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Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton

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Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton
A 1787 portrait of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton by Ralph Earl
Born
Elizabeth Schuyler

(1757-08-09)August 9, 1757
Albany, Province of New York, British America
DiedNovember 9, 1854(1854-11-09) (aged 97)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeTrinity Church Cemetery, New York City, U.S.
Other namesEliza, Betsey[1]
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1780; died 1804)​
Children
Parents
FamilySchuyler, Hamilton

Elizabeth Hamilton (née Schuyler /ˈskaɪlər/; August 9, 1757 – November 9, 1854[2]) was an American socialite and philanthropist. She was the wife of American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton and was a passionate champion and defender of Hamilton's work and efforts in the American Revolution and the founding of the United States.

She was the co-founder and deputy director of Graham Windham, the first private orphanage in New York City.[3] She is recognized as an early American philanthropist for her work with the Orphan Asylum Society.

Childhood and family

Schuyler was born in Albany, New York, the second daughter of Philip Schuyler, who would later be an American Revolutionary War general, and his wife, Catherine Van Rensselaer. The Van Rensselaers of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck were one of the wealthiest and most politically influential families in what was then the Province of New York.[4] She had 14 siblings, only seven of whom lived to adulthood, including Angelica Schuyler Church and Peggy Schuyler.[5][6][7]

Her family was among the wealthy Dutch landowners who settled around present-day Albany, New York in the mid-17th-century. Both her mother and father came from wealthy and well-regarded families.[8] Like many landowners of the time, her father was a slave owner, and Schuyler would have grown up around slavery.[9] Despite the unrest of the French and Indian War, which her father served in and which was fought in part near her childhood home, Schuyler's childhood was spent comfortably. From her mother, she learned how to read and sew.[citation needed]

Like most Dutch families of the area, her family belonged to the Reformed Dutch Church of Albany, which still stands; however, the original 1715 building, where Schuyler was baptized and attended services, was demolished in 1806.[10][11] Her upbringing instilled in her a strong and unwavering faith she would retain throughout her life.[citation needed]

When she was a girl, Schuyler accompanied her father to a meeting of the Six Nations, where she met Benjamin Franklin who stayed briefly with the Schuyler family during his travels.[12] She was said to have been something of a tomboy when she was young;[13][page needed] throughout her life, she displayed both strong will and impulsiveness, both of which were noted by her acquaintances. James McHenry, one of George Washington's aides who worked alongside her future husband, said, "Hers was a strong character with its depth and warmth, whether of feeling or temper controlled, but glowing underneath, bursting through at times in some emphatic expression."[12] Much later, the son of Joanna Bethune, one of the women she worked alongside to found an orphanage later in her life,[14] remembered that "Both [Elizabeth and Joanna] were of determined disposition ... Mrs. Bethune the more cautious, Mrs. Hamilton the more impulsive."[15]

Marriage to Alexander Hamilton

Elizabeth Hamilton depicted in a c. 1795 portrait by James Sharples

In early 1780, Schuyler went to stay with her aunt, Gertrude Schuyler Cochran, in Morristown, New Jersey,[citation needed] where she met Alexander Hamilton, one of Washington's aides-de-camp,[1] who was stationed with Washington and his men in Morristown for the winter of 1780.[16] Schuyler and Hamilton had met once before, but only briefly, when Hamilton dined with the Schuylers on his way back from a negotiation on Washington's behalf.[17] Also while in Morristown, Schuyler met and became friends with Martha Washington, a friendship they maintained for the rest of their husbands' respective political careers. Schuyler later said of Martha Washington, "She was always my ideal of a true woman."[12][18]

After meeting Schuyler in Morristown, Hamilton was so excited that he reportedly returned to the Continental Army's Morristown headquarters and had forgotten the password to gain admission to it.[8] The relationship between Schuyler and Hamilton quickly grew; even after he left Morristown a month later on a short mission to negotiate a prisoners exchange. While on the prisoner exchange, Hamilton wrote to Schuyler, continuing their relationship through letters.

After completing the prisoner exchange negotiations, Hamilton returned to Morristown, where Schuyler's father had arrived in his capacity as representative of the Continental Congress.[citation needed] In some of the correspondence between Hamilton and Schuyler, there had been some talk in at least one letter of a "secret wedding".[1] In early April 1780, they were officially engaged with her father's blessing, which was something of an anomaly for the family with Schuyler's two sisters, Angelica and Catherine, both eloping.

Hamilton followed the Continental Army when they decamped from Morristown in June 1780. In September that year, Schuyler learned that Major John André, head of the British Secret Service, had been captured in a foiled plot concocted by Benedict Arnold to surrender the fort of West Point to the British. André had once been a house guest in the Schuyler Mansion in Albany as a prisoner of war en route to the Province of Pennsylvania in 1775; Schuyler, then seventeen, might have had a juvenile crush on the young British officer[citation needed] who had once sketched for her. Hamilton, while envious of André for his actions during the war, promised Schuyler he would do what he could to treat the British intelligence chief accordingly; he even begged Washington to grant André's last wish of execution by firing squad instead of by hanging, but Andre was hanged. After two more months of separation punctuated by their correspondence, on December 14, 1780, Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler were married at the Schuyler Mansion.

After a short honeymoon at the Pastures, her childhood home in Albany, New York, Alexander Hamilton returned to the Continental Army and the Revolutionary War in early January 1781. Elizabeth Hamilton soon joined him in New Windsor, New York, where Washington's Continental Army was now stationed, and she rekindled her friendship with Martha Washington as they entertained their husbands' fellow officers.[19] Soon, however, Washington and Alexander Hamilton had a falling out, and the newlywed couple moved, first back to Elizabeth's father's house in Albany, then to a new home across the river from the New Windsor headquarters.[20] There, Elizabeth busied herself in creating a home for them and in aiding Alexander with his political writings, including parts of his 31-page letter to Robert Morris, in which Alexander communicated his extensive understanding of government finance, which he later employed as the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury during Washington's presidency. Parts of the letter to Morris are in Elizabeth's handwriting.[21]

Soon Elizabeth moved again, this time back to her parents' house in Albany. This may have coincided with the discovery that she was pregnant with their first child, who was born the following January and named Philip, in honor of Elizabeth's father. While apart, Alexander wrote her numerous letters assuring her not to worry for his safety; in addition, he wrote her concerning confidential military secrets, including the lead-up to the Battle of Yorktown that autumn.[22] Meanwhile, the Revolutionary War began raging close to her home, when a group of British soldiers stumbled upon her residence at the Pastures, seeking supplies. According to some accounts, the family was spared from any losses thanks to her sister Peggy, who told the British soldiers that her father had gone to town to get help, which caused them to flee from the area.[23]

After the Battle of Yorktown, which was won decisively by American forces and led the British to recognize their defeat in the war, Alexander rejoined Elizabeth in Albany, where they remained for almost another two years prior to relocating to New York City in late 1783.[24] On September 25, 1784, Elizabeth gave birth to her second child, Angelica, named after Elizabeth's older sister.[citation needed]

In 1787, Elizabeth sat for a portrait, painted by Ralph Earl while Earl was being held in debtors' prison. Alexander heard of Earl's predicament and asked if Elizabeth might be willing to sit for him, to allow him to make some money and eventually buy his way out of prison, which he subsequently did.[25] At this time, she and Alexander had three young children; their third child, Alexander Jr., was born in May 1786, and she may have been pregnant then with their fourth child, James Alexander, who was born the following April.[citation needed]

The same year, in 1787, Elizabeth and Alexander took into their home Frances Antill, the two-year-old youngest child of Hamilton's friend Colonel Edward Antill, whose wife had recently died.[26] In October that year, Angelica wrote to Alexander, "All the graces you have been pleased to adorn me with fade before the generous and benevolent action of my sister in taking the orphan Antle [sic] under her protection."[27] Two years later, Colonel Antill died in Canada, and Frances continued to live with the Hamiltons for another eight years, until an older sister was married and able to take Frances into her own home.[27] Later, James Alexander Hamilton would write that Frances "was educated and treated in all respects as [the Hamiltons'] own daughter."[27]

The Hamiltons had an active social life, often attending the theater and various balls and parties. "I had little of private life in those days," she would remember.[28] At the first Inaugural Ball, Elizabeth danced with George Washington;[29] when Thomas Jefferson returned from Paris in 1790, she and Alexander hosted a dinner for him.[30] After Alexander became Treasury Secretary in 1789, her social duties increased. "Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. [Sarah] Jay and Mrs. [Lucy] Knox were the leaders of official society," an early historian wrote in 1897.[31] She also managed the Hamilton household;[9] James McHenry once noted to Alexander that Elizabeth had "as much merit as your treasurer as you have as treasurer of the United States."[32]

Elizabeth also continued to aid Alexander throughout his political career, serving as an intermediary between him and his publisher when he was writing The Federalist Papers,[33] copying out portions of his defense of the Bank of the United States,[34] and sitting up with him so he could read Washington's Farewell Address out loud to her as he wrote it.[35] Meanwhile, she continued to raise her children; a fifth child, John Church Hamilton, was born in August 1792. She maintained their household through multiple moves between New York City, Philadelphia, and Albany.

While in Philadelphia, around November 24, 1794, Elizabeth suffered a miscarriage[36] in the wake of her youngest child falling extremely ill and her worries over Alexander's absence during his armed suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion.[37] Hamilton resigned from public office immediately afterwards[38] in order to resume his law practice in New York and remain closer to his family.[39]

In 1797, an affair came to light that had taken place several years earlier between Alexander and Maria Reynolds, a young woman who first approached Hamilton for monetary aid in the summer of 1791. Elizabeth evidently did not believe the charges when they were first leveled against her husband: John Church, her brother-in-law, on July 13, 1797, wrote to Alexander that "it makes not the least Impression on her, only that she considers the whole Knot of those opposed to you to be [Scoundrels]."[40] After returning home to Eliza on July 22[41] and assembling a first draft dated July 1797,[42] on August 25, 1797, Alexander published a pamphlet, later known as the Reynolds Pamphlet, admitting to his one-year adulterous affair in order to refute the charges that he had been involved in speculation and public misconduct with Maria's husband James Reynolds.[43]

Elizabeth was, at the time, pregnant with their sixth child. Despite her advanced pregnancy and her previous miscarriage of November 1794, her initial reaction to her husband's disclosure of his past affair was to leave Alexander in New York and join her parents in Albany, where their son William Stephen was born on August 4, 1797. She returned to her marital house in New York City in early September 1797, in part because the local medical doctor had been unable to cure their eldest son Philip, who had accompanied her to Albany and contracted typhus. Elizabeth and Alexander reconciled and remained married, and had two more children together. The first, Elizabeth, named for Elizabeth, was born on November 20, 1799. Before their eighth child was born, however, they lost their oldest son, Philip, who died in a duel on November 24, 1801. After being shot on the dueling field, Philip was brought to Angelica and John Church's house, where he died with both of his parents next to him. Their last child, born the next June in 1802, was named Philip in his honor.[44]

During this time, Alexander commissioned John McComb Jr. to construct the Hamilton family home. In 1802, the same year that Philip was born, the house was built and named Hamilton Grange, after Alexander's father's home in Scotland. Elizabeth and Alexander continued to live together in a caring relationship in their new home that can be seen in letters between the two at the time. When Elizabeth went away attending her mother's funeral in 1803, Alexander wrote to her from the Grange Estate, telling her:

I am anxious to hear of your arrival at Albany and shall be glad to be informed that your father and all of you are composed. I pray you to exert yourself and I repeat my exhortation that you will bear in mind it is your business to comfort and not to distress.[45]

Burr-Hamilton Duel

Main article: Burr-Hamilton Duel

Elizabeth and her husband would not get to enjoy their newly built home together long. Two years later, on July 11, 1804, Alexander was mortally wounded by his foe, then U.S. vice president Aaron Burr, in the Burr-Hamilton Duel in Weehawken, New Jersey.

Prior to the duel, Alexander, seemingly anticipating his possible death, wrote Elizabeth two letters, telling her:

The consolations of Religion, my beloved, can alone support you; and these you have a right to enjoy. Fly to the bosom of your God and be comforted. With my last idea; I shall cherish the sweet hope of meeting you in a better world. Adieu best of wives and best of Women. Embrace all my darling Children for me.

Alexander Hamilton died on July 12, 1804, with Elizabeth and all seven of his surviving children by his side.

Later life

Elizabeth Hamilton, 1825 portrait by Henry Inman
Elizabeth Hamilton at 94

In the year before the Burr-Hamilton Duel, Eliza's mother, Catherine, died suddenly.[46] A few months later, Eliza's father Philip also died. She also had experienced the death of two of her siblings who lived to adulthood, Peggy and John, both of whom had died by this point.[47]

After her husband's death in 1804, Hamilton was left to pay Alexander's debts. The Grange, their house on a 35-acre estate in Upper Manhattan, was sold at public auction; however, she was later able to repurchase it from the executors, who decided that Hamilton could not be publicly dispossessed of her home, and purchased it themselves to sell back to her at half the price. In November 1833, at the age of 76, Hamilton resold The Grange for $25,000 ($789,310 in 2023), funding the purchase of a New York City townhouse, the Hamilton-Holly House, where she lived for nine years with two of her grown children, Alexander Hamilton Jr. and Eliza Hamilton Holly, and their spouses. Hamilton was also able to collect Alexander's pension from his service in the Continental Army from Congress in 1836 for money and land. In 1848, she departed New York City for Washington, D.C., where she lived with her widowed daughter Elizabeth until 1854.[citation needed]

In 1798, Hamilton had accepted her friend Isabella Graham's invitation to join the descriptively named Society for the Relief of Poor Widows with Small Children that had been established the previous year. In 1806, two years after her husband's death, along with several other women including Joanna Bethune, she founded the Orphan Asylum Society.[48][49][50] Eliza was appointed second directress, or vice-president.[51] In 1821, she was named first directress, and served for 27 years in this role, until she left New York in 1848. In those roles, she raised funds, collected needed goods, and oversaw the care and education of over 700 children.[51] By the time she left she had been with the organization continuously since its founding, a total of 42 years.[citation needed] The New York Orphan Asylum Society continues to exist as a social service agency for children, today called Graham Windham.[51] Hamilton's philanthropic work in helping create the Orphan Asylum Society has led to her induction into the philanthropy section of the National Museum of American History, showcasing the early generosity of Americans that reformed the nation.[52]

Hamilton also defended Alexander against his critics in a variety of ways following his death, including by supporting his claim of authorship of George Washington's Farewell Address and by requesting an apology from James Monroe over his accusations of financial improprieties. Hamilton wanted a full official apology from Monroe, which he did not give until they met in person to talk about Alexander shortly before his passing. In 1846, Hamilton petitioned Congress to publish her husband's writings.[citation needed]

Hamilton remained dedicated to preserving her husband's legacy. She re-organized all of Alexander's letters, papers, and writings with the help of her son, John Church Hamilton, and persevered through many setbacks in getting his biography published.[53] With Hamilton's help John C. Hamilton would go on to publish History of the Republic of the United States America, as Traced in the Writings of Alexander Hamilton and his Contemporaries. History of the Republic would set the bar for multiple future biographies of Alexander Hamilton that were written over time.[citation needed] Hamilton was so devoted to Alexander's writings that she wore a small package around her neck containing the pieces of a sonnet that Alexander wrote for her during the early days of their courtship.[54] Her efforts permitted modern historians the access they have today to the writings of Alexander Hamilton.

In June 1848, when Hamilton was in her nineties, she sought to persuade the U.S. Congress to purchase and publish her late husband's works. In August, her request was granted, and Congress bought and published Alexander's works, adding them to the Library of Congress. Along with ensuring that Alexander's works were maintained and stored by the federal government, she remained dedicated to charity work. After moving to Washington, D.C., she helped Dolley Madison and Louisa Adams raise money to build the Washington Monument.[citation needed]

Death

Beginning in 1846, Hamilton was suffering from short-term memory loss, but still vividly recalled her husband. On November 9, 1854, Hamilton died in Washington, D.C., at age 97. She outlived her husband by 50 years and had outlived all but one of her siblings: her youngest sister, Catherine, 24 years her junior.

Hamilton was interred near her husband in Trinity Church graveyard in Manhattan. Angelica was also laid to rest at Trinity, in the Livingstons' private vault, and Hamilton's eldest son Philip was buried in an unmarked grave near the churchyard.[citation needed]

Children

Elizabeth and Alexander Hamilton had eight children:

  • Philip (January 22, 1782 – November 23, 1801),[55] who was killed in a duel three years before his father's fatal duel[3]
  • Angelica (September 25, 1784 – February 6, 1857),[55] who suffered a mental breakdown after her older brother's death and lived to the age of 72 in a state described as "eternal childhood," unable to care for herself[56][57]
  • Alexander, Jr. (May 16, 1786 – August 2, 1875)[55]
  • James Alexander (April 14, 1788 – September 24, 1878),[55] who acted as Secretary of State for 23 days in March 1829[58]
  • John Church (August 22, 1792 – July 25, 1882)[59]
  • William Stephen (August 4, 1797 – October 9, 1850)[59]
  • Eliza (November 20, 1799 – October 17, 1859),[59] who married Sidney Augustus Holly[citation needed]
  • Philip, also called "Little Phil" (June 2, 1802 – July 9, 1884),[59] named after his older brother who had died one year before his birth[citation needed]

The Hamiltons also raised Frances (Fanny) Antill, an orphan who lived with them for ten years beginning in 1787 when she was 2 years old.[26][27]

Hamilton is portrayed in the 2015 Broadway musical Hamilton by Phillipa Soo.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Brookhiser, R. (July 1, 2004). "A Love Letter from Alexander Hamilton to His "Nut-Brown Maid"". OAH Magazine of History. 18 (4): 49–52. doi:10.1093/maghis/18.4.49.
  2. ^ Presnell, Jenny L. (1999). "Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler (09 August 1757–09 November 1854), statesman's wife and charity worker". American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved August 7, 2018. (subscription required)
  3. ^ a b Turner, Annie (2009). "Women of the Republican Court: Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (1757–1854)". Library Company of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  4. ^ "Mrs. Philip John Schuyler (Catherine van Rensselaer)". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  5. ^ Bielinski, Stefan (May 22, 2001). "Philip Schuyler". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov. New York State Museum. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2021. In September 1755, twenty-one-year-old Philip married Catherine Van Rensselaer, daughter of the Lower or Claverack manor. A few months later the first of their fifteen children was baptized in the Albany Dutch church
  6. ^ "Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton". www.newnetherlandinstitute.org. New Netherland Institute. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2021. The three sisters were three of seven siblings who lived to adulthood. There were 14 siblings in total.
  7. ^ "Schuyler-Malcolm-Cochran Family Papers: Manuscripts and Special Collections: New York State Library". www.nysl.nysed.gov. New York State Library. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2021. Catharine had seven brothers and sisters including Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (1757-1854), the second child of the Schuyler Family.
  8. ^ a b Childress, Diana (October 2016). "Family Man". Cobblestone. 37 (8): 10–12.
  9. ^ a b Chernow 2005, p. 210.
  10. ^ Bielinski, Stefan (August 23, 2016). "Dutch Reformed Church In Albany, New York". New York State Museum Exhibitions. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  11. ^ "First Church in Albany: Our History". First Church in Albany. Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
  12. ^ a b c Chernow 2005, p. 131.
  13. ^ Desmond 1952.
  14. ^ "Guide to the Records of Graham Windham 1804–2011". Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  15. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 729.
  16. ^ Chernow 2005, pp. 128–129.
  17. ^ Chernow 2005, pp. 102–103.
  18. ^ Schuyler Baxter 1897, p. 223.
  19. ^ Chernow 2005, pp. 150–151.
  20. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 154.
  21. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 156.
  22. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 160.
  23. ^ Chernow 2005, pp. 159–160.
  24. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 185.
  25. ^ Chernow 2005, pp. 206–207.
  26. ^ a b Hamilton, John Church (1879). Life of Alexander Hamilton: A History of the Republic of the United States of America, as Traced in His Writings and in Those of His Contemporaries. Vol. 3. Boston: Houghton, Osgood and Company. pp. 361–362. Colonel Antil [sic] of the Canadian Corps, a friend of General Hazen, retired penniless from the service—his military claims, a sole dependence, being unsatisfied. Hoping to derive subsistence from the culture of a small clearing in the forest, he retired to the wilds of Hazenburgh. His hopes were baffled, and in his distress he applied to Hamilton for relief. His calamities were soon after embittered by the loss of his wife, leaving infant children. With one of these, Antill visited New York, to solicit the aid of the Society of the Cincinnati, and there sank under the weight of his sorrows. Hamilton immediately took the little orphan home, who was nurtured with his own children ...
  27. ^ a b c d Chernow 2005, p. 203.
  28. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 335.
  29. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 277.
  30. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 319.
  31. ^ Gay Humphreys 1897, p. 221.
  32. ^ "To Alexander Hamilton from James McHenry, 3 January 1791". Founders Online. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  33. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 248.
  34. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 353.
  35. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 508.
  36. ^ Knox, Henry. "Letter from Henry Knox to Alexander Hamilton, 24 November 1794". Founders Online. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017.
  37. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 478.
  38. ^ Hamilton, Alexander. "Letter from Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 1 December 1794". Founders Online.
  39. ^ Hamilton, Alexander. "Letter from Alexander Hamilton to Angelica Schuyler Church, 6 March 1795".
  40. ^ "To Alexander Hamilton from John B. Church, 13 July 1797". Founders Online. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017.
  41. ^ Hamilton, Alexander. "Letter from Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Hamilton, 21 July 1797".
  42. ^ Hamilton, Alexander. "Draft of the "Reynolds Pamphlet", July 1797". Founders Online. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017.
  43. ^ Hamilton, Alexander. "Printed Version of the "Reynolds Pamphlet", 1797". Founders Online. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016.
  44. ^ Syrett 1973, p. 391.
  45. ^ Syrett 1973, p. 393.
  46. ^ Gay Humphreys 1897, p. 240.
  47. ^ Reynolds 1914, p. 1149.
  48. ^ "History". Graham Windham. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  49. ^ "Benevolent Societies" (PDF). Women and the American Story. New-York Historical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2017.
  50. ^ "Guide to the Records of Graham Windham 1804-2011 MS 2916". New-York Historical Society Museum & Library. Phyllis Barr, Cherie Acierno. New-York Historical Society. 2011. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  51. ^ a b c DeAngelis, Audrey; DeAngelis, Gina (February 2018). "Notable Givers". Cobblestone. 39 (2): 10–12.
  52. ^ Moniz, Amanda B. (November 2, 2017). "Who tells Eliza's story? Philanthropy and "Hamilton: An American Musical"". National Museum of American History. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  53. ^ Chernow, pp. 1–3.
  54. ^ "American Experience | Alexander Hamilton | People & Events | Elizabeth Hamilton (1757–1854) | PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  55. ^ a b c d Brockenbrough 2017, p. 318.
  56. ^ Chernow 2005, p. 655.
  57. ^ Hamilton 1910, p. 219.
  58. ^ "James Alexander Hamilton - People - Department History - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  59. ^ a b c d Brockenbrough 2017, p. 319.
  60. ^ Burt 2001, p. 174.
  61. ^ "George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation". rottentomatoes.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  62. ^ "George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation". fan.tv. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  63. ^ Paulson, Michael (May 3, 2016). "'Hamilton' Makes History With 16 Tony Nominations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 2309927897. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
  64. ^ Various sources:
  65. ^ Henderson, Kathy (May 19, 2015). "Meet the Magnetic Schuyler Sisters, the Heart of Hamilton". Broadway Direct. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017.

Works cited


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