Salmonidae
| Salmonidae Temporal range: [1]
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| Chinook salmon/Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha/nerka) | |
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| Order: | Salmoniformes
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| Family: | Salmonidae
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Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish, the only living family currently placed in the order Salmoniformes. It includes salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes and graylings. The Atlantic salmon and trout of genus Salmo give the family and order their names.
Salmonids have a relatively primitive appearance among the teleost fish, with the pelvic fins being placed far back, and an adipose fin towards the rear of the back. They are slender fish, with rounded scales and a forked tail. Their mouths contain a single row of sharp teeth.[2] Although the smallest species is just 13 centimetres (5.1 in) long as an adult, most are much larger, and the largest can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft).[1]
All salmonids spawn in fresh water, but in many cases, the fish spend most of their life at sea, returning to the rivers only to reproduce. This type of life cycle is described as anadromous. They are predators, feeding on small crustaceans, aquatic insects, and smaller fish.[2]
Evolution
Current salmonids arose from three lineages: whitefish (Coregoninae), graylings (Thymallinae), and the char, trout and salmons (Salmoninae). Generally, it is accepted that all three lineages share a suite of derived traits indicating a monophyletic group.[3]
Salmonidae first appear in the fossil record in the middle Eocene with the fossil Eosalmo driftwoodensis first described from fossils found at Driftwood Creek, central British Columbia. This genus shares traits found in the Salmoninae, whitefish and grayling lineages. Hence, E. driftwoodensis is an archaic salmonid, representing an important stage in salmonid evolution.[3]
A gap appears in the salmonine fossil record after E. driftwoodensis; until the late Miocene (~7 m.y.a.) trout-like fossils appear in Idaho, in the Clarkia Lake beds.[4] Several of these species appear to be Oncorhynchus—the current genus for Pacific salmon and some trout. The presence of these species so far inland established that Oncorhynchus was not only present in the Pacific drainages before the beginning of the Pliocene (~5–6 m.y.a.), but also that rainbow and cutthroat trout, and Pacific salmon lineages had diverged before the beginning of the Pliocene. Consequently, the split between Oncorhynchus and Salmo (Atlantic salmon) must have occurred well before the Pliocene. Suggestions have gone back as far as the early Miocene (~20 m.y.a.).[3][5]
Classification
Together with the closely-related Esociformes (the pikes and related fishes), Osmeriformes (e.g. smelts) and Argentiniformes, the Salmoniformes comprise the superorder Protacanthopterygii.
The Salmonidae (and Salmoniformes) are divided into three subfamilies and around ten genera:[1]
Order Salmoniformes
- Family: Salmonidae
- Subfamily: Coregoninae
- Subfamily: Thymallinae
- Subfamily: Salmoninae
- Brachymystax - lenoks (3 species)
- Hucho (5 species)
- Oncorhynchus - Pacific salmon and trout (14 species)
- Salmo - Atlantic salmon and trout (29 species)
- Salvelinus - Char and trout (e.g. Brook trout, Lake trout) (49 species)
- Salvethymus (1 species)
- Acantholingua (1 species)
Timeline of genera
Notes
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Salmonidae". FishBase. December 2008 version.
- ^ a b McDowell, Robert M. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 114–116. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ a b c McPhail, J.D. (1997). "Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options". The Origin and Speciation of Oncorhynchus. New York, New York: Chapman & Hall.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Smiley, Charles J. "Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest". Association for the Advancement of Science: Pacific Division. Retrieved 2006-08-08.[dead link]
- ^ Montgomery, David R. (2000). "Coevolution of the Pacific Salmon and Pacific Rim Topography". Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington. Retrieved 2006-08-08.[dead link]
References
- Behnke, Robert J. Trout and Salmon of North America, Illustrated by Joseph R. Tomelleri. 1st Chanticleer Press ed. New York: The Free Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2
- Dushkina, L.A. Farming of Salmonids in Russia, Aquaculture & Fisheries Management; Jan1994, Vol. 25 Issue 1, p121-126
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Salmonidae". FishBase. October 2004 version.
- "Salmonidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 December 2004.
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Order Salmoniformes". FishBase. October 2004 version.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: p.560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
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