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Fishing industry in Peru
Chart of Peru's total catch of fish, including aquaculture, from 1960 to 2021
General characteristics
Coastline2,414 km (1,500 mi)[1]
EEZ area857,000 km2 (331,000 sq mi)[2]
Lake area5,220 km2 (2,020 sq mi)[1]
Land area1,279,996 km2 (494,209 sq mi)[1]
MPA area66,311 km2 (25,603 sq mi) *designated, only about 3,970 km2 (1,530 sq mi) fully implemented/protected[3]
EmploymentBetween 160,000 and 232,000 (2013)[4][5]
Fishing fleetLarge-scale: 661 Small-scale: 9,667 (2010)[6]
Consumption21.4 kg (47 lb) fish per capita (2007)[6]
Fisheries GDPUS$473 million (2006)[6]
Export valueUS$2.335 billion (2008)[6]
Import valueUS$60.6 million (2008)[6]
Harvest
Wild inland43,000 tonnes (47,000 tons) (2007)[6]
Aquaculture total43,000 tonnes (47,000 tons) (2008)[6]
Fish total7,353,000 tonnes (8,105,000 tons) (2008)[6]

Fishing in Peru has existed for thousands of years, first beginning with small fishing communities who lived off the sea.[7] By the 1400s, these communities became organized under the Inca Empire, and they had developed, or had already developed, economic specialization.[8]

Fishing and fisheries did not develop economically until post-World War II.[9] Economic development came as a result of the developing fishmeal industry, which largely depended on fishing Peruvian anchovetas. The industry led to the economy booming and growing and becoming the largest single-species fishery in the world; however, the industry collapsed in the 1970s as a result of the 1972 Peruvian anchoveta crisis.[10]

Peru continues fishing as a major sector. In 2008, the sector fished over 7.3 million tonnes of aquatic resources, from both the Pacific Ocean and from inland waters.[11] Most recently in 2021, the sector fished over 6.7 million tonnes of aquatic resources.[12] It is also the largest fishmeal producer, surpassing the EU's production by over 50,000 tonnes in 2018.[13]

Aquaculture is another industry that has seen major development and growth in recent years, expanding from just about 6,500 tonnes in 2000 to over 150,000 tonnes in 2021.[14]

Several governmental and non-profit organizations also exist that partake a great role in the Peruvian fishing industry, whether through creating and enforcing regulations, funding projects and programs, collecting data, and more.

Fishing Areas

Fishing largely takes place in the Pacific Ocean and along Peru's coastline, but there are some inland areas where fishing also takes place.

EEZ/Mar de Grau and marine protected areas (MPAs)

The Mar de Grau

The EEZ of Peru extends 200 nautical miles off the coast. The corresponding territorial claims that Peru has made also matches the area that the EEZ covers and is named the Mar de Grau, after Miguel Grau Seminario, a military officer who fought against Chile in the War of the Pacific. These territorial claims that Peru has made over the Pacific waters also extend about 200 nautical miles off the Peruvian coast.[15] In total, the area covered is about 857,000 km2 (~331,000 square miles), with about 4,030 km2 (~1,560 square miles) of that area designated for Peru's eight marine protected areas and for the four marine managed areas.[16]

Since 2017, non-profit organizations such as Oceana and the Wyss Foundation had been endorsing the creation of a marine protected area (MPA) in the Nazca Ridge, which would be the largest yet and bring the total percentage of Peru's EEZ under protection from 0.48% to about 6.5%, with the total proposed area being approximately 50,000 km2, or about 19,300 square miles.[17][18] Oceana itself granted about $845,000 in a two-year program to encourage the creation of the Nazca Ridge MPA, along with other goals like helping complete Peru's marine spatial planning.[19] In October of 2019, Peru's minister of the environment Fabiola Muñoz pledged to create the area by 2021.[20] At the United Nations Summit on Biodiversity, held on September 30, 2020,[21] Peru's president Martin Vizcarra announced that he would be creating the area by the end of 2020, also intending to protect 30% of Peru's waters by 2030.[18]

Map of the Nazca Ridge National Reserve (in yellow)

On June 5, 2021, a decree was made by the Peruvian government that officially established the Nazca Ridge National Reserve MPA, totaling an area of about 62,392 km2 (24,089 square miles).[22][23][24] In Spanish called the Reserva Nacional Dorsal de Nasca,[25] it covers approximately 7.3% of Peru's EEZ.[26] With its establishment, the percentage of Peru's EEZ that was under protection rose to about 7.8%, nearly 8%.[27] However, the management of the area is under harsh critique and has created controversy, as it still permits fishing in a direct-use zone to a depth as far as 1,000 meters, with only strict protection from 1,000 to 4,000 meters. Oceana and some 20 other organizations joined together and called the actions of fishing in protected areas as illegal, however, Peru's ministry responded claiming that the amount of fishing would be insignificant.[22]

Chile and Peru are believed to be the creators of the concept of EEZs, as in 1947, both governments agreed upon and established maritime zones 200 nautical miles off of each other's coasts.[28] Although the Peruvian government makes these territorial claims, the claims are not officially recognized by the United States.[29]

Inland areas

Inland areas also experience fishing, although on a smaller scale. Inland fishing occurs mainly in the Amazon Rainforest region of Peru, in the rivers and swamps. Fishing also occurs in the Peruvian Sierra and in Lake Titicaca, the largest lake in South America.[11] In 2007, the inland fisheries caught about 43,000 metric tons of fish. Much of the inland fishing, however, is largely artisanal and for subsistence, not necessarily commercial or for productive purposes.[30]

Fishing

Artisanal fishing

Man spearfishing at night in the Amazon basin in Peru.

Artisanal fishing is composed of... In 2008, artisanal fishers were reported to have caught about 721,000 tonnes, according to FAO, mostly for direct human consumption, or DHC.[11]

Commerical fishing

Commercial fishing...

Fishmeal and fish oil industry

A large part of commercial fishing in Peru is the fishmeal and fish oil industry.

Canned, frozen, and cured products

The remainder of commercial fishing results in canned, frozen, and cured products.

Recreational fishing

Recreational fishing in Peru...

Fished aquatic life

Marine life

Engraulis ringens, also known as the Peruvian anchoveta

A variety of marine life are fished in Peru. Approximately 220 species of marine life are fished, with 80% being finfish, 17% being invertebrates, and 2% being algae, with the remaining 1% being labeled as other resources.[11] The main fish caught is the Peruvian anchoveta, which, in 2022, accounted for about 86.7% of all marine landings.[31] The majority of Peruvian anchoveta landings are used for industrial purposes to create fishmeal and fish oil.

Crustaceans include those like the Panulirus gracilis, or the green spiny lobster, commonly fished by artisanal fishers using gillnets or their hands in the Tumbes region, in the north of Peru.[32] Catches for the species began first being recorded by FAO in 1974. The largest catch recorded by FAO was in 1998 when 669 tonnes were caught.[33] Most of the catch goes to restaurants, local markets, hotels, and consumers for consumption.[16][34] Marine crabs are also caught, and typically are used for direct human consumption. Penaeid shrimps are also caught, along with Pleuroncodes monodon, or the red squat lobster, which became abundant in the mid-1990s, and are typically caught unintentionally as bycatch by industrial ships and used as bait by smaller, artisanal ships.[16]

Bivalves that are fished commonly include the Chilean ribbed mussel, clams such as Gari solida and Semele corrugata, macha clam, Peruvian calico scallop, and some other bivalves. These other bivalves include razor clams, Venus clams, oysters, bean clams, mussels, Mexican cockles, and ark clams. All bivalves are typically caught by artisanal divers.[16] The Chilean ribbed mussel, known scientifically as Aulacomya atra, is the most significant, making up nearly half of all shellfish landings.[35] Catch for Aulacomya atra first began being recorded in 1953, and the year where the most amount were caught was 1976 at 16,385 tonnes; 2011 yielded over 9,100 tonnes.[36] Catch for the Peruvian calico scallop, or Argopecten purpuratus, first began being recorded in 1952, and in 2007 had over 93,000 tonnes of the scallop caught.[37]

Underwater photo of a jumbo flying squid

Cephalopods include the Changos octopus, the jumbo flying squid, and the Patagonian squid. Catch for the Changos octopus, scientifically known as Octopus mimus, has constantly fluctuated, entering a large growth period from 2015 to 2017, reaching its height in 2017 when about 6,300 tonnes were caught. However, after 2017, catch significantly crashed to only an average of about 1,100 tonnes.[38] The jumbo flying squid is the second-largest fishery in all of Peru and is also the largest artisanal fishery, involving over 11,000 fishers and over 3,000 fishing ships. It is also economically important, with 30% of the catch being exported to the US and Europe, generating over US$860 million per year.[39][40] The jumbo flying squid, known scientifically as Dosidicus gigas, was first recorded being caught in 1970. The 2000s saw a significant increase in the amount of jumbo flying squid caught, with the largest catch recorded in 2014 at over 556,000 tonnes; 2021 saw over 490,000 tonnes caught.[41][42][43] Catch for the Patagonian squid, known scientifically as Doryteuthis gahi and formerly as Loligo gahi, was first recorded in 1963, and the highest catch was recorded in 2003 at over 27,000 tonnes; 2011 yielded only about 2,200 tonnes.[44] Patagonian squid are mainly caught using small-scale fishing gear and are primarily used for direct human consumption.[16]

Gastropods commonly caught are the chocolate rock shell, swollen frog shell, concave ear moon snail, Chilean abalone, and limpets of the Fissurella genus.[16] Between 1970 and 1992, the catch for the chocolate rock shell, known scientifically as Thaisella chocolata, was recorded as 'caracol' under the mollusk category by IMARPE; The highest recorded catch was in 1989 with over 7,300 tonnes caught.[45][46] It is typically caught by artisanal divers and eaten fresh by locals or exported frozen.[47] The Chilean abalone, known scientifically as Concolepas concholepas, has had its catch recorded since 1990, peaking in that same year at over 7,700 tonnes; only about 1,200 tonnes were captured in 2011.[48]

Freshwater life

Some freshwater life are also fished in Peru.

Aquaculture

Person in Huancayo selling rainbow trout.

Aquaculture is said to have begun in 1934 following the introduction of rainbow trout to sports fishing, which became the first freshwater fish to be cultivated in Peru.[49] Since then, several other species of aquatic life have been used in the aquaculture sector of the fishing industry, a rapidly developing economic activity within Peru, run by both commercial and artisanal operations, in ocean and inland areas.[30] In 2021, aquaculture production in Peru was about 150,000 tonnes.[14]

Maritime aquaculture

Maritime aquaculture consists of several species; however, the two animals mainly cultivated that account for most, almost 100% in 2013, of the harvest are scallops and penaeid shrimps/prawns.[49][30]

Inland aquaculture

Inland aquaculture consists of a greater variety of species compared to maritime aquaculture; however, the two fishes that are most commonly cultivated are trout and tilapia, who accounted for about 97% of the harvest in 2013.[30][49]

Economic contribution

GDP contribution

The fishing industry is a major industry within Peru. In 2007, the sector accounted for a record 1.7% of the country's total GDP, although had declined to about 0.9% of the GDP in 2013, still remaining however a major industry. Exports accounted for about US$2.8 billion in 2013.[30] In 2020, the sector accounted for about 1.5% of Peru's GDP, and represented 7% of the total exports of Peru, at about US$3.3 billion.[50]

Employment

Originally in 1999, employment stood at about 121,629 workers, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, and in 2007, the FAO estimated there to be about 145,232 workers, with about 58% working to capture and extract, about 19% working to process, about 6% working in aquaculture, and the remaining approximation of 16% working in related activities.[11] In 2013, employment is said to have been around 160,000 workers, with about 59% working to capture and extract, about 16% working to process, about 9% working in aquaculture, and the remaining 17% working in related activities. In total, this would account for about 1% of Peru's workforce;[30] however, some sources claim that the fishing sector generated as high as 231,000 to 232,000 jobs in 2013, with the retailer section accounting for about 45% of the jobs, the primary sector accounting for about 32%, and the remaining 20% accounted for by the processing sector. By far, restaurants accounted for the most employment. In the primary sector, mainly men worked; in the processing sector, both men and women shared half-and-half of the employment; in the retail sector, women shared a small majority. As a whole, men mostly dominate employment in the fishery industry.[51][52]

Environmental concerns

Overfishing

Overfishing has been an issue in Peru concerning the fishing industry.

Pollution

Pollution...

Invasive species

Invasive species...

Climate change

Climate change...

Ministry of Production

Logo of the Ministry of Production of Peru

The Ministerio de la Producción (English: Ministry of Production of Peru), commonly known as PRODUCE, is the entity of the Peruvian executive branch responsible for formulating, executing, and supervising the policies of the fishery industry, aquaculture industry, MSEs, and other industries.[53]

IMARPE

The Instituto del Mar del Perú (English: Marine Institute of Peru), commonly knowns as IMARPE, is a specialized technical agency within the Ministry of Production that conducts research on the marine resources of Peru to act as an advisor for the state on policy regarding the use of those resources.[54][55]

Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera

The Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (English: National Fisheries Health Organization), commonly known as SANIPES, is a specialized technical agency within the Ministry of Production that investigates, regulates, and supervises the production chain in the fishing industry and aquaculture industry to ensure public safety and health.[56][57]

Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Pesquero

Front of the FONDEPES building

The Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Pesquero (English translation: National Fund for Fisheries Development), commonly known as FONDEPES, is a public executing agency within the Ministry of Production that helps to develop artisanal fishing and aquaculture nationwide to improve the industries in their favor and in a sustainable manner.[58]

Por la Pesca

Por la Pesca (English: For Fisheries) is a project created as a joint effort to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing (IUU fishing). It was created as a public-private partnership between the Walton Family Foundation and USAID, with the Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental leading the operation, along with its alliances, including REDES - Fishing Sustainability, Pro Delphinus, the Environmental Defense Fund, Future of Fish, the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership, The Nature Conservancy Peru, the World Wildlife Fund, and WildAid, along with several fishermen's associations.[59][60] WFF contributed about US$12.5 million, with USAID initially providing US$5.7 million. The organization was set to operate in Peru and Ecuador and was aiming to reduce IUU fishing by at least 30% over the next five years.[61][62] ADD MORE INFORMATION LATER

Instituto Humboldt

The Instituto Humboldt, completely named the Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (English: Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute) is a research institute within the Executive Branch of Colombia that conducts research on the biological diversity of Colombia.[63]

Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental

The Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental (English: Peruvian Society for Environmental Law) is a non-profit that...

Future of Fish

Future of Fish is a non-profit organization with the goal of ending overfishing.[64]

Pro Delphinus

Pro Delphinus is a not-for-profit organization in Peru dedicated to conserving endangered marine animals.[65]

SPRFMO

The South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation, commonly abbreviated as SPRFMO, is an inter-governmental organization that...[66][67]

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