Cobalt

For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation).

Cobalt, ₂₇Co

Cobalt
Pronunciation	/ˈkoʊbɒlt/
Appearance	Hard lustrous bluish gray metal
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Co)
	58.933194±0.000003 58.933±0.001 (abridged)
Cobalt in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson – ↑ Co ↓ Rh iron ← cobalt → nickel
Atomic number (Z)	27
Group	group 9
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d7 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 15, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1768 K ​(1495 °C, ​2723 °F)
Boiling point	3200 K ​(2927 °C, ​5301 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	8.834 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	7.75 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	16.06 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	377 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.81 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +2, +3 −3, −1, 0, +1, +4, +5
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.88
Ionization energies	1st: 760.4 kJ/mol 2nd: 1648 kJ/mol 3rd: 3232 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 125 pm
Covalent radius	Low spin: 126±3 pm High spin: 150±7 pm
Spectral lines of cobalt
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants	a = 250.71 pm c = 407.00 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	12.9×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	100 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	62.4 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	Ferromagnetic
Young's modulus	209 GPa
Shear modulus	75 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	4720 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.31
Mohs hardness	5.0
Vickers hardness	1043 MPa
Brinell hardness	470–3000 MPa
CAS Number	7440-48-4
History
Discovery and first isolation	Georg Brandt (1735)
Isotopes of cobalt
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 56Co synth 77.236 d β+ 56Fe 57Co synth 271.811 d ε 57Fe 58Co synth 70.844 d β+ 58Fe 59Co 100% stable 60Co trace 5.2714 y β−100% 60Ni

Cobalt (IPA: /ˈkəʊbɒlt/) is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey metal, a chemical element with symbol Co. It is found in various ores, and is used in the preparation of magnetic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys. Its compounds are used in the production of inks, paints, and varnishes.

Notable characteristics

Cobalt metal is a silver or grey ferromagnetic element of atomic number 27. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. In nature, it is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt which is the basis of vitamin B₁₂. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Cobalt has a relative permeability two thirds that of iron. Metallic cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two crystallographic structures hcp and fcc with a transition temperature hcp→fcc of 722 K.

Common oxidation states of cobalt include +2 and +3, although compounds with oxidation state +1 are also well developed.

Applications

• Alloys, such as
  • Superalloys, for parts in gas turbine aircraft engines.
  • Corrosion- and wear-resistant alloys.
  • High speed steels.
  • Cemented carbides (also called hard metals) and diamond tools.
• Magnets and magnetic recording media.
  • Alnico magnets.
  • Samarium-cobalt magnets.
• Catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries, e.g. for hydroformylation and oxidation.
• Electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation.
• Drying agents for paints, varnishes, and inks.
• Ground coats for porcelain enamels.
• Pigments (cobalt blue and cobalt green).

Cobalt blue glass

• Lithium ion battery electrodes.
• Steel-belted radial tires.
• Purification of histidine-tagged fusion proteins in biotechnology applications.

Radioisotopes of Cobalt

Main article: Isotopes of cobalt

Naturally occurring cobalt is "monoisotopic", i.e. only one isotope is stable: ⁵⁹Co. 22 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being ⁶⁰Co with a half-life of 5.2714 years, ⁵⁷Co with a half-life of 271.79 days, ⁵⁶Co with a half-life of 77.27 days, and ⁵⁸Co with a half-life of 70.86 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 18 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 meta states, all of which have half-lives less than 15 minutes.

The isotopes of cobalt range in atomic weight from 50 u (⁵⁰Co) to 73 u (⁷³Co). The primary decay mode for isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of the most abundant stable isotope, ⁵⁹Co, is electron capture and the primary mode of decay for those of greater than 59 atomic mass units is beta decay. The primary decay products before ⁵⁹Co are element 26 (iron) isotopes and the primary products after are element 28 (nickel) isotopes.

Cobalt Isotopes

Isotope	Decay mechanism	Half life
Co-50	positron emission	44 millisecond
Co-51	positron emission	unmeasured
Co-52	positron emission	0.12 second
Co-53	positron emission	0.24 second
Co-54	positron emission	193.2 millisecond
Co-55	positron emission	17.53 h
Co-56	electron capture, positron emission	77.3 d
Co-57	positron emission	271.8 d
Co-58	electron capture	70.88 d
Co-59	stable	∞
Co-60	beta decay	5.271 yr
Co-61	beta decay	1.65 hr
Co-62	beta decay	1.5 min
Co-63	beta decay	27.5 second
Co-64	beta decay	0.30 second
Co-65	beta decay	1.17 second
Co-66	beta decay	0.190 second
Co-67	beta decay	0.43 second
Co-68	beta decay	0.20 second
Co-69	beta decay	0.22 second
Co-70	beta decay	0.13 second
Co-71	beta decay	0.21 second
Co-72	beta decay	90 millisecond

Cobalt radioisotopes in medicine

Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or ⁶⁰Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in radiotherapy. It produces two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV. The ⁶⁰Co source is about 2 cm in diameter and as a result produces a geometric penumbra, making the edge of the radiation field fuzzy. The metal has the unfortunate habit of producing a fine dust, causing problems with radiation protection. The ⁶⁰Co source is useful for about 5 years but even after this point is still very radioactive, and so cobalt machines have fallen from favor in the Western world where linacs are common.

Cobalt-57 (Co-57 or ⁵⁷Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in medical tests; it is used as a radiolabel for vitamin B₁₂ uptake. It is useful for the Schilling's test.

Industrial uses for radioactive isotopes

Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or ⁶⁰Co) is useful as a gamma ray source because it can be produced—in predictable quantity, and high activity—by simply exposing natural cobalt to neutrons in a reactor for a given time. It is used for

• sterilization of medical supplies, and medical waste;
• radiation treatment of foods for sterilization (cold pasteurization);
• industrial radiography (e.g., weld integrity radiographs);
• density measurements (e.g., concrete density measurements); and
• tank fill height switches.

Cobalt-59 is used as a source in Mössbauer spectroscopy.

History

Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass, glazes, and ceramics. Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture and Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC, in the ruins of Pompeii (destroyed AD 79), and in China dating from the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907) and the Ming dynasty (AD 1368–1644). Cobalt glass ingots have been recovered from shipwrecks dating to the time of the Minoans (BC 2700-1450).

Swedish chemist George Brandt (1694–1768) is credited with isolating cobalt in 1735. He was able to show that cobalt was the source of the blue color in glass, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt.

During the 19th century, cobalt blue was produced at the Norwegian Blaafarveværket (70-80% of world production), led by the Prussian industrialist Benjamin Wegner.

In 1938, John Livingood and Glenn Seaborg discovered cobalt-60.

The word cobalt is derived from the German kobalt, from kobold meaning "goblin", a term used for the ore of cobalt by miners. The first attempts at smelting the cobalt ores to produce cobalt metal failed, yielding cobalt(II) oxide instead; not only that, but because of cobalt's curious affinity for arsenic, the primary ores of cobalt always contain arsenic, and upon smelting the arsenic oxidized into the highly toxic As₄O₆, which was breathed in by workers.

Biological role

Cobalt in small amounts is essential to many living organisms, including humans. Having 0.13 to 0.30 mg/kg of cobalt in soils markedly improves the health of grazing animals. Cobalt is a central component of the vitamin cobalamin, or vitamin B₁₂.

Occurrence

Cobalt ore

Cobalt output in 2005

World production trend

Cobalt is not found as a native metal but generally found in the form of ores. Cobalt is usually not mined alone, and tends to be produced as a by-product of nickel and copper mining activities. The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot, and skutterudite.

In 2005, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was the top producer of cobalt with almost 40% world share followed by Canada, Zambia, Russia, Brazil and Cuba, reports the British Geological Survey.

see also Category:Cobalt minerals

Compounds

There is a wide variety of cobalt compounds. The +2 and +3 oxidation states are most prevalent, however cobalt(I) complexes are also fairly common. Cobalt(II) salts form the red-pink [Co(OH₂)₆]²⁺ complex in aqueous solution. Adding excess chloride will also change the colour from pink to blue, due to the formation of [CoCl₄]^2-. Cobalt oxides are antiferromagnetic at low temperature: CoO (Neel temperature 291 K) and Co₃O₄ (Neel temperature: 40 K), which is analogous to magnetite (Fe₃O₄), with a mixture of +2 and +3 oxidation states. The oxide Co₂O₃ is probably unstable; it has never been synthesized. Other than Co₃O₄ and the brown fluoride CoF₃ (which is instantly hydrolyzed in water), all compounds containing cobalt in the +3 oxidation state are stabilized by complex ion formation.

see also Category:Cobalt compounds

Precautions

Powdered cobalt in metal form is a fire hazard.

Cobalt compounds should be handled with care due to cobalt's slight toxicity.

⁶⁰Co is a high-energy gamma ray emitter. Acute high-dose exposures to the gamma emissions, such as can occur when irradiation equipment is inadvertently diverted into scrap, can cause severe burns and death. Extended exposures increase the risk of morbidity or mortality from cancer.

Nuclear weapon designs could intentionally incorporate ⁵⁹Co, some of which would be activated in a nuclear explosion to produce ⁶⁰Co. The ⁶⁰Co, dispersed as nuclear fallout, creates what is sometimes called a dirty bomb or cobalt bomb, once predicted by physicist Leó Szilárd as being capable of wiping out all life on earth.

References & notes

• Los Alamos National Laboratory: Cobalt

External links

• National Pollutant Inventory - Cobalt fact sheet
• WebElements.com – Cobalt
• London celebrates 50 years of Cobalt-60 Radiotherapy