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Kili Island

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Kili Island
Map of Kili Island.png
NASA Astronaut Photography image of Kili Island
Map of Kili Island.png
Map of the island
Kili Island is located in Marshall Islands
Kili Island
Kili Island
Geography
LocationNorth Pacific
Coordinates5°38′46″N 169°07′42″E / 5.64611°N 169.12833°E / 5.64611; 169.12833
ArchipelagoRalik
Total islands1
Area0.93 km2 (0.36 sq mi)
Highest elevation3 m (10 ft)
Administration
Marshall Islands
Demographics
Population415 (2021)
Ethnic groupsMarshallese

Kili Island or Kili Atoll (Marshallese: Kōle, [kɤlʲe][1]) is a small, 81 hectares (200 acres) (0.93 square kilometers (0.36 sq mi)) island located in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean. As of 2021, 415 people lived on the island,[2] many of whom were descended from islanders who originally lived on Bikini Atoll. They were relocated when they agreed to let the U.S. government temporarily use Bikini for nuclear testing in 1945, which they were told was of great importance to humankind,[3] though it is sometimes considered a forced relocation.[4] Kili Island became their home after two prior relocations failed. The island does not have a natural lagoon and cannot produce enough food to enable the islanders to be self-sufficient. It is part of the legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. The island is approximately 48 kilometers (30 mi) southwest of Jaluit. It is a good sized island for the Marshall Islands, but it is not an atoll with a lagoon.

History

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Captain Thomas Dennet of the British vessel Britannia sighted the atoll in 1797 on route from Australia to China and named it Hunter Island.[5]

Kili Atoll was claimed by the German Empire along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1885.[6] After World War I, the island came under the South Seas Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, it came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

Bikini Atoll residents arrive

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Main article: Bikini Atoll

Kili was uninhabited until November 2, 1948 when the United States government relocated the Bikini Atoll's indigenous population from Rongerik Atoll, where they had previously been relocated after their first relocation to Kwajalein Atoll failed. The islanders had consented to what they believed was temporary use of their island for nuclear tests, thinking they would be able to return to their island home within a few years.

On Kwajalein Atoll, the islanders were living in tents on a strip of grass alongside the airport runway. In June 1948 the Bikini residents chose Kili Island as a long-term home.[7] The small island was uninhabited and was not ruled by a paramount king, or iroij. In June the Bikini community chose two dozen men to accompany eight Seabees to Kili to begin constructing a village. In November 1948, the residents, now totaling 184 individuals, moved to Kili Island, but soon learned that the new location was incompatible with their traditional diet and lifestyle based on lagoon fishing.[7]

In 1957, the Bikini residents, without any legal representation, signed an agreement with the United States that gave the U.S. complete control of Bikini Atoll. The Bikini families also gave up the right for any future claims against the United States. In exchange, they received $25,000 in cash and an additional $300,000 trust fund that yielded a semi-annual interest payment of approximately $5,000, or about $15 per person per year. They were also given Kili Island and several islands in Jaluit Atoll.

In the 1980s, there was a lawsuit that was dismissed, but overall it was seen that the Bikini deserved more help. Two large multi-million dollar trust-funds were setup at the time as resettlement trust.[8] For the next decades everything seemed settled, the trust fund, amounting to over 70 million dollars delivered steady payments. Then, in 2017 the KBE leaders wanted unrestricted to access to the whole Trust fund. The United States had previously monitored expenditures, reluctantly agreed. With full control over the Trust Fund, the whole amount going from 70 million to 100 thousand by early 2023. This triggered a financial collapse on on Kili, with defaults on loans, salaries were no longer paid, and services were halted. This situation created a major crisis, with a large amount of finger pointing. There was criticism of officials in the USA, but in then end they had had no control over the expenditures in this time period. Because the 1980s settlement was seen that the"final" one, legally, they had already agreed that this was supposed to be ongoing aid to the Bikini islanders. But with the money all but gone, It created a tense situation for everybody involved, in that the money that had been set aside to care or the Bikini people, had been spent. This triggered investigations and protests.[9]

Limited sea access

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Kili cannot be reached by ship four months out of the year because of rough seas. The grass Kili Airport is served by Air Marshall Islands, although flights have been grounded when its aircraft are not operational, or when the runway is flooded by rising ocean .[10]

Education

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Marshall Islands Public School System operates Kili Elementary School.[11] Students are zoned to Jaluit High School in Jaluit Atoll.[12]

Food production

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Kili does not provide enough food for the transplanted residents. In 1949 the Trust Territory administration donated a 40-foot (12 m) ship for transporting copra between Kili and Jaluit Atoll. But the ship was washed by heavy surf onto the Kili reef in 1951 and was lost.[7]

The main agricultural product of the island is currently copra. Island produce consists of (in descending order of quantity) coconuts, limes, breadfruit, squash, bananas, papayas, and sugar cane. Fishing in the ocean around the island is difficult due to the lack of protection by a lagoon.

The small island, about 1/6 the size of Bikini Atoll which is 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) long, also suffers from overpopulation. As of 2015, the population is approximately 1000, composed primarily of descendants of refugees of Bikini. Residents must import food paid for by a settlement agreement with the United States government to supplement what they can grow locally.[13][7]

Each family on the island receives 2–3 shipments a year consisting of 1–2 boxes of frozen chicken, 2–4 50-lb bags of flour, and 2–4 bags of rice; this shipment is provided by the Bikinian government in conjunction with the U.S. government. Imports are overseen by the Bikini Public Works Department, which also maintains houses and runs the power plant on the island. There is currently a government effort to increase farming on the island, but the coral reef soil is poor. However, there is a small farm that produces melons and some vegetables. There are several small stores operated out of homes that provide nonperishable food items such as salt, Tabasco, candy, and canned items.[7]

Families on Kili live in cinderblock houses with air-conditioning and electricity. Most houses on Kili have kitchens, but many prefer to cook outdoors in cook-huts over an open flame.

Climate change impact

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Beginning in 2011 the resettled residents of Kili Island began to experience periods of ocean flooding they attribute to global warming. The highest point of Kili Island is only 3 meters (9.8 ft) above sea level. Ocean waves have covered portions of the island at least five times from 2011 to 2015, contaminating all of the wells on the island. The runway servicing the island is unusable during and after rains because it becomes extremely muddy. In August 2015, the Bikini Council passed a resolution requesting assistance from US government to modify terms of the Resettlement Trust Fund for the People of Bikini to be used for the population's relocation once again, this time outside of the Marshall Islands.[14][15]

Churches and education

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Kili has two Christian churches: the Assembly of God and Protestant church. There is an elementary school on Kili for students from Kindergarten to eighth grade. There is a class for each age group, in addition to one class for students with special needs. Classes typically range in size from 6 to 18 students. Some of the teachers are native to Kili, some come from neighboring islands. The Dartmouth Volunteer Teaching Program has placed 2–4 American volunteer teachers at the school every year since 2000. The teachers provide English language instruction in addition to other curricula because there are few instructional materials or books written in Marshallese.[16][17] The American volunteers stay and teach for one or more years. Toward the end of their eighth grade year, students must pass a standardized test to gain admission to public high school in Jaluit or Majuro.

References

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  1. ^ Marshallese-English Dictionary – Place Name Index
  2. ^ "Republic of the Marshall Islands 2021 Census Report, Volume 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report" (PDF). Pacific Community (SPC): Statistics for Development Division. Pacific Community. May 30, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  3. ^ "Commodore Ben H. Wyatt addressing the Bikini Island natives". americanhistory.si.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  4. ^ Kiste, Robert C. (1974). The Bikinians : a study in forced migration (PDF). Menlo Park, Calif.: Cummings Pub. Co. ISBN 0846537524. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  5. ^ Sharp, Andrew (1962). The Discovery of the Pacific Islands (Second ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 177–8.
  6. ^ Churchill, William (1920). "Germany's Lost Pacific Empire". Geographical Review. 10 (2): 84–90. Bibcode:1920GeoRv..10...84C. doi:10.2307/207706. JSTOR 207706.
  7. ^ a b c d e Niedenthal, Jack. "A Short History of the People of Bikini Atoll". Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  8. ^ Niedenthal, J. (July 1997). "A history of the people of Bikini following nuclear weapons testing in the Marshall Islands: with recollections and views of elders of Bikini Atoll". Health Physics. 73 (1): 28–36. doi:10.1097/00004032-199707000-00003. ISSN 0017-9078. PMID 9199216.
  9. ^ Variety, Giff Johnson-For (2023-05-15). "Bikini resettlement trust fund money is history". Marianas Variety News & Views. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
  10. ^ "Air Marshall Islands only plane grounded". Radio New Zealand International. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  11. ^ "Public Schools Archived 2018-02-21 at the Wayback Machine." Marshall Islands Public School System. Retrieved on February 21, 2018.
  12. ^ "Annual Report 2011-2012 Archived 2018-02-22 at the Wayback Machine." Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands). Retrieved on February 22, 2018. p. 54 (PDF p. 55/118). "As such, Jaluit High School enroll students from the Ralik and Iolab school zones including schools from Ebon, Namdrik, Kili, Jaluit, Ailinglaplap, Jabat, and Namu."
  13. ^ "Pacific's A-bomb refugees now face climate threat". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  14. ^ Johnson, Giff (8 August 2015). "Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again". RNZI. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  15. ^ Gwynne, S. C. (October 17, 2012). "Paradise With an Asterisk". Outside Magazine. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  16. ^ "Dartmouth Volunteer Teaching Program – Idealist". idealist.org. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  17. ^ "The Educational Priorities of the People of Bikini". Bikini Atoll. Archived from the original on 2009-02-19. Retrieved 2009-03-30.

Further reading

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