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2024 South Korean martial law

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2024 South Korean martial law
Crowd of protesters waving flags
Protests following the declaration of martial law
Date3–4 December 2024 (2024-12-03 – 2024-12-04)
c. 10:23 p.m. – 5:18 a.m.
Location
South Korea
Caused byOpposition to budget proposals and attempted impeachment of prosecutors involved in scandals.[citation needed]
StatusNational Assembly votes for lifting of martial law; martial law lifted by Yoon
Parties
Lead figures

On 3 December 2024 at approximately 10:27 p.m. Korea Standard Time (KST), South Korean president Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law during a late night address broadcast live on YTN television. In his declaration, he accused the Democratic Party, which has a majority in the National Assembly, of sympathizing with North Korea and conducting "anti-state activities", further labelling them a criminal organization working with communists to destroy the country. The order included the prohibition of any political activities, including of the National Assembly, and a suspension of the freedom of the press.

The declaration was opposed by the Democratic Party and some members of Yoon's People Power Party, and resulted in protests. Two hours later, at 1:01 a.m. on 4 December, despite attempts by security forces to prevent the vote, those MPs present in the National Assembly, including members of the president's People Power Party, unanimously passed a motion to lift martial law 190–0. However, the military did not listen to the order and stated Yoon himself had to lift the martial law.

Yoon subsequently lifted martial law after a Cabinet meeting at 4:30 a.m. on 4 December, and the Martial Law Command was "disbanded."[1]

Background

Official portrait of Yoon Suk Yeol
President Yoon Suk Yeol in 2022

South Korea is governed as a presidential democracy under the 1987 Constitution, which replaced the prior parliamentary and semi-presidential systems. Yoon Suk Yeol, a member of the conservative People Power Party and former prosecutor general, took office as President of South Korea following his victory in the 2022 presidential election.[2] His administration has had low approval ratings, going as low as 17%, with a November 2024 survey showing 58% of the population would want to see Yoon either resign or be impeached.[3] He has struggled to achieve his agenda because the National Assembly has been controlled by the opposition Democratic Party. In the April 2024 legislative election, the opposition kept its grip but still lacked sufficient numbers (200 out of 300) to impeach the president.[4]

Yoon boycotted the opening of the National Assembly even though it is customary for the president to deliver a speech at the event.[5] Yoon has also opposed investigations into scandals involving his wife Kim Keon-hee and top officials,[6] vetoing bills on three separate occasions that called for a special counsel investigation into his wife, the third of which occurred on 26 November 2024.[7] The opposition-controlled parliament had also moved to impeach Board of Audit and Inspection Chair Choe Jae-hae and three prosecutors involved in two scandals involving Kim on 2 December that year,[8] and had rejected the government's budget proposal.[9]

This was the first time martial law had been declared in South Korea since the 1980 military coup d'état after the assassination of dictator Park Chung Hee, and the first since democratization in 1987.[10] This is the 17th martial law declaration since the foundation of the republic in 1948.[11] Members of the National Assembly are not given parliamentary immunity from prosecution and can be arrested if caught committing a crime.[12] When declaring martial law, the president must immediately notify the National Assembly. Martial law can be annulled by a majority vote of the National Assembly.[13]

Events

Declaration of martial law

Korean Wikisource has original text related to this article:

At 10:22 p.m. KST on 3 December 2024, President Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law. In a nationally televised speech, Yoon accused the opposition of "trying to overthrow the free democracy" by impeaching members of his cabinet and blocking his budget plans. He asked citizens to believe in him and tolerate "some inconveniences",[14][15] and also claimed that there was a North Korean conspiracy against the South Korean government.[16] It was the first time that martial law had been declared in South Korea since 1979,[10] during Chun Doo-hwan's military dictatorship.[17][18] It was later reported that prime minister Han Duck-soo had been sidelined on the declaration, with The Korea Times reporting that the move appeared to have been done following direct communications between President Yoon and his defense minister Kim Yong-hyun.[19]

According to Yonhap News Agency, defense minister Kim Yong-hyun ordered a meeting with Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman Kim Myung-soo.[20][21] Yoon appointed Park An-su as his martial law commander.[22]

Following the declaration, the government said that activities in educational institutions and transport services would continue to operate normally.[23][24]

Decree

At 11:00 p.m. on 3 December, Park An-su of the Martial Law Command issued the following decree on martial law:[25][26][27]

Martial Law Command proclaims the following as of 11 p.m. on 3 December 2024, in order to protect liberal democracy from anti-state forces active within the free Republic of Korea and their threats to subvert the state, and to ensure public safety.

  1. All political activities, including activities of the National Assembly, local councils, political parties, and political association, rallies and demonstrations, are prohibited.
  2. All acts that deny or attempt to overthrow the free democratic system are prohibited. The dissemination of fake news, manipulation of public opinion, and false propaganda are prohibited.
  3. All media and publications are subject to the control of Martial Law Command.
  4. Strikes, work stoppages and rallies that incite social chaos are prohibited.
  5. Trainee doctors and all other medical personnel, who are on strike or have left their worksites, must return to their positions within 48 hours and work faithfully. Those who violate the order will face punishment in accordance with the Martial Law Act.
  6. Innocent ordinary citizens, excluding anti-state forces and other subversive forces, will be subject to measures to minimize inconvenience in their daily lives.

Violators of the proclamation may be arrested, detained and searched without a warrant in accordance with Article 9 of the Martial Law Act (Special Measures Authority of the Martial Law Commander), and will be punished in accordance with Article 14 of the Martial Law Act (Penalties).

— Martial Law Commander, Army General Park An-su

National Assembly annulment vote

Protest in front of the National Assembly during the night
Anti–martial law protest on 4 December in Seoul

Following the announcements, the military entered the National Assembly building and attempted to enter the main hall, where voting takes place. In response, party officials sprayed them with fire extinguishers and successfully stopped their entry. Some soldiers attempted to enter through the fourth floor, but were stopped by employees.[28] At least three helicopters also landed on the assembly grounds while two others were seen hovering above.[29] Tanks were seen on the streets.[30] The martial law command also ordered the eviction of the presidential office press corps from its building in Seoul.[31] Confrontations occurred at the assembly complex's main gate between security forces and civilians.[32] Protests against martial law were also organized in Gwangju.[33]

All main parties, including the ruling People Power Party of which President Yoon is a member, opposed the move. PPP leader Han Dong-hoon said: "The president's martial law declaration is wrong. We will stop it along with the people."[34] The mayor of Seoul, Oh Se-hoon, who is also a member of the PPP, said he opposed Yoon's declaration.[35] Lee Jae-myung, the leader of the opposition Democratic Party, urged citizens to gather at the National Assembly and declared that Yoon "is no longer the president of South Korea"; Lee was filmed climbing over the fences of the Assembly building to get inside, after soldiers had blocked the entrances.[36] Rebuilding Korea Party leader Cho Kuk also called the declaration of martial law "illegal" and said it met conditions for the impeachment of Yoon and defense minister Kim Yong-hyun.[37] The Korean Confederation of Trade Unions, the largest trade union group in the country, called for a general strike to reverse the declaration of martial law and impeach the president.[38]

Protesters clashed with police outside the National Assembly.[39] National Assembly Speaker Woo Won-shik called for all lawmakers to gather at the National Assembly.[4] The Incheon branch of the Democratic Party criticized the move as beginning an "era of Yoon dictatorship".[40] Lawmakers maneuvered around police barricades to enter the National Assembly. Lee Seong-yoon [ko] of the Democratic Party reported that he climbed over a 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) fence to gain access.[41]

The National Assembly commenced an emergency session at 12:48 a.m. on 4 December.[42] At around 1 a.m.,[43] the National Assembly, with 190 out of a total of 300 lawmakers present, voted unanimously to lift martial law.[44][16] Those who voted for its lifting included 172 opposition MPs and 18 others from the PPP.[45] According to Article 77 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, the president must comply with the decision of the National Assembly to lift martial law.[46] Following the vote, Speaker Woo Won-shik called for the military to leave the National Assembly, while Lee Jae-myung said that the Democratic Party would remain in the National Assembly until the president lifted martial law.[47][48] They were also joined by members of the PPP.[42]

Aftermath

After the vote, some soldiers who had been stationed at the National Assembly were seen to be leaving,[49] with the Speaker's office later saying that they had left altogether.[50] Others began pushing back the crowd of protesters who gathered there,[51] which numbered around 2,000.[28] Protesters also began calling for Yoon's arrest and impeachment.[51][52] Lee Jae-myung said the declaration of martial law was done without cabinet approval[53] and that members of the security forces who continued to follow Yoon's martial law orders were committing "an illegal act".[54] The defense ministry stated that martial law would remain in effect until ended by the president.[55][56]

Lifting of martial law

During a televised briefing at 4:27 a.m., Yoon announced that he would lift martial law as soon as a quorum could be obtained for a cabinet meeting, and that he had withdrawn military personnel from the National Assembly.[57] At approximately 4:30 a.m., the cabinet approved the motion to lift martial law.[58] The Martial Law Command was also disbanded.[1]

Analysis

Dominic Waghorn of Sky News noted from preliminary observations that the military seemed ill-prepared to enforce martial law and surmised that Yoon acted unilaterally.[59]

The Economist described the situation as a constitutional crisis.[60] Foreign Policy described the situation as an attempted self-coup.[61] BBC News reported the martial law sparked worry through the country, noting that some compared it to a coup d'état attempt.[62]

Youngshik Bong, an adviser to the Ministry of Unification and visiting professor at Yonsei University, said that declaring martial law should be reserved for the most serious situations, such as war. He added that this will backfire on the president as "his impeachment is really in the cards now".[63]

Responses

Domestic and financial

The announcement of martial law was met by surprise and panic amongst the South Korean public due to the sudden declaration, late at night, on one news channel.[64] Following the announcement, the value of the won fell to 1,444 per U.S. dollar, its lowest value in 25 months; it later recovered to around 1,420, still down from the previous day's high of 1,403.[65][66] The iShares MSCI South Korea ETF decreased by 5%. Franklin FTSE South Korea ETF declined by 4.4% and Matthews Korea Active ETF fell 4.5%.[67] Reuters reported that: "A central bank official said it was preparing measures to stabilize the market if needed. Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Choi Sang-mok convened an emergency meeting among top economic officials."[9]

Parliament Floor Leader Choo Kyung-ho said he had no knowledge of the decree and only found out about it in the news.[68] The Inspector General of Ministry of Justice, Ryu Hyuk, a former prosecutor who was appointed to the position in 2020 resigned in protest after arriving at the ministry building for a meeting over the martial law that convened by Justice minister Park Sung-jae [ko].[69][70] Shortly after Yoon backed down and lifted martial law, the opposition began to consider impeaching Yoon.[71][72] Some South Korean analysts described the episode as a self-coup to seize power.[73]

International

  •  Australia: An Australian government source has told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation that Australian officials in Canberra and Seoul are monitoring events "very closely". They also agree that if there was any democratic regression in South Korea that would be a "major concern" for Australia.[74]
  •  China: The Chinese embassy in South Korea told its citizens in the country "to remain calm and pay attention to political changes". It asked them to "strengthen safety awareness, reduce unnecessary outings, and express political opinions with caution".[75]
  •  France: The Foreign Ministry issued a travel alert for the region.[76] The French Embassy in South Korea, in an emergency notice, stated that it is closely monitoring developments following the announcement of martial law. It urged French citizens to adhere to local authorities' guidance and avoid involvement in political demonstrations.[77]
  •  Germany: The German Federal Foreign Office wrote on Twitter: "We are following developments in South Korea closely and with great concern. Democracy must prevail."[78]
  •  Italy: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a travel alert for the region. It urged Italian citizens to adhere to local authorities' guidance and avoid public gatherings. It also warned about some possible malfunctions of the internet connection.[79]
  •  Japan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs advised its citizens in South Korea to remain alert, noting that details of the martial law measures are still unclear and urging them to follow future updates.[80]
  •  Netherlands: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that there was "no direct danger" to Dutch citizens in South Korea but recommended to follow the Dutch government's information services.[81] It advised to stay away from protests.[82]
  •  New Zealand: Foreign Minister Winston Peters wrote on Twitter: "New Zealand is concerned by rapidly evolving developments in Republic of Korea. New Zealand trusts there will be a democratic and peaceful resolution".[83]
  •  Philippines: The Department of Foreign Affairs urged Filipinos in the country to remain calm and heed to the local advisories.[84]
  •  Russia: Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov said that the situation was "concerning" and that it was being monitored.[85]
  •  Singapore: The Singapore embassy in South Korea made a Facebook post which called for Singaporeans in the country to "stay calm and monitor the news". The embassy also noted that the declaration of martial law "does not seem to be related to any military incursions".[86]
  •  Taiwan: The Presidential Office and Executive Yuan said that President Lai Ching-te had instructed continued vigilance over potential developments to ensure an effective response.[87][88] The Democratic Progressive Party Legislative Caucus claimed an article posted on Threads pointed out that martial law is to protect South Korea's free constitutional democracy, and insinuated that the opposition party is a "dark and evil force." The article was urgently deleted soon after. The remarks sparked criticism from the main opposition parties. Lo Chih-chiang said that he needed to ask the president to explain the reason for the announcement, while Huang Shan-shan was worried that if Taiwan imposed martial law, it would infringe on people's basic rights.[89][90][91]
  •  United Kingdom: Travel alerts for the region were issued by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.[76] The British Embassy in South Korea, in an emergency notice, stated that it is closely monitoring developments following the announcement of martial law. It urged British citizens to adhere to local authorities' guidance and avoid involvement in political demonstrations.[92]
  •  United States: The United States National Security Council stated that it was monitoring the situation closely.[93] The White House and the US State Department were not given notice ahead of time.[94] US State Department spokesman Vedant Patel expressed "grave concern" for the ongoing developments while reiterating the United States' "iron-clad" alliance with South Korea.[95]

See also

References

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