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Gary Kildall

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Gary Kildall
Kildall at the European Development Centre (EDC) in Hungerford, United Kingdom, 1988
Born(1942-05-19)May 19, 1942
Seattle, Washington, U.S.
DiedJuly 11, 1994(1994-07-11) (aged 52)
Monterey, California, U.S.
Resting placeEvergreen Washelli Memorial Park
Alma materUniversity of Washington[1][2]
Occupations
  • Computer scientist
  • entrepreneur
Years active1972–1994
Known for
TitleFounder, chairman and CEO of Digital Research
Board member ofDigital Research
Spouse(s)Dorothy McEwen Kildall
Karen Kildall[3]
ChildrenScott and Kristen[4]
Signature
Gary

Gary Arlen Kildall (/ˈkɪldˌɔːl/; May 19, 1942 – July 11, 1994) was an American computer scientist and microcomputer entrepreneur. During the 1970s, Kildall created the CP/M operating system among other operating systems and programming tools,[5] and subsequently founded Digital Research, Inc. (or "DRI") to market and sell his software products.

Gary A. Kildall information plaque Pacific Grove, California, 801 Lighthouse Avenue

In 1974 in Pacific Grove, Kildall demonstrated the first working prototype of CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputer). Together with his invention of the BIOS (Basic Input Output System), his operating system allowed a microprocessor-based computer to communicate with a disk storage[6]. Kildall was among the earliest individuals to recognize microprocessors as fully capable computers (rather than simply as equipment controllers), and to organize a company around this concept.[7] Due to his accomplishments during this era, Kildall is considered a pioneer of the personal computer revolution.[7][8]

During the 1980s, Kildall also appeared on PBS as co-host (with Stewart Cheifet) of Computer Chronicles, a weekly informational program which covered the latest developments in personal computing. Although Kildall's entrepreneurial career in computing spanned more than two decades, he is mainly remembered in connection with his development of the CP/M operating system, an early multi-platform microcomputer OS, to which the later MS-DOS used on the IBM PC has many parallels.

Early life

Gary Kildall was born and grew up in Seattle, Washington, where his family operated a seamanship school. His father, Joseph Kildall, was a captain of Norwegian heritage. His mother Emma was of half Swedish descent, as Kildall's grandmother was born in Långbäck, Sweden, in Skellefteå Municipality, but emigrated to Canada at 23 years of age.[9]

Education

Kildall earned a Bachelor's degree in Mathematics in 1967 and a Master's degree in Computer Science in 1968, both from the University of Washington (UW). At one point, he had hoped to become a mathematics teacher. During his studies, Kildall became increasingly interested in computer technology and enrolled to attain a Ph. D. in Computer Science.[1][10]

Gary fulfilled a draft obligation to the United States Navy by teaching at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey, California.[11] Being within an hour's drive of Silicon Valley, Kildall heard about the first commercially available microprocessor, the Intel 4004. He bought one of the processors and began writing experimental programs for it. To learn more about the processors, he worked at Intel as a consultant on his days off.

Kildall briefly returned to UW and finished his doctorate in computer science in 1972,[2] then resumed teaching at NPS. He published a paper that introduced the theory of data-flow analysis used today in optimizing compilers[12] (sometimes known as Kildall's method), and he continued to experiment with microcomputers and the emerging technology of floppy disks.

Intel lent him systems using the 8008 and 8080 processors, and in 1973, he developed the first high-level programming language for microprocessors, called PL/M.[11] For Intel he also wrote 8008 and 8080 instruction set simulators named INTERP/8[13][14][15] and INTERP/80.[16] He created CP/M the same year to enable the 8080 to control a floppy drive, combining for the first time all the essential components of a computer at the microcomputer scale. He demonstrated CP/M to Intel, but Intel had little interest and chose to market PL/M instead.[11]

Business career

Digital Research house on 801 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, California. On the sidewalk, to the left, commemorative plaque.

CP/M

Main article: CP/M

In 1973 Kildall and Kathryn Strutynski developed the language PL/M[17] to produce CP/M, one the first operative system for personal computers, they used as reference their experience with the IBM mainframe computers and the operative system VM.

Kildall and his wife Dorothy established a company, originally called "Intergalactic Digital Research" (later renamed as Digital Research, Inc.), to market the operative system CP/M through advertisements in hobbyist magazines. Digital Research licensed CP/M for the IMSAI 8080, a popular clone of the Altair 8800. As more manufacturers licensed CP/M, it became a de facto standard and had to support an increasing number of hardware variations. In response, Kildall pioneered the concept of a BIOS, a set of simple programs stored in the computer hardware (ROM or EPROM chip) that enabled CP/M to run on different systems without modification.[11]

CP/M's quick success took Kildall by surprise, and he was slow to update it for high density floppy disks and hard disk drives. After hardware manufacturers talked about creating a rival operating system, Kildall started a rush project to develop CP/M 2.[18] By 1981, at the peak of its popularity, CP/M ran on 3000 different computer models and DRI had US$5.4 million in yearly revenues.[11]

Between 1983 and 1984, Digital Research offered several of their business and educational applications for the IBM PC on bootable floppy diskettes bundled with SpeedStart CP/M, a reduced version of CP/M-86 as a bootable runtime environment.[19]

IBM dealings

IBM approached Digital Research in 1980, at Bill Gates' suggestion,[20] to negotiate the purchase of a forthcoming version of CP/M called CP/M-86 for the IBM PC. Gary had left initial negotiations to his wife, Dorothy, as he usually did, while he and colleague and developer of MP/M operating system Tom Rolander used Gary's private aeroplane to deliver software to manufacturer Bill Godbout.[7][21] Before the IBM representatives would explain the purpose of their visit, they insisted that Dorothy sign a non-disclosure agreement. On the advice of DRI attorney Gerry Davis, Dorothy refused to sign the agreement without Gary's approval. Gary returned in the afternoon and tried to move the discussion with IBM forward, and accounts disagree on whether he signed the non-disclosure agreement, as well as whether he ever met with the IBM representatives.[22]

Various reasons have been given for the two companies failing to reach an agreement. DRI, which had only a few products, might have been unwilling to sell its main product to IBM for a one-time payment rather than its usual royalty-based plan.[23] Dorothy might have believed that the company could not deliver CP/M-86 on IBM's proposed schedule, as the company was busy developing an implementation of the PL/I programming language for Data General.[8] Also possible, the IBM representatives might have been annoyed that DRI had spent hours on what they considered a routine formality.[21] According to Kildall, the IBM representatives took the same flight to Florida that night that he and Dorothy took for their vacation, and they negotiated further on the flight, reaching a handshake agreement. IBM lead negotiator Jack Sams insisted that he never met Gary, and one IBM colleague has confirmed that Sams said so at the time. He accepted that someone else in his group might have been on the same flight, and noted that he flew back to Seattle to talk with Microsoft again.[21]

Sams related the story to Gates, who had already agreed to provide a BASIC interpreter and several other programs for the PC. Gates' impression of the story was that Gary capriciously "went flying", as he would later tell reporters.[24] Sams left Gates with the task of finding a usable operating system, and a few weeks later he proposed using the operating system 86-DOS—an independently developed operating system that implemented Kildall's CP/M API—from Seattle Computer Products (SCP). Paul Allen negotiated a licensing deal with SCP. Allen had 86-DOS adapted for IBM's hardware, and IBM shipped it as IBM PC DOS.[22]

Kildall obtained a copy of PC DOS, examined it, and concluded that it infringed on CP/M. When he asked Gerry Davis what legal options were available, Davis told him that intellectual property law for software was not clear enough to sue.[25] Instead Kildall only threatened IBM with legal action, and IBM responded with a proposal to offer CP/M-86 as an option for the PC in return for a release of liability.[26] Kildall accepted, believing that IBM's new system (like its previous personal computers) would not be a significant commercial success.[27] When the IBM PC was introduced, IBM sold its operating system as an unbundled option. One of the operating system options was PC DOS, priced at US$40. PC DOS was seen as a practically necessary option; most software titles required it and without it the IBM PC was limited to its built-in Cassette BASIC. CP/M-86 shipped a few months later six times more expensive at US$240, and sold poorly against DOS and enjoyed far less software support.[7]

Multi-Programming Monitor Control Program (MP/M)

Main article: MP/M

With the loss of the IBM deal, Gary and Dorothy found themselves under pressure to bring in more experienced management, and Gary's influence over the company waned. He worked in various experimental and research projects, such as a version of CP/M with multitasking (MP/M), created by Digital Research developer Tom Rolander in 1979. Kildall also worked on an implementation of the Logo programming language.[11] He hoped that Logo, an educational dialect of LISP, would supplant BASIC in education, but it did not.[28]

FlexOS

Main article: FlexOS

In 1985 Digital Research developed FlexOS, a modular real-time multiuser multitasking operating system (RTOS).[29][30]

Graphics Environment Manager (GEM)

Main article: GEM (desktop environment)

After seeing a demonstration of the Apple Lisa, Kildall oversaw the creation of DRI's own graphical user interface, called GEM, it was introduced on February 28th, 1985.[31] Novell acquired DRI in 1991 in a deal that netted millions for Kildall.[25]

Kildall resigned as CEO of Digital Research on 28 June 1985, but remained chairman of the board.[32]

Computer Chronicles

Main article: Computer Chronicles
See also: List of Computer Chronicles episodes

Kildall co-hosted a public television program produced by PBS called Computer Chronicles. It followed trends in personal computing. Gary co-hosted the program for seven years during the first eight seasons from 1983 to 1990. After this time the program continued through its 19th season, with the last episode aired on June 25, 2002.

Activenture

In 1984 Gary started another company, Activenture, which adapted optical disc technology for computer use, [33] using as reference the Red Book developed by Sony and Phillips in 1980. In 1985 the CD-ROM was presented by Philips and Sony, the same year Activenture was renamed KnowledgeSet.

The Electronic Enciclopedia

In June 1985 Digital Research released The Electronic Encyclopedia,[34], it was a CD-ROM version of Grolier's Academic American Encyclopedia[22][33][8]. It was the first computer encyclopedia, it included pictures in 1990 and audio and videos in 1992. The enciclopedia was acquired by Banta Corporation, it's last CD-ROM version was published in 2003.[35] .

Prometheus Light and Sound (PLS)

Kildall's final business venture, known as Prometheus Light and Sound (PLS) and based in Austin, Texas, developed a modular PBX communication system[11] that integrated land-line telephones with mobile phones (called "Intelliphone") to reduce the then-high online costs and to remotely connect with home appliances.[36]

Prometheus Light and Sound system included a UUCP-based store and forward system to exchange emails and files between the various nodes and was planned to include TCP/IP support at a later point in time.

Computer Animation

According to Brian Halla, Intel's technical liaison to Digital Research in the 1970s, Gary Kildall showed him a VAX 11/780 running in his house generating a Coke bottle spinning. According to Halla, Kildall sold it a few months later to Pixar. [37]

Personal life

Kildall self-described as a "greaser" during high school,[5]: 12  and his colleagues recall him as creative, easygoing, and adventurous. In addition to flying, he loved sports cars, auto racing, and boating, and had a lifelong love of the sea.[7][11]

I think I’ll make a cassette tape of the ‘IBM Flying Story.’ I’ll carry a few copies in my jacket to give out on occasion. There’s only one problem. I [will] tell this story [to someone], and after I’m done, the same person [will say], ‘Yeah, but did you go flying and blow IBM off?’

Gary Kildall, Computer Connections[8]

Although Kildall preferred to leave the IBM affair in the past and to be known for his work before and afterward, he continually faced comparisons between himself and Bill Gates, as well as fading memories of his contributions. A legend grew around the fateful IBM-DRI meeting, encouraged by Gates and various journalists,[24][38] suggesting that Kildall had irresponsibly taken the day off for a recreational flight.[8]

In later years, Kildall privately expressed bitter feelings about being overshadowed by Microsoft,[11] and began suffering from alcoholism.[25][39]

Selling DRI to Novell had made Kildall a wealthy man, and he moved to the West Lake Hills suburb of Austin. His Austin house was a lakeside property, with stalls for several sports cars, and a video studio in the basement. Kildall owned and flew his own Learjet and had at least one boat on the lake. While in Austin he also participated in volunteer efforts to assist children with HIV/AIDS. He also owned a mansion with a panoramic ocean view in Pebble Beach, California, near the headquarters of DRI.[11][8]

Computer Connections

In 1992, Kildall was invited to the University of Washington computer science program's 25th anniversary event. As a distinguished graduate of the program, Kildall was disappointed when asked to attend simply as an audience member. He also took offense at the decision to give the keynote speech to Bill Gates, a Harvard dropout who had donated to UW, but had never attended.[8]

In response, Kildall began writing a memoir, entitled Computer Connections: People, Places, and Events in the Evolution of the Personal Computer Industry.[25] The memoir,[17][40][5] which Kildall sought to publish, expressed his frustration that people did not seem to value elegance in computer software.[28]

Don't think for a minute that [Bill] Gates made it 'big time' because of his technical savvy.

Gary Kildall, Computer Connections[5]: 62 

Writing about Bill Gates, Kildall described him as "more of an opportunist than a technical type, and severely opinionated, even when the opinion he holds is absurd."[5]: 62 

In an appendix, he called DOS "plain and simple theft"[41] because its first 26 system calls worked the same as CP/M's.[42] He accused IBM of contriving the price difference between PC DOS and CP/M-86 in order to marginalize CP/M.[8]

Kildall had completed a rough draft of the manuscript by the end of 1993,[5] but the full text remains unpublished. Journalist Harold Evans used the memoir as a primary source for a chapter about Kildall in the 2004 book They Made America, concluding that Microsoft had robbed Kildall of his inventions.[8] IBM veterans from the PC project disputed the book's description of events, and Microsoft described it as "one-sided and inaccurate."[25]

In August 2016, Kildall's family made the first seven chapters of Computer Connections available as a free public download.[40][17][5]

Death

On July 8, 1994, at the age of 52,[10] Kildall sustained a head injury at the Franklin Street Bar & Grill, a biker bar in Monterey, California.[43] The exact circumstances of the injury are unclear. Various sources have claimed he fell from a chair, fell down steps, or was assaulted because he had entered the establishment wearing Harley-Davidson leathers.[23] Harold Evans, in They Made America, states that Kildall "stumbled and hit his head" inside the premises, and "was found on the floor."[8]

Following the injury, Kildall was discharged from the hospital twice. He was pronounced dead at the Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula, on July 11, 1994.

An autopsy, conducted on July 12, did not conclusively determine the cause of death.[42][4] Evans states that Kildall's head injury triggered a cerebral hemorrhage, causing a blood clot to form inside the skull.[8] A CP/M Usenet FAQ states that Kildall was concussed due to his injury, and died of a heart attack; the connection between the two is unclear.[44] "Medical evidence of chronic alcoholism was found during the autopsy"[45]

Initial news reports and police investigation viewed Kildall's death as a possible homicide. According to the coroner's report, Kildall's fatal injury may have taken place "as a result of foul play," and the case was referred to the Monterey Police Department. "We're going to investigate it as a possible homicide," said police Sgt. Frank Sollecito. "I'm not going to flat-out say it's a homicide".[45]

Kildall's body was cremated. His remains were buried in Evergreen Washelli Memorial Park, in north Seattle.[8]

Recognition

Following the announcement of Kildall's death, Bill Gates commented that he was "one of the original pioneers of the PC revolution" and "a very creative computer scientist who did excellent work. Although we were competitors, I always had tremendous respect for his contributions to the PC industry. His untimely death was very unfortunate and his work will be missed."[7]

In March 1995, Kildall was posthumously honored by the Software Publishers Association (SPA) for his contributions to the microcomputer industry:[46][47][11]

In April 2014, the city of Pacific Grove installed a commemorative plaque outside Kildall's former residence, which also served as the early headquarters of Digital Research.[53]

Steve Hauk wrote a play A Mild Concussion[54]. Later, with Stewart Cheifet, a second version of the play was written under the title The Forgotten Computer Genius. The play looks at the final days of a computer genius[55].

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kildall, Gary Arlen (December 1968). Experiments in large-scale computer direct access storage manipulation (M.Sc. thesis). University of Washington. Thesis No. 17341.
  2. ^ a b Kildall, Gary Arlen (May 1972). Global expression optimization during compilation (Ph.D. dissertation). Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Computer Science Group. Thesis No. 20506, Technical Report No. 72-06-02.
  3. ^ O'Connor, Rory J. "PC pioneer Kildall dies in Monterey". wearcam.org. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  4. ^ a b Markoff, John Gregory (1994-07-13). "Gary Kildall, 52, Crucial Player In Computer Development, Dies". The New York Times. p. D19. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Kildall, Gary Arlen (2016-08-02) [1993]. Kildall, Scott; Kildall, Kristin (eds.). Computer Connections: People, Places, and Events in the Evolution of the Personal Computer Industry (Manuscript, part 1). Kildall Family. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  6. ^ Almanzan, Krista (2014-04-24). "Recognizing the Legacy of Pacific Grove Inventor Gary Kildall". KAZU.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Special Edition: Gary Kildall". The Computer Chronicles. 1995. Archived from the original on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Evans, Harold; Buckland, Gail; Lefer, David (2004). They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-27766-2.
  9. ^ Andersson, Ulrika (2009-01-19). "Skellefteåättling kunde ha varit Bill Gates". Norra Västerbotten (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2009-05-24. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  10. ^ a b Bishop, Todd (2014-04-25). "'A real inventor': UW's Gary Kildall, father of the PC operating system, honored for key work". GeekWire. Retrieved 2022-06-22.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Swaine, Michael (1997-04-01). "Gary Kildall and Collegial Entrepreneurship". Dr. Dobb's Journal. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  12. ^ Kildall, Gary Arlen (1973-10-01). "A Unified Approach to Global Program Optimization" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1st Annual ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: 194–206. doi:10.1145/512927.512945. hdl:10945/42162. S2CID 10219496. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  13. ^ "XI. Appendices III. MCS-8 Software Package - Simulator". MCS-8 Microcomputer Set - 8008 - 8 Bit Parallel Central Processor Unit - Users Manual (PDF). Revision 4, Second Printing. Santa Clara, California, USA: Intel Corporation. 1974 [November 1973]. pp. 84–94. MCS-056-0574/25K. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2023-11-25. (132 pages)
  14. ^ Kildall, Gary Arlen (1974-06-27). "High-level language simplifies microcomputer programming" (PDF). Electronics. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 103–109 [108]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
  15. ^ "8008 Simulator INTERP/8" (PDF). Microcomputer Software. Santa Clara, California, USA: Intel Corporation. March 1975. Product Code 98-118A. MCS-514-0375/27.5K. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2023-11-25. (2 pages)
  16. ^ "8080 Simulator INTERP/80" (PDF). Microcomputer Software. Intel Corporation. March 1975. Product Code 98-119A. MCS-516-0375/27.5K. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2023-11-25. (2 pages)
  17. ^ a b c Shustek, Len (2016-08-02). "In His Own Words: Gary Kildall". Remarkable People. Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  18. ^ Eubanks, Gordon. Akass, Clive (ed.). "Interview: Gordon Eubanks, Former Student & CEO of Oblix, Inc". Recollections of Gary Kildall (Interview). DigitalResearch.biz. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  19. ^ http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/digitalResearch/brochures/CPM_PC_Applications_Library_Brochure_1983.pdf
  20. ^ Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. p. 358. ISBN 978-1476708690.
  21. ^ a b c Wallace, James; Erickson, Jim (1993). Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire. New York: HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-629-2.
  22. ^ a b c Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (2000) [1984]. Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer (2nd ed.). New York, N.Y., USA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.
  23. ^ a b Young, Jeffrey (1997-07-07). "Gary Kildall: The DOS That Wasn't". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2011-06-23. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  24. ^ a b Manes, Stephen; Andrews, Paul (1992). Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry—and Made Himself the Richest Man in America. Doubleday. ISBN 0-671-88074-8.
  25. ^ a b c d e Hamm, Steve; Greene, Jay (2004-10-25). "The Man Who Could Have Been Bill Gates - A new book says Gates got the rewards due Gary Kildall. What's the real story?". BusinessWeek. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 2012-06-29. Retrieved 2006-11-13.
  26. ^ Eubanks, Gordon (2000-11-08). Morrow, Daniel S. (ed.). "Gordon Eubanks Oral History" (PDF). Computerworld Honors Program International Archives (Interview). Cupertino, CA, USA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  27. ^ Rolander, Tom (2007-08-08). Scoble, Robert (ed.). "Scoble Show". PodTech.net (Interview). Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  28. ^ a b Rolander, Tom (1994-07-15). "In Memory of GARY A. KILDALL May 19, 1942 -- July 11, 1994". Tom Rolander's Website and Album (Memorial service). Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif., USA. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference Watt_1986_Reorg was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference BW_1991 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/concurrent/1090-1411-002_Concurrent_DOS_Brochure_1988.pdf
  32. ^ Burton, Kathleen (1985-07-29). "Cash-short Digital Research cuts staff, seeks investors". Computerworld - The Newsweekly for the Computer Community. Computer Industry. Vol. XIX, no. 30. Monterey, California, USA: CW Communications, Inc. p. 72. ISSN 0010-4841. Archived from the original on 2020-02-17. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  33. ^ a b Allan, Roy A. (2001). A History of the Personal Computer - The People and the Technology (ebook) (1 ed.). Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-9689108-3-1. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  34. ^ Stark, Craig L. (1986-04-29). "CD ROM Conference: Lured by 600 Megabytes on Disk". PC Magazine: 42. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  35. ^ "Tom Rolander - Serial entrepreneur and Emergent Farming co-founder". Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  36. ^ Huitt, Robert; Eubanks, Gordon; Rolander, Thomas "Tom" Alan; Laws, David; Michel, Howard E.; Halla, Brian; Wharton, John Harrison; Berg, Brian; Su, Weilian; Kildall, Scott; Kampe, Bill (2014-04-25). Laws, David (ed.). "Legacy of Gary Kildall: The CP/M IEEE Milestone Dedication" (PDF) (video transscription). Pacific Grove, California, USA: Computer History Museum. CHM Reference number: X7170.2014. Retrieved 2023-05-02. (33 pages) [1][2]
  37. ^ Douglas, Fairbairn. "Oral History of Brian L. Halla" (PDF). Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  38. ^ Cringely, Robert X. (1992). Accidental Empires: How the Boys of Silicon Valley Make Their Millions, Battle Foreign Competition, and Still Can't Get a Date. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0887308550.
  39. ^ Rivlin, Gary (1999). The Plot to Get Bill Gates. Crown Business. ISBN 978-0-8129-3006-1.
  40. ^ a b Perry, Tekla S. (2016-08-03). "CP/M Creator Gary Kildall's Memoirs Released as Free Download". IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
  41. ^ "A Career Spent in Gates' Shadow -- Computer Pioneer Dies at 52". www.tech-insider.org. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  42. ^ a b Andrews, Paul (1994-07-14). "A Career Spent in Gates' Shadow—Computer Pioneer Dies at 52". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  43. ^ Akass, Clive (2006-08-11). "The man who gave Bill Gates the world - Gary Kildall was one of the founding fathers of the PC but he is remembered now for his greatest mistake". Personal Computer World. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11.
  44. ^ Kirkpatrick, Don (1999-01-12). "comp.os.cpm Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
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  46. ^ Wharton, John Harrison (1994-08-01). "Gary Kildall, industry pioneer, dead at 52: created first microcomputer languages, disk operating systems". Microprocessor Report. 8 (10). MicroDesign Resources Inc. (MDR). Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  47. ^ "SPA Award to Dr. Gary A. Kildall: 1995 SPA Lifetime Achievement Award Winner". Software Publishers Association (SPA). 1995-03-13. Archived from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2019-12-21 – via www.digitalresearch.biz.
  48. ^ Kildall, Gary Arlen (June 1975), CP/M 1.1 or 1.2 BIOS and BDOS for Lawrence Livermore Laboratories
  49. ^ Kildall, Gary Arlen (January 1980). "The History of CP/M, The Evolution of an Industry: One Person's Viewpoint". Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia. 5 (1): 6–7. #41. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  50. ^ Killian, A. Joseph "Joe" (2001). "Gary Kildall's CP/M: Some early CP/M history - 1976-1977". Thomas "Todd" Fischer, IMSAI. Archived from the original on 2012-12-29. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
  51. ^ Fraley, Bob; Spicer, Dag (2007-01-26). "Oral History of Joseph Killian, Interviewed by: Bob Fraley, Edited by: Dag Spicer, Recorded: January 26, 2007, Mountain View, California, CHM Reference number: X3879.2007" (PDF). Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  52. ^ Digital Research (1981). XLT86 - 8080 to 8086 Assembly Language Translator - User's Guide (PDF). Pacific Grove, California, USA: Digital Research, Inc. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  53. ^ Sammon, John (2014-04-27). "Computer pioneer honored in Pacific Grove". The Monterey County Herald. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  54. ^ Hauk, Steve (2014-01-03). "A Mild Concussion: A Play in Two Acts". SteinbeckNow. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  55. ^ Hauk, Steve (1995). A mild concussion - The rapid rise and long fall of an idealistic computer genius - A play in two acts (Paper/Record) (Document). Computer History Museum. p. 85. Catalog Number: 102724428, Lot Number: X7075.2014. Gift of Steve Hauk

Further reading

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