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Frederick Russell Burnham

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Frederick Russell Burnham
Nickname(s)The King of Scouts;[1] He-who-sees-in-the-dark;[2] Fred
AllegianceScout for the British Army in Southern Africa; U.S. citizen.
Years of service1893–1897, 1900–1901
RankMajor
CommandsChief of Scouts under Lord Roberts
Battles / warsUnited States Indian Wars:
— Apache Wars
— Cheyenne War
First Matabele War:
— Shangani Patrol
United Kingdom Second Matabele War:
— Assassination of Mlimo
Second Boer War:
— Battle of Paardeberg
— Driefontein (10 Mar 1900)
— Johannesburg (31 May 1900)
— March on Pretoria (2–5 Jun 1900)
AwardsDistinguished Service Order
Queen's South Africa Medal
British South Africa Company Medal
Victoria Cross (declined)
Boy Scouts Silver Buffalo Award
Mount Burnham (California).
Other workmessenger, Indian tracker, gold miner, wealthy oil man, American spy. Father of the international Scouting movement and a close friend of Robert Baden-Powell.

Frederick Russell Burnham, DSO (May 11, 1861 – September 1, 1947), was an American scout and world traveling adventurer known for his service to the British Army in Colonial Africa and for teaching woodcraft (i.e., scoutcraft) to Robert Baden-Powell, thus becoming one of the inspirations for the founding of the international Scouting Movement.

Burnham had little formal education, attending but never graduating from high school. He began his career at the age of 14 in the American Southwest as a scout and tracker. Burnham then went to Africa where this background proved useful. He soon became an officer in the British Army, serving in several battles there. During this time, Burnham became friends with Baden-Powell, and passed on to him both his outdoor skills and his spirit for what would eventually become known as Scouting. Burnham eventually moved on to a career in writing and business. His descendants are still active in Scouting.

Early life

Burnham was born to a missionary family on an Indian Reservation in Tivoli, Minnesota. As a toddler, he witnessed the burning of New Ulm, Minnesota, by Taoyateduta (Little Crow) and his Sioux warriors in the Dakota War of 1862. During the uprising, his mother, Rebecca (Elizabeth) Russell Burnham, hid the not quite two year-old boy in a basket of green corn husks and fled for her life. Once the Sioux had been driven away the mother returned to find the house burned down. Her young son was safe, fast asleep in the basket and protected only by the corn husks.[1][3]

The young Burnham attended schools in Iowa and there he met his future wife, Blanche Blick. His family moved to Los Angeles, California in 1870. Two years later his father, Rev. Edwin Otway Burnham of Kentucky, himself a long time pioneer and missionary along the border of the Sioux Indian reserve in Minnesota, died when Burnham was only 11 years-old. While the rest of the family returned to Iowa, the young Burnham stayed in California to make his own way.[4]

For the next three years, Burnham worked as a mounted messenger for the Western Union Telegraph Company in California and in Arizona. At age fourteen he began his life as a scout and Indian tracker in the Apache Wars. He traveled in northern Mexico and the American Southwest, including Texas and Oklahoma, earning a living as a buffalo hunter, cowboy, and prospector, and he continued working as a scout while tracking Indians in the Cheyenne War. The young Burnham eventually went on to attend high school in California, but never graduated.[4]

In 1882, Burnham returned to Arizona and was appointed Deputy Sheriff of Pinal County, but he soon went back to cattle and mining interests. He joined the losing side of the Tonto Basin Feud before mass killing started, and only narrowly escaped death in Arizona.[3][5] He return to Prescott, Iowa to visit his childhood sweetheart, Blanche Blick (1862-1939) of Clinton, Iowa and the two were married on 6 February 1884.[4] That same year, he and Blanche settled down to tend to an orange grove in Pasadena, California, but within a year he was back prospecting and scouting. His first son, Roderick (21 August, 1889 – 2 July, 1976), was born in Pasadena, but grew up mostly in Africa.

In the 1880s the American press had been popularizing the notion that the West had been won and there was nothing left to conquer in the United States. This idea had a life-changing impact on Burnham. Ever the soldier of fortune, he began to look elsewhere for the next undiscovered frontier. When he heard of the work of Cecil Rhodes and his pioneers in building the Cape to Cairo railway in Africa, Burnham sold what little he owned and, in 1893, set sail to Cape Town, South Africa with his wife and young son. He soon joined the British South Africa Company as a scout and headed north. Burnham became well known in Africa for his ability to track, even at night, and the Africans dubbed him, He-who-sees-in-the-dark.[2]

Military career

Burnham in Africa (middle) holding his Remington Model 1875 No. 3 Army in .44WCF rifle

First Matabele War

Further information: First Matabele War

Burnham’s first major test in Africa came in 1893 when the British South Africa Company went to war with the Matabele King Lobengula. Jameson had hoped to defeat the Matabele quickly by capturing Lobengula at his royal city of Bulawayo. Burnham and a small group of scouts were sent ahead to report on the situation in Bulawayo, While on the outskirts of town they witnessed the Matabele burn down and destroy everything in sight. By the time the white troops had arrived in force, Lobengula and his warriors had fled and there was little left of old Bulawayo.[6]

Shangani Patrol

Following the abandonment of Bulawayo, Jameson dispatched a column of soldiers to locate and capture Lobengula. The column, led by Maj. Patrick Forbes, camped on the south bank of the Shangani river about 25 miles (40 km) north-east of the village of Lupane on the evening of 3 December 1893. The next day, late in the afternoon, a dozen men, under the command of Maj. Allan Wilson, were sent across the river to patrol the area. The Wilson Patrol came across a group of Matabele women and children who claimed to know Lobengula’s whereabouts. Burnham, who served as the lead scout of the Wilson patrol, sensed a trap and advised Wilson to withdraw, but Wilson ordered his patrol to advance.

Soon afterwards, the patrol found the king and Wilson sent a message back to the laager to requested reinforcements. But Forbes was unwilling to set off across the river in the dark, so he sent only 20 more men under the command of Henry Borrow to reinforce Wilson’s patrol. Forbes intended to send the main body of troops and artillery across the river the following morning, however, the main column was ambushed by Matabele warriors and delayed. Wilson’s patrol too came under attack, but the Shangani River had swollen and there was now no possibility of retreat. In desperation, Wilson sent Burnham and two other scouts, Pearl “Pete” Wilson (a Montana cowboy) and Gooding (an Australian), to cross the Shangani river, find Forbes, and bring back reinforcements. In spite of a shower of bullets and spears, the three made it to Forbes, but the battle raging there was just as intense as the one they had left, and there was no hope of anyone reaching Wilson in time. As Burnham loaded his rifle to beat back the Matabele warriors, he quietly said to Forbes, "I think I may say that we are the sole survivors of that party." Wilson, Borrow, and their men were indeed surrounded by hundreds of Matabele warriors; escape was impossible, and all were killed.

This incident became well known in the annals of Rhodesian colonial history as the Shangani Patrol, with Wilson and Borrow hailed as national heroes.[7] For his service in the war, Burnham was presented the British South Africa Company Medal, a gold watch, and a share of a 300 acre (120 ha) tract of land in Matabeleland. It was here that Burnham uncovered many artifacts in the huge granite ruins of the ancient civilization of Great Zimbabwe.[1]

Second Matabele War

File:AfterMlimo.jpg
Burnham & Armstrong after the assassination of Mlimo. Matabele warriors in hot pursuit.
Further information: Second Matabele War

In March 1896, the Matabele again revolted against the authority of the British South Africa Company in what is now celebrated in Zimbabwe as the First War of Independence. Mlimo, the Matabele spiritual leader, is credited with fomenting much of the anger that led to this confrontation. Matabeleland defenses were in disarray due to the ill-fated Jameson Raid, so in the first few months of the war alone hundreds of white settlers would be killed. With few troops to support them, the settlers quickly built a laager in the centre of Bulawayo on their own and mounted patrols under such legendary figures as Burnham, Baden-Powell, and Selous. An estimated 50,000 Matabele retreated into their stronghold of the Matobo Hills near Bulawayo which became the scene of the fiercest fighting against the white settler patrols.[8]

Assassination of Mlimo

The turning point in the war came when Burnham and a young scout named Armstrong found their way through Matobo Hills to the sacred cave where Mlimo had been hiding. Not far from the cave was a village of about 100 huts filled with many warriors. The two scouts tethered their horses to a thicket and crawled on their bellies, screening their slow and cautious movements with branches held before them. Once inside the cave, they waited until Mlimo entered.

Mlimo was said to be about 60 years old, with very dark skin, sharp-featured, and had a cruel, crafty look. Burnham and Armstrong waited until Mlimo entered the cave and started his dance of immunity, and then Burnham shot Mlimo just below the heart.[9] The two scouts then leaped over the dead Mlimo and ran down a trail toward their horses. Hundreds of warriors, encamped nearby, picked up their arms and started in pursuit. To distract the Matabele, Burnham set fire to the village. The two men got on their horses and rode off, back to Bulawayo. Shortly after learning of the assassination of Mlimo, Cecil Rhodes showed great courage when he boldly walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in Matobo Hills and persuaded the impi to lay down their arms, thus ending the Second Matabele War.[10]

Nada, Burnham’s young daughter and the first white child born in Bulawayo, died of fever and starvation during the siege of Bulawayo on 22 May, 1896 (plot #144 in the Pioneer Cemetery in Bulawayo). Three of Sir H. Rider Haggard’s books, The Wizard (1896), Elissa; the doom of Zimbabwe (1899), and Black Heart and White Heart; a Zulu idyll (1900) are dedicated to Burnham's daughter, Nada, herself named after Haggard's book: Nada the Lily (1892).[11][12]

Burnham’s youngest son, Bruce B. Burnham, was staying with family in London and accidentally drowned in the river Thames that same year. Burnham became so disheartened by events that he decided to leave Africa and return home. But ever the consummate adventure, Burnham left his wife in California and went to Alaska and the Yukon along with his last surviving offspring, Roderick, from 1898–1900, to prospect in the Klondike Gold Rush.

Second Boer War

Burnham 1902
Further information: Second Boer War

In January 1900, while prospecting in Skagway, Alaska, Burnham received the following telegram: Lord Roberts appoints you on his personal staff as Chief of Scouts. If you accept, come at once the quickest way possible. Although Cape Town is at the opposite end of the globe from the Klondike, he left within the hour.[13] He would arrive at the front just before the Battle of Paardeberg and, during the war, Burnham spent much time behind the Boer lines, gathering information, and blowing up railway bridges and tracks. He was twice captured and twice escaped, but he was also invalided for a time by his near fatal wounds. Unusual for a foreigner, Burnham was given a commission by Lord Roberts and the rank of captain.[13]

Burnham was first captured while trying to warn a British column approaching Thaba' Nchu.[14] He came upon a group of Boers hiding on the banks of the river, toward which the British were even then advancing. Cut off from his own side, Burnham chose to signal the approaching soldiers even though it would expose him to capture. With a red kerchief, Burnham signaled the soldiers to turn back, but the column paid no attention and plodded steadily on into the ambush while Burnham was at once made prisoner. In the fight that followed Burnham pretended to receive a wound in the knee. Limping heavily and groaning with pain, he was placed in a wagon with the officers who really were wounded, and who, in consequence, were not closely guarded. Later that evening, Burnham slipped over the driver's seat, dropped between the two wheelers of the wagon, lowered himself and fell between the legs of the oxen on his back in the road. In an instant the body of the wagon had passed over him, and while the dust still hung above the trail he rolled rapidly over into the ditch at the side of the road and lay motionless. It was four days before he was able to re-enter the British lines, during which time he had been lying in the open veldt, and had subsisted on one biscuit and two handfuls of "mealies" (i.e., maize).[3][15]

On June 2, 1900, while trying by night to blow up the bridge on the Pretoria-Delagoa Bay railway line at Bronkhorstspruit, 20 miles (32 km) east of Pretoria and a vital link to the sea, Burnham was surrounded by a party of Boers and could save himself only by instant flight. He had all but got away when a bullet caught his horse and it crashed to the ground dead, crushing Burnham beneath it and knocking him senseless. He continued in a dazed state for nearly a day and when he came to he found that both friends and foes had departed. Although still suffering the most acute agony, Burnham heroically crept back to the railroad, placed his charges, and blew up the line in two places. Knowing the explosion would soon bring the Boers, on his hands and knees he crept to an empty kraal and laid there for two days and nights insensible. Upon hearing the sound of distant firing, Burnham set forth on his hands and knees toward the fighting. By then he was indifferent as to whether it came from the enemy or his own people, but, as it chanced, he was picked up by a friendly patrol and carried to Pretoria. The surgeons discovered that in his fall Burnham had torn apart the muscles of the stomach and burst a blood-vessel. That his life was saved, so they informed him, was due only to the fact that for three days he had been without food. His injuries were so serious that he was ordered to England by Lord Roberts. Two days before leaving for London, he was promoted to the rank of major .[3][16][17]

On his arrival in England, Burnham was commanded to dine with Queen Victoria and to spend the night at Osborne.[18] A few months later, after the Queen's death, King Edward VII personally presented Burnham with the Queen's South Africa Medal with four bars for the battles at Driefontein (Mar 10, 1900), Johannesburg (May 31, 1900), Paardeberg (February 17–26, 1900), and Cape Colony (October 11, 1899 – May 31, 1902), in addition to the cross of the Distinguished Service Order,[17][19] the second highest decoration in the British Army, for his heroism during the "victorious" March to Pretoria (2-5 June 1900). Burnham had been selected for the Victoria Cross, Britain’s highest military award, but he declined rather than forfeit his American citizenship – a requirement at the time. Nevertheless, Burnham received the highest awards of any American who served in the Second Boer War.[13]

Burnham's most accomplished soldiers during the Second Boer War were Lovat's Scouts, a Scottish Highland regiment, whom he fittingly described as "half wolf and half jackrabbit."[20] These scouts were well practiced in the arts of marksmanship, field craft, and tactics. As military scouts they were phenomenal woodsman always ready boldly tempt fate, but also wise practitioners of discretion: "He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day." After the war, this regiment went on to become the British army's first sniper unit.[20]

Father of Scouting

Frederick Russell Burnham: Explorer, discoverer, cowboy, and Scout. Native American, he served as chief of scouts in the Boer War, an intimate friend of Lord Baden-Powell. It was on some of his exploits demanding great courage, alterness, skill in surmounting the perils of the out-of-doors, that the founder of Scouting based some of the activities of the Boy Scout program. As an honorary Scout of the Boy Scouts of America, he has served as an inspiration to the youth of the Nation and is the embodiment of the qualities of the ideal Scout.
27th Annual Report of the Boy Scouts of America (1936).[21]

As a scout, Burnham was also a frontiersman, but only coincidentally. His training in tracking, stealth, marksmanship, ‘’woodcraft’’ (i.e., scoutcraft), and knowledge of guerilla tactics learned while fighting Apache and Cheyenne made Burnham invaluable to the British colonial efforts in Southern Africa. As a boy growing up in the American Old West, he had learned these skills from Indian trackers, frontiersman, and cowboys, so as a scout in Africa, Burnham was simply practicing his art and applying it as a soldier. As a military scout, Burnham would act alone or in small groups to perform reconnaissance beyond lines to determine the location and operational conduct of the enemy, live off the land, attack only when objectives had been achieved, and on occasion conduct sniper-like assassinations. The rifle was the weapon of choice for Burnham and its vital significance to military scouting cannot be overstated.

Burhnam was close friend with others involved in the Scout Movement, such as Theodore Roosevelt, the Chief Scout Citizen, and Gifford Pinchot, the Chief Scout Forester.[22] The Boy Scouts of America made Burnham an Honorary Scout in 1927.[23] Burnham's descendants have been involved with Scouting. His grandson, Frederick Russell Burnham II, was a leader in the BSA and his great-grandson, Russell Adam Burnham is an Eagle Scout and United States Army's Soldier of the Year in 2003.[24][25]

Friendship with Baden-Powell

Burnham (standing) & Baden-Powell (right) at a Boy Scout event, ca. 1910
Park service trail connecting Mt. Burnham to Mt. Baden-Powell

Baden-Powell and Burnham first became friends during the Second Matabele War. Himself a brilliant outdoorsman, Baden-Powell was a distinguished cavalry officer, and reportedly the finest pig sticker in India — to kill a sprinting wild boar with one lance thrust from the back of a galloping horse is a notable achievement for any hunter. During the siege of Bulawayo, the two men rode into the African hills on patrol and it was there that Burnham first taught Baden-Powell the art of woodcraft.[26] So impressed was Baden-Powell by Burnham's Scouting spirit the he fondly told people he "sucked him dry" of all he could possibly tell.[27]

While Baden-Powell went on to refine the concept of Scouting and become the founder of the international Scouting movement, Burnham can legitimately be called the movement's father. For his noteworthy and extraordinary service to the international Scouting movement, Burnham was bestowed the highest commendation given by the Boy Scouts of America, the Silver Buffalo Award, in 1936.[28]

The low-key Burnham and Baden-Powell remained close friends for their long lives. Much of their correspondence was burned by the jealous Olave Baden-Powell, but the seal on Burnham's letters at Yale and Standford expired in 2000 and the true depth of their friendship and love of Scouting has again been revealed.[29] In 1931, Burnham read the speech dedicating Mount Baden-Powell in California,[30][31] to his old Scouting friend.[32] Today their friendship, and equal status in the world of Scouting and conservation, is honored, in perpetuity, with the dedication of the adjoining peak, Mount Burnham,[33][34] in his honor.

Later in life

Fred and Rod Burnham ca. 1930

Post war

After recovering from his wounds, Burnham served as the London office manager for the Wa Syndicate. In 1901, while still employed by the Wa Syndicate, he left London to lead an expedition through Ghana and Upper Volta to look for minerals and ways to improve river navigation in the region.[35] From 1902–1904, Burnham was employed by the East Africa Syndicate. He led a mineral prospecting expedition which traveled extensively in the area around lake Rudolph (now Lake Turkana), and he discovered a lake of carbonate of soda in Tanzania.[18][36]

Yaqui

Burnham returned to North America and for the next few years he became associated with the Yaqui River irrigation project in Mexico. It was there that Burnham, in 1908, made important archeological discoveries of Mayan civilization, including the Esperanza Stone.[37][38] He became a close business associate of John Hays Hammond and led a team of 500 men in guarding mining properties owned by Hammond, J.P. Morgan, and the Guggenheims in Sonora, Mexico.[39][40]

Espionage

To my friendly enemy, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the greatest scout of the world, whose eyes were that of an Empire. I once craved the honour of killing him, but failing that, I extend my heartiest admiration.
Letter signed: Fritz Joubert Duquesne, 1933,
One warrior to another.[31]

During World War I, Burnham was living in California and was active in counterespionage for Britain.[41] Much of it involved a famous Boer spy, Capt. Fritz Joubert Duquesne, who became a German spy in both World Wars and is believed to have killed Field Marshal Kitchener while en route to meet with the Russians. During the Second Boer War, Burnham and Duquense were each under orders to assassinate the other, but it was not until 1910 that the two men first met while both were in Washington, D.C., separately lobbying Congress to pass a bill in favor of the importation of African game animals into the United States (H.R. 23621).[31] Duquesne was twice arrested by the FBI and in 1942 he, along with the 32 other Nazi agents who made up the Duquesne Spy Ring, was sent to prison for espionage in the largest spy ring conviction in U.S. history.[42]

I know Burnham. He is a scout and a hunter of courage and ability, a man totally without fear, a sure shot, and a fighter. He is the ideal scout, and when enlisted in the military service of any country he is bound to be of the greatest benefit.
President Theodore Roosevelt, 1901. [1]

During this period, Burnham was one of the eighteen officers selected by Theodore Roosevelt to raise a volunteer infantry division for service in France in 1917 shortly after the United States entered the war.[43] Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise up to four divisions similar to the Rough Riders of 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment and to the British Army 25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers; however, as Commander-in-chief, President Woodrow Wilson refused to make use of Roosevelt's volunteers and the unit disbanded.[44]

Oil wealth

In 1923, Burnham struck oil at Dominguez Hill, California. In the first 10 years of operation, the Burnham Exploration Company paid out $10.2 million in dividends.[39] Although Burnham had lived all over the world, he never had a great deal of wealth to show for it. Ironically, it was not until he returned to the place of his youth that Burnham struck it rich.

Conservation

Burnham was mix of conservationist, hunter, and utilitarian. He and his associate John Hayes Hammond led novel game expeditions to Africa with the goal of finding large animals such as Giant Eland, hippopotamus, zebra, and various bird species that might be bred in the United States and become game for future American sportsmen. Burnham, Hammond, and Duquesne appeared several times before the Committee on Agriculture to ask for help in importing large African animals.[45][46]

In his later years, Burnham filled various public offices and also served as a member of the Boone and Crockett Club of New York. An avid conservationist, he supported the conservation programs of his friends Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. He was a founding member of the Save-the-Redwoods League, he lobbied for bighorn sheep reserves in Arizona, and he campaigned for state parks in California.[47] In 1927, he was one of the original members of the first California State Parks Commission,[48] and later he became president of the Southwest Museum of Los Angeles.[49][50]

Death

Burnham is buried at Three Rivers, California, near his old cattle ranch, La Cuesta. His memorial stone was designed by his only surviving child, Roderick. Also buried at Three Rivers is “Pete” Ingram and several members of the Blick family who had also pioneered in Nineteenth century Rhodesia for a time.[51]

Legacy

Ernest Hemingway acquired the rights to produce a film version of Scouting on Two Continents in late 1958. CBS immediately contracted Hemingway to produce the film for television, with Gary Cooper expressing an interest in playing the part of Burnham. Hemingway was already behind schedule in his other commitments and never started on the film when he committed suicide in July 1961.[52]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c d Davis, Richard Harding (1906). Real Soldiers of Fortune. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 192. ASIN B000KIR906. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "davis" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b West, James E. (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the boys' story of Frederick Burnham, the American scout. Brewer, Warren and Putnam. {{cite book}}: Text "James E. West" ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "jameswest" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926). Scouting on Two Continents. Doubleday, Page and Co. p. 2. ASIN B000F1UKOA. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "scouting" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c Press Reference Library: Notables of the West. International News Service. 1915. Cite error: The named reference "pressreflib" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ R. R. Money (April 1962). "Tonto Basin Feud". Blackwood's Magazine. 291. ISSN 0006-436X. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^ Donovan, Charles Henry Wynne (1894). With Wilson in Matabeleland, Or, Sport and War in Zambesia. London: Henry and Co. p. 271. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ Wills, W.A. (1894). The Downfall of Lobengula. The African Review. pp. 153–172. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Selous, Frederick Courteney (1896). Sunshine and Storm in Rhodesia. London: R. Ward & Co.
  9. ^ "Killed the Matabele God: Burnham, the American scout, may end uprising". New York Times. June 25, 1896. ISSN 0093-1179. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  10. ^ Farwell, Byron (2001). The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 539. ISBN 0393047709. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ "Rider Haggard's Tribute". Atlanta Constitution. Nov 21, 1896. ISSN 0093-1179. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  12. ^ Haggard, H. Rider. The Days of My Life Volume II (txt). Retrieved 2006-12-17.
  13. ^ a b c Byron Farwell (March 1976). "Taking Sides in the Boer War". American Heritage Magazine. 20 (3). ISSN 0002-8738. Retrieved 2007-03-07. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) Cite error: The named reference "americanheritage" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ "American scout escapes". Atlanta Constitution issn=0093-1179. April 8, 1900. {{cite journal}}: Missing pipe in: |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  15. ^ "England's American Scout". New York Times (London Chronicle). May 5, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. {{cite journal}}: |format= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  16. ^ "Southern California by Towns and Counties: Fred Burnham now a Major in British Army; Recovering from His Injuries". Los Angeles Times. Aug 4, 1900. ISSN 0458-3035. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  17. ^ a b "Burnham's services brought to the attention of Parliament: He maintains his well-known modesty. His injuries received in Africa. Now living in a London suburb". Los Angeles Times. March 2, 1902. ISSN 0458-3035. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) Cite error: The named reference "latimes2mar1902" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Lee Shippey (Feb 2, 1930). "Lee Side o' L.A.: Personal Glimpses of Famous Southlanders". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) Cite error: The named reference "latimes2feb1930" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  19. ^ "More South African Honors: Lady Sarah Wilson and Major Burnham, the American Scout, among those decorated". New York Times. Sep 28, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  20. ^ a b John Plaster (2006). The Ultimate Sniper: An Advanced Training Manual For Military And Police Snipers. Paladin Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-87364-704-1. Cite error: The named reference "sniper" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  21. ^ West, James E (1937). 10108 H.doc.18. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Education. p. 472. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^ The Official Handbook for Boys (First Edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. 1911. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  23. ^ Handbook for Boys (Third Edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. 1933. p. 611. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  24. ^ "Frederick Russell Burnham" (html). White Eagle District. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  25. ^ Preston, Kenneth O. (2003). "Sgt Major, US Army" (html). U.S. Army. Retrieved 2006-04-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ Baden-Powell, Robert (1908). Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship. London: H. Cox. pp. xxiv. ISBN 0-486457-19-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  27. ^ "Great Canadian Heritage Discoveries" (html). Biographical sketch. The Canadian Anglo-Boer War Museum. 200. Retrieved 2007-03-31. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ "Fact Sheet: The Silver Buffalo Award" (html). Fact sheet. Boy Scouts of America Troop 14. 1936. Retrieved 2006-11-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  29. ^ van Wyk, Peter (2000). "Meet Fred (Burnham: King of Scouts)" (html). Book fact sheet. Peter van Wyk. Retrieved 2007-03-30. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  30. ^ "GNIS: Mount Baden-Powell". USGS. Retrieved April 17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ a b c Burnham, Frederick Russell (1944). Taking Chances. Haynes Corp. pp. xxv–xxix. ISBN 1-879356-32-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "chances" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  32. ^ "Dedication of Mount Baden-Powell". The Pine Tree Web. Retrieved April 23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Everett, Mary Nixon (1952). "Dedication of Mount Burnham". The masterkey anthropology of the Americas. 26 (4). Southwest Museum.
  34. ^ "GNIS: Mount Burnham". USGS. Retrieved April 17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "A New Eldorado: Discoveries in West Africa by Major Burnham, England's American Scout". New York Times (London Mail). Aug 12, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  36. ^ Alistair Tough (1985). "Papers of Frederick R. Burnham (1861–1947) in the Hoover Institution Archives". History in Africa. 12. African Studies Association: 385–387. ISSN 03615413.
  37. ^ Charles Holder (1910). "The Esperanza Stone". Scientific American. Scientific American, Inc: 196. ISSN 0036-8733.
  38. ^ Fort, Charles (1919). [[The Book of the Damned]]. Horace Liveright, Inc. pp. chapter XI. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ a b John Hays Hammond (1935). The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond. Farrar & Rinehart. p. 565. ISBN 0-40505-913-2. Cite error: The named reference "hammond" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  40. ^ "Guarding Morgan Mines: Burnham's Force also at Guggenheim Properties is report". New York Times. April 23, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  41. ^ Lott, J. "Jack" P. (March 1977). "Major F. R. Burnham, D.S.O.". Rhodesiana Magazine. 36. ISSN 0556-9605. {{cite journal}}: |format= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  42. ^ "FBI History: Famous Cases" (html). Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
  43. ^ "Burnham, FR" (html). biography. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  44. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1917). The Foes of Our Own Household. New York: George H. Doran company. p. 347. LCCN 17025965. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  45. ^ "May import African animals to solve meat problem". New York Times. April 17, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  46. ^ "Animals from Africa: Maj Burnham will import wild beasts for Western plains". Washington Post (reprint from New York Heald). March 3, 1911. ISSN 0148-2076. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  47. ^ Coates, Peter A. (2007). American Perceptions of Immigrant and Invasive Species: Strangers on the Land. Berkely: University of California Press. ISBN 0520249305. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  48. ^ Colby, William E. (1933). "Borrego Desert Park". Sierra Club Bulletin. XVIII: 144. Retrieved 2007-07-29. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  49. ^ "Maj. Burnham and family depart for Africa: Angelenos to tour world". Los Angeles Times. May 14, 1929. ISSN 0458-3035. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  50. ^ Dan L. Thrapp (1991). Encyclopedia of frontier biography. University of Nebraska Press. p. 195. ISBN 0-80329-418-2.
  51. ^ Elliott, John (2004). "King of Scouts honored at gravesite" (html). Newspaper article. The Kaweah Commonwealth. Retrieved 2004-08-27.
  52. ^ Hemingway, Ernest (2005). Dear Papa, Dear Hotch: The Correspondence of Ernest Hemingway And A. E. Hotchner. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0826216056. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Bibliograpy

By Burnham

File:Scouting on two contintents cover 1934.jpg
Burnham's Scouting on Two Continents. (1934 edition). Cover sketch of Burnham by Baden-Powell

Biographies

  • Real Soldiers of Fortune at Project Gutenberg, by Richard Harding Davis. LC call number: CT105 .D35 1906a. LCCN: 06042911— includes an early biographical sketch on Major Burnham (1906)
  • Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, edited by James E. Homans. Major Burnham biographical entry on pp.249 (1918)
  • The Boys' Own Book of Adventurers, by Albert Britt. A chapter on Burnham, the Last of the Scouts. LC call number: G525 .B85 (1923)
  • The Union Oil Bulletin ran an extensive feature on Major Burnham, then in the employ of Union Oil (May & June 1925)
  • The Days of My Life Volume II, available at Project Gutenberg Australia, by Sir H. Rider Haggard, chapter XVII is on Major Burnham. Letters in chapter XIII dedicated to Burnham's daughter, Nada. (1926)
  • The remarks of Major Frederick R. Burnham, Annual Publications, Los Angeles, California; Historical Society of Southern California, p. 334–352 (1927)
  • Six horses, by Captain William Banning and George Hugh Banning, forward by Frederick Russell Burnham. LC call number: F593 .B21. (1930)
  • Folks Ushud Know; Interspersed with Songs of Courage, by Lee Shippey and A. L. Ewing. A chapter on Major Burnham, pp. 23 (1930)
  • Scouting Against the Apache, essay by Major Frederick Russell Burnham, D.S.O., and published in The Boy Scout's Book of True Adventure, Fourteen Honorary Scouts, with foreword by Theodore Roosevelt and biographical notes by James E. West. Published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. LC call number: G525 .B77 (1931)
  • Taps for the Great Selous, essay by Major Frederick Russell Burnham, D.S.O., and published in Hunting Trails on Three Continents, Grinnell, George Bird, Kermit Roosevelt, W. Redmond Cross, and Prentiss N. Gray (editors). A Book of the Boone and Crockett Club. New York: The Derrydale Press, (1933)
  • In my fathers house are many mansions, Sunset Club, obit. LC call number EPH.061.9494.11 (1951)
  • Greatest Scout, by R. R. Money, Blackwood's Magazine, v291, p.42–52, ISSN 0006-436X (January 1962)
  • The Shangani Patrol, a feature film by David Millin. Burnham is played by actor Will Hutchins. Filmed on location by RPM Film Studios. Internet Movie DataBase (1970)
35 mm copies of Shangani Patrol are preserved at the National Film, Video and Sound Archives, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Major Burnham of the Shangani Patrol, by J. P. Lott, Rhodesiana Magazine (September 1976)
  • Frederick Russell Burnham, the British Empire's American Scout, by Richard H. Bradford (Dept. of History, West Virginia Tech). Paper presented at the American Historical Society Annual Meeting, Washington D.C. (1984)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederick Russell Burnham.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Frederick Russell Burnham.

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