Adarmahan
Adarmahān (in Greek sources given as Ἀδααρμάνης, Adaarmanes; fl. late 6th century) was a Persian general active in the western frontier of the Sassanid Empire against the East Roman (Byzantine) forces, during the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591.
Alberto Bernard (2023) identifies the general with Wahrām ī Nām-xwāst-Husraw Ādurmāhān, Spahbed of Nēmrōz, known from stamped clay sealings, and the "vizier Bahrām-e Āḏarmāhān" in Muslim sources.[1]
Biography
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Adarmahān is recorded as a marzbān (general of a frontier province, "margrave"), probably of Nisibis, by the Syriac historian John of Ephesus.[2] He was posted at Nisibis in 573, when the Persian king, Khosrau I (r. 531–579), sent him at the head of an army to invade the Roman province of Syria. He devastated the province, sacked the city of Apamea, capturing several thousand prisoners, and defeated a small Roman force under general Magnus.[3]
In 577, he raided the Roman province of Osrhoene, but withdrew at the approach of a strong Roman army under general Justinian.[4] In 580, the East Roman general Maurice advanced with an army along the river Euphrates toward the Sassanid capital, Ctesiphon. In response, Adarmahan was ordered to begin operations in northern Mesopotamia (581), threatening the Roman army's supply line and forcing Maurice to stop and withdraw his army north.[5] Adarmahan pillaged Osrhoene, and was successful in capturing its capital, Edessa. Then he marched his army toward Callinicum on the Euphrates. There, however, he was met by Maurice and his army, and suffered a minor defeat which caused him to retreat.[6] In June of the next year (582), Adarmahan suffered a heavy defeat by Maurice near Constantina, barely escaping the field, while his co-commander Tamkhosrau was killed.[7] Thereafter, Adarmahan disappears from history.
References
[edit]- ^ Bernard, Alberto (January 2023). "Nom, renom et revers d'un général sassanide : pour une prosopographie d'Ādurmāhān ( vi e siècle de notre ère)". Antiquité Tardive. 30: 201–215. doi:10.1484/J.AT.5.132661.
- ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 12.
- ^ Shahîd 1995, pp. 354, 358, 446; Greatrex & Lieu 2002, pp. 146–147; Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 806.
- ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 160.
- ^ Shahîd 1995, p. 414.
- ^ Shahîd 1995, p. 416; Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 165.
- ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 859, 1215; Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 166.
Sources
[edit]- Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-14687-9.
- Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: A.D. 527–641. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5.
- Shahîd, Irfan (1995). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Washington, District of Columbia: Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-214-5.