square is a half-timbered inn, mostly dating from the 15th century. The Lychgate passage beside the inn leads to the churchyard.[33]
  • A former inn, at the corner of Sun Street and the Market Square, is now a barbers. A carved wooden bracket in the form of a hermaphrodite holding a jug supports the projecting upper storey.
  • Waltham Abbey Town Hall in Highbridge Street, dating from 1904, is a fine and rare example of an Art Nouveau public building.
  • Two notable 18th-century buildings are Essex House in Sewardstone Street and St. Kilda's in Highbridge Street.
  • At Upshire is a group of cottages known as the Blue Row. They are weatherboarded and with bark still visible on the roof.[34]

Regional park

The former gravel pits in the Lea Valley and parts of the former Abbey Gardens are now in the care of the Lee Valley Regional Park Authority for recreational use and nature conservation.

Tourism Centre

The Epping Forest Conservation Centre in High Beach provides information, maps, books, cards, displays and advice for visitors to the area.

Transport

There are no railway lines or stations in Waltham Abbey itself, although there are several located nearby. Waltham Cross railway station opened in 1840. It is less than a mile from the centre of Waltham Abbey but lies over the border in Hertfordshire. That station was called "Waltham" from 1840 to 1882 when it was renamed "Waltham Cross". It was renamed again in 1894 to "Waltham Cross and Abbey", but reverted to "Waltham Cross" in 1969.

Other nearby stations include Chingford and Cheshunt. The nearest London Underground station is Loughton, on the Central line.

Several bus routes are operated in Waltham Abbey, some of which were originally operated by London Transport.

The last remaining London Buses route that runs through Waltham Abbey is route 215 from Lee Valley Camp Site to Walthamstow Central. Other current bus routes include Arriva 66 (Waltham Cross to Loughton, previously 250/255/555), Arriva 251 (Hammond Street to Upshire), Vectare 505 (Harlow to Waltham Cross. Harlow to Waltham Abbey Saturdays only), Vectare 13/13A/13B/13C (Waltham Cross to Epping/North Weald)

Former London Buses routes in Waltham Abbey include route 242 (Chingford Station to Potters Bar via Cheshunt), route 250 (Waltham Cross to South Woodford via Loughton), route 317 (Enfield Town to Upshire) and route 279/night bus N279 (Smithfield or Victoria to Upshire, nightly).

The M25 motorway runs through the town, with Junction 26 at Waltham Abbey.

Religion

The Grade II-listed Edwardian former Catholic church

The Anglican abbey church is dedicated to St Lawrence.[35] The town has long had a Catholic church. For some decades this was in a former Methodist chapel, an irregularly shaped Edwardian building of stone-dressed red brick with a roof of Welsh slate tiles in free late gothic style with a belfry. In 2008 the congregation moved to a more modern building, and sold the former building to an Evangelical Free church.[36]

Sport

Waltham Abbey has one senior non-League football club, Waltham Abbey F.C. which plays at Capershotts.

Waltham Abbey is also home to the Essex Arrows Baseball Club, founded by local resident, Louis Courtney in 1981 and later affiliated to the British Baseball Federation in 1984 by Phil Chesterton.[citation needed]

Notable residents

Coat of arms

Coat of arms of Waltham Abbey
Notes
Granted 9 November 1956, to the Waltham Holy Cross Urban District Council. Transferred to Waltham Abbey Town Council in 1974.[39]
Crest
Out of a Coronet composed of six Fleurs-de-Lys set upon a Rim Or a demi-Stag at gaze proper charged on the shoulder with a Fountain and holding in the mouth a Seaxe the blade Argent the hilt and pommel Or mantled Gules doubled Argent.
Escutcheon
Argent on a Cross engrailed Sable a Lion's Face between four Crosses bottonnée Or.
Motto
Sanctae Nomine Crucis [40]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ At Holyfield Marsh
  2. ^ West of the road Sewardstone Gardens at the foot of Yardley Hill and on the border with Chingford

References

  1. ^ "Waltham Abbey parish". City Population. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  2. ^ "Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021". Census 2021. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  3. ^ Youngs, Frederic (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England: Volume 1, Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society. p. 154. ISBN 0 901050 67 9.
  4. ^ a b W.R. Powell, ed. (1966). "Waltham Holy Cross: Introduction and manors". A History of the County of Essex: Volume 5. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  5. ^ Page, William (1912). A History of the County of Hertford: Volume 3. London: Victoria County History. pp. 441–458. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  6. ^ a b "The Local Authorities etc. (Miscellaneous Provision) (No. 2) Order 1974", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1974/595, retrieved 30 September 2023
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h W.R. Powell, ed. (1966). "Waltham Holy Cross: Churches, schools and charities". A History of the County of Essex: Volume 5. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  8. ^ White's Directory of Essex, 1848
  9. ^ Waltham Abbey Vicarage Grade II*listing Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1124127)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  10. ^ Royal Gunpowder Mills, a museum by the site of the works, a Scheduled Ancient Monument, see listing Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1016618)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  11. ^ a b "Contact us". Waltham Abbey Town Council. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  12. ^ pixelstorm (14 October 2008). "Churchill's Elections". International Churchill Society. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  13. ^ a b 'Waltham Holy Cross: Economic history and local government', in A History of the County of Essex: Volume 5, ed. W R Powell (London, 1966), pp. 162-170. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol5/pp162-170 [accessed 29 June 2023].
  14. ^ "No. 21078". The London Gazette. 19 March 1850. p. 839.
  15. ^ "Waltham Abbey Character Appraisal" (PDF). Epping Forest District Council. p. 29. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  16. ^ Sharpe, LJ (1961). The Report of The Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London.
  17. ^ "The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1972/2039, retrieved 27 September 2023
  18. ^ "Local Government Act 1972: Section 245", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1972 c. 70 (s. 245), retrieved 30 September 2023
  19. ^ a b c [1]Ordnance survey website
  20. ^ Stort Valley Way Retrieved 1 December 2012
  21. ^ Winters, William. "The history of the ancient parish of Waltham Abbey, or Holy Cross". Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  22. ^ Map created by Ordnance Survey, courtesy of English Heritage
  23. ^ British History Retrieved 17 November 2008
  24. ^ Historic town accessment Retrieved 17 November 2008
  25. ^ "Waltham Abbey". City Population. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  26. ^ "QS201EW - Ethnic group". nomis. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  27. ^ "Data Viewer - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  28. ^ "Custom report - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  29. ^ "Data Viewer - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  30. ^ Grade II*listed Midnight ChapelHistoric England. "Details from listed building database (1337453)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  31. ^ The Abbey ruins a Scheduled Ancient Monument, see article on its surviving church and its listing Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1002181)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  32. ^ Epping Forest Museum Retrieved 9 August 2011
  33. ^ The Welsh Harp Retrieved 9 August 2011
  34. ^ The Blue Row Retrieved 9 August 2011
  35. ^ A church near you Retrieved 2 January 2018
  36. ^ Roman Catholic Church of St Thomas More and St Edward – Grade II listing Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1306376)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  37. ^ A. G. Rigg, "Durham, Lawrence of (c.1110–1154)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004) Retrieved 16 March 2016. Pay-walled.
  38. ^ Kate Silverton info Retrieved 17 January 2010
  39. ^ "The Local Authorities (Armorial Bearings) Order 1974", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1974/869
  40. ^ "Civic Heraldry of England". Robert Young. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
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