Hällestad Runestones
The Hällestad Runestones are three runestones located in the walls of Hällestad Church in Torna-Hällestad, about 20 kilometers east of Lund in Skåne, southern Sweden. Their Rundata identifiers are DR 295, 296, and 297. DR 295 is notable because it is held to be raised in memory of a warrior who fell in the legendary Battle of the Fýrisvellir,[1] near Uppsala, Sweden between the Jomsvikings led by Styrbjörn the Strong and Styrbjörn's uncle Eric the Victorious, the king of Sweden, c. 985.[2] The other stones were raised by the same people, and they probably formed a monument together in memory of comrades lost in the battle. The Karlevi Runestone, the Egtved Runestone and the Sjörup Runestone may be connected to them.
DR 295
[edit]
This sandstone runestone, which is walled into the south-western corner of the church of Hällestad, has been known since the late 17th century.[3] The inscription begins in the left row on the front side and follows the boustrophedon order of reading.[4] The inscription is dated to the late 10th century, and shows an early dotted k-rune which represents the g-phoneme in aigi[1] It also contains an unusual dotted m-rune (
), which is however only for decorative purposes since it does not change the pronunciation[1] (compare the Transjö Runestone). An interesting detail is the fact that it calls Toki Gormsson "brother", which should be interpreted as "brother-in-arms" and not a biological brother.[1] The Viking Age warbands consisted of brotherhoods, where each member had equal worth, including the warchief who in this case was Toki Gormsson.[1] Toki was probably the son of the Danish king Gorm the Old, who died c. 958 or 959.[1] This Toki is not remembered by the Norse sagas but, unlike the sagas, the runestones constitute contemporary documentation.[1] Also notable is that the stone reports that the men went closest to Toki, meaning that the best warriors formed a shield circle around the warchief during battle in order to show fealty to their leader (compare with the Kålsta Runestone).[1] The hill which is referred to was probably a barrow in which the brothers-in-arms buried Toki according to the traditions of the time.[1]
Inscription
[edit]First line is transliteration; second is transcription in Old Norse.
:
askil
Æskel
:
sati
satti
:
stin
sten
:
þansi
þænsi
:
ift[iʀ]
æftiʀ
¶
:
tuka
Toka
:
kurms
Gorms
:
sun
sun,
:
saʀ
seʀ
:
hulan
hullan
:
¶
trutin
drottin.
:
saʀ
Saʀ
:
flu
flo
:
aigi
ægi
:
at
at
:
ub:¶:salum
Upsalum
Áskell placed this stone in memory of Tóki Gormr's son, to him a faithful lord. He did not flee at Uppsala.
satu
sattu
:
trikaʀ
drængiaʀ
:
iftiʀ
æftiʀ
:
sin
sin
:
bruþr
broþur
¶
stin
sten
:
o
a
:
biarki
biargi
:
stuþan
støþan
:
runum
runum.
:
þiʀ
Þeʀ
:
Valiant men placed in memory of their brother the stone on the hill, steadied by runes. They
(k)(u)(r)(m)(s)
Gorms
(:)
(t)(u)(k)(a)
Toka
:
kiku
gingu
:
(n)(i)(s)(t)[iʀ]
næstiʀ.
went closest to Gormr's Tóki.
DR 296
[edit]
This runestone is contemporary with the preceding runestone and it is made of granite. The inscription refers to Erra as Tóki's hemþægi or heimþegi (pl. heimþegar), meaning "home-receiver" (i.e., one who is given a house by another).[5] A total of six runestones in Denmark refer to a person with this title, the others besides DR 296 and DR 297 being DR 1, DR 3, DR 154, and DR 155. The use of the term in the inscriptions suggest a strong similarity between heimþegar and the Old Norse term húskarl (literally, "house man"), or housecarl. Like housecarls, heimþegar are in the service of a king or lord, of whom they receive gifts (here, homes) for their service.[5] Some, like Johannes Brøndsted, have interpreted heimþegi as being nothing more than a local Danish variant of húskarl.[6]
Inscription
[edit]:
oskautr
Asgotr
:
ristþi
resþi
:
stin
sten
:
þansi
þænsi
(:)
¶
(:)
(i)ftiʀ
æftiʀ
:
airu
Ærru,
:
brþur
broþur
:
sin
sin.
:
ian
Æn
:
¶
:
saʀ
saʀ
:
uas
was
:
him:þiki
hemþægi
:
tuka
Toka.
:
nu
Nu
:
¶
:
skal
skal
:
stato
standa
:
stin
sten
:
o
a
:
biarki
biargi.
:
Ásgautr raised this stone in memory of Erra, his brother. And he was Tóki's retainer. Now the stone will stand on the hill.
DR 297
[edit]
This runestone is contemporary with the preceding runestones and it is made of sandstone. It is probably made by the same runemaster as DR 295. Similar to DR 296, the inscription also refers to Ásbjôrn as being Toki's hemþægi.
Inscription
[edit]:
osbiurn
Æsbiorn,
:
him:þaki
hemþægi
:
tuka
Toka,
:
sati
satti
:
stin
sten
¶
:
þasi
þæssi
:
iftiʀ
æftiʀ
:
tuka
Toka,
:
bruþur
broþur
:
sin
sin.
:
Ásbjôrn, Tóki's retainer, placed this stone in memory of Tóki, his brother.
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Enoksen 1998:113
- ^ Thunberg, Carl L. (2012). Slaget på Fyrisvallarna i ny tolkning [The Battle of Fýrisvellir in a New Interpretation]. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. ISBN 978-91-981859-5-9.
- ^ Enoksen 1998:111
- ^ Enoksen 1998:111-112
- ^ a b Jesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 235–37. ISBN 0-85115-826-9.
- ^ Brøndsted, Johannes (1960). The Vikings. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
External links
[edit]- Arild Hauge's page on Danish runestones.
- Picture of DR 295.
- Picture 1 of DR 296.
- Picture 2 of DR 296.
- Picture of DR 297.
- Carl L. Thunberg (2012): Slaget på Fyrisvallarna i ny tolkning (The Battle of Fýrisvellir in a New Interpretation)
References
[edit]- Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). Runor : historia, tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun. ISBN 91-88930-32-7
- Rundata