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Australian flag debate

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The Australian National Flag

The Australian flag debate is a debate over whether the Australian flag should be changed in order to remove the Union Flag from the canton, often in connection with the issue of republicanism in Australia. This debate has come to a head at a number of occasions, such as the period immediately preceding the Australian Bicentenary in 1988, and also during the Prime Ministership of Paul Keating, who had publicly supported a change in the flag.

Arguments in favour of changing the flag

File:Ausflag identity.gif
A poster released by Ausflag prior to the 2000 Sydney Olympics, displaying some of the many other flags containing the Union Flag in the canton.
An Australian postcard celebrating the end of WWII

The case for changing the flag has been led by the organisation known as Ausflag. The organisation has not consistently supported one design, and is opposed to the Eureka Flag, but has sponsored a number of design competitions to develop alternative flag candidates.

Supporters of changing the flag typically make the following arguments:

  • The flag is not distinctive because it contains the national flag of another country in a position of prominence. In particular, the flag is difficult to distinguish from a variety of flags based on the British Blue Ensign, most notably the national flag of New Zealand and the state flag of Victoria. For example, the Australian Monarchist League, during their "no" campaign for the Australian republic referendum in 1999, mistakenly displayed the New Zealand flag instead of the Australian flag on one of their pamphlets.[1]
  • It does not accurately connote Australia's status as an independent nation. The Union flag at the canton suggests Australia is a British colony or dependency. New Zealand, Fiji and Tuvalu are the only other independent nations in the world to feature the Union Flag on their national flags. Other Commonwealth countries whose flags originally depicted the Union Flag, such as Canada, have since changed them, without becoming republics. The flag's colours of red, white and blue are neither Australia's official national colours (green and gold) nor its traditional heraldic colours (blue and gold).
  • In representing only Australia's British heritage, the flag is anachronistic, and does not reflect the change to a multicultural, pluralist society. In particular, the flag makes no mention of indigenous Australians, many of whom regard the Union Flag as a symbol of colonial oppression and dispossession.[2]
  • The existing flag is historically not the prime national symbol. For most of the time since Federation, it was flown alongside the British Union Flag which took precedence as the National Flag from 1924 until 1954. Until the late 1920s the Federation Flag remained more popular than the Australian flag for public and even some official events. For example, the Federation Flag was flown during the 1927 visit to Australia of the Duke and Duchess of York, the future King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.[3] The number of points of the stars have varied since 1901, and the present blue version was not adopted as the national flag until 1954. Before then, the Union flag took precedence and confusion reigned between whether the red or blue version of the Australian flag was to be preferred, with the red often winning out.
  • It is spurious to claim that Australians have "fought and died under the flag", given that during most of the wars Australians have been involved in, they have usually "fought under" various British flags or the Australian Red Ensign.[4] Prior to 1941 only 10 per cent of military ensigns were Blue and in 1945 Red ensigns were flown along the route of the official end of war parades.[5] The flag made in secret by the Changi prisoners-of-war was a red ensign.[6] The coffins of Australia's war dead were draped with the Union Flag.[7]
  • Although the flag was designed by four Australians, including two teenagers, and a man from New Zealand[8] and chosen in a public competition, the original competition rules stipulated the design must include the Union flag and Southern Cross[9][10] and it still had to be approved by King Edward VII and, because both the red and blue versions were considered naval ensigns, the British Admiralty.[7]
  • There are 54 countries in the Commonwealth of Nations — only five of them, including the United Kingdom, have the Union Flag in their own flag.

Replacing the Union flag with the Aboriginal flag

The Australian Aboriginal flag
Ausflag's 2000 professional designers' competition was won by Franck Gentil with a design that substitutes the Union Flag with a gold Commonwealth Star

Another suggested design was to replace the Union Flag, in the canton (upper hoist quarter), with the Aboriginal flag. Although this was put forward as a simple evolutionary design to imply the removal of British ties and inclusion of Aboriginal ties, it has not met with widespread support and it is extremely unlikely that it will be considered as a new Australian flag design. [citation needed]

Reasons for this include the following:

  • In flag design, a symbol in the canton of a flag implies subordination to the group represented by the symbol.
  • Harold Thomas, the designer and copyright holder of the Aboriginal flag, objects to this use, saying, "Our flag is not a secondary thing. It stands on its own, not to be placed as an adjunct to any other thing. It shouldn't be treated that way."[11]
  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are considered equally indigenous to Australia, with each represented by their own flag; the inclusion of the Aboriginal flag but omission of the Torres Strait Islander Flag may be seen as exclusive and unfair.
  • The use of black alongside the flag's dark blue is regarded as poor flag design by vexillologists.

Despite this, the flag has shown up in the science fiction movie Event Horizon. In the film, Sam Neill represents an Australian crew member, and can be seen wearing the flag on the sleeve of his suit.

Replacing the Union flag with the Commonwealth Star

One suggested design is to remove the Union flag and moving the Commonwealth star that represents the States and Territories from the bottom left of the flag up into the canton.[12][13]

Arguments in favour of keeping the flag

The Australian Federation Flag (1831) was used by Sir Henry Parkes and the federation movement and featured the Southern Cross and Union Jack in combination.
Postcard commemorating the naval victory of Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney over the German light cruiser Emden at the Battle of Cocos in 1914.

In response to the increasing publicity surrounding proposed new flag designs, supporters of the existing Australian flag formed the Australian National Flag Association to resist attempts to change the flag.

Supporters of the flag make the following arguments:

  • Although flag design protocol implies that Australia is subordinate to Britain, this view of the flag's meaning is not held by many Australians. [14] Less than 200 years after white settlement to Australia began a modern, western nation had been founded based on British political and social institutions, as opposed to colonies by conquest such as India with their own pre-existing host cultures. [15]
  • Many national flags look-alike; the flags of Monaco and Indonesia are identical concepts. [16] It is common for middle powers such as Australia to have national symbols which are not instantly recognisable overseas. [17]
  • It is a popular symbol. [18] No alternative national flag has attained the same degree of acceptance accorded to the existing flag.
  • According to Nigel Morris of the Australian Flag Society, it is of historical importance, being the flag "that Australia has grown up under, and the flag that has been associated with all of her many achievements on the international scene".[19] In terms of its essential elements it has remained unchanged since it was first flown in 1901 and is based on earlier flags, such as that of the Anti-Transportation League; it is also similar to the Blue Ensign designs of all the states' flags.
  • The political situation which lead to the Great Canadian Flag Debate was and is not comparable to the one in Australia; the Canadian Red Ensign, the maritime flag used between 1867 - 1965 as the defacto national flag for qualified purposes, was retired when the first official National Flag of Canada was adopted by an Act of Parliament, in an attempt to appease French speaking Quebec separatists. [20]
  • The existing flag is important for emotional reasons and because of tradition. [21] It has been used by Royal Australian Navy warships as a battle flag since 1913 (the Australian white ensign replaced the British ensign in 1967). [22] It has been the saluting flag for other branches of the Australian Defence Force at all reviews and ceremonial parades since 1911. [23] [24]
  • It was chosen through an open public competition and designed by four Australians and a man from New Zealand.[8][25]

Southern Cross

The Eureka Flag.

Most supporters of a new flag want to keep the Southern Cross in any future design. Almost all suggested replacement flags submitted to Ausflag feature the constellation, with the four main stars as seven-point Commonwealth Stars, and the centre star as a standard five-point star, as they appear on the existing flag.[26]

The Southern Cross is thought locally to represent Australia's position in the Southern Hemisphere (see Southern Cross Flag). It has been used as a symbol of Australia since the early days of British settlement. The Southern Cross was also known to ancient Aborigines and features in a number of their traditional legends.[27]

Some, however, have concerns that the Southern Cross is not explicitly Australian but could represent any nation at all in the southern hemisphere. As well as the Australian flag, it also already appears on the flags of Brazil, Papua New Guinea, Samoa and New Zealand.[28]

Progress of the debate

When the winning entry to the 1901 Federal Flag Design Competition was announced the initial reception was mixed. Many were critical from an aesthetic perspective, with much criticism being made of the extremely large Commonwealth Star (later to be made smaller by the 1909 amendment). [29] As the design was basically the Victorian flag with a star added, many critics in both the Federal Government and the New South Wales government objected to the chosen flag for being "too Victorian". [30] There were some who felt that the winning design of the earlier Herald competition was far superior to the design chosen. [31] The then republican magazine The Bulletin labelled it:[32]

a staled réchauffé of the British flag, with no artistic virtue, no national significance... Minds move slowly: and Australia is still Britain's little boy. What more natural than that he should accept his father's cut-down garments, – lacking the power to protest, and only dimly realising his will. That bastard flag is a true symbol of the bastard state of Australian opinion.[33]

Melbourne Herald competition winning design[34] Blue version of winning design As approved by King Edward VII

Chris Watson, who served as the 3rd Prime Minister of Australia, suggested substituting a different design, one that "had the Union Jack in the center resting on six vertical red stripes on a white ground." [35]

In 1904, due to lobbying by Senator Richard Crouch, the House of Representatives proclaimed that the blue ensign "should be flown upon all forts, vessels, saluting places and public buildings of the Commonwealth upon all occasions when flags are used", giving it the same status as the Union Jack in the UK. Initially the Department of Defence resisted, considering it to be a marine ensign and favouring King's Regulations that specified the use of the Union Jack. After being approached by the Department of Defence, Prime Minister Chris Watson stated in parliament that he was not satisfied with the design of the Australian flag and that implementation of the 1904 resolution could wait until consideration was given to "adopt another [flag] which in our opinion is more appropriate." [36]

On 14 April 1954 the Flags Act 1953 (Cth) became law after receiving all party support. Tabling the legislation in parliament Prime Minister Robert Menzies stated: "The bill is very largely a formal measure which puts into legislative form what has become almost the established practice in Australia."

The first proposal for a new Australian flag was made in 1956 by the Republican Socialist League and was an evolutionary design where the Union Jack was replaced with the Commonwealth Star. [37]

The Bulletin launched an Australian National Flag Quest on 1 August 1971 in time for the visit of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to open the Sydney Opera House in October 1973; 10 designs were chosen from the 2,000 submitted and these were displayed by major stores in the capital cities and main provincial centres during 1972. [38]

At the July 1982 Australian Labor Party national conference in Canberra, the party changed its policy platform in regard to national symbols to: "Initiate and Support moves to establish with popular acceptance an Australian flag ... which will more distinctively reflect our national independence and identity."

It was reported in The Australian on 28 January 1984 that, "It is understood that Federal Cabinet will soon decide how best to ignite the debate on the pros and cons of changing the flag before the issue is put to a national vote before the 1988 bicentenary year. The Minister for Housing and Construction Mr Chris Hurford publicly revealed yesterday that the Government had not allowed economic discussions to completely swamp cabinet debate on the flag."

Prime Minister Bob Hawke subsequently announced in the House of Representatives that the design of the Australian flag would not be reviewed by the Australian government before or during the bicentenary year. [39]

Paul Keating publicly championed the cause of a new flag during his term as prime minister, including on a state visit to Indonesia. He was quoted as saying:

I do not believe that the symbols and the expression of the full sovereignty of Australian nationhood can ever be complete while we have a flag with the flag of another country on the corner of it.[40]

On 6 June 1994, the Sydney Morning Herald reported Deputy Prime Minister Kim Beazley as saying the ALP Government was committed to its timetable for changes to Australia's flag by the Centenary of Federation in 2001; beyond commissioning a national survey that year, no further action was taken. [41]

In opposition from 1983 - 1996, coalition MPs unsuccessfully sponsored 10 private members bills to amend the Flags Act 1953 (Cth) to prevent the existing Australian flag from being replaced by the agreement of both houses of federal parliament alone, without the views of the Australian people being taken into account. [42]

Frequent Morgan polls showed the percentage of Australians wanting a new flag increasing from 27% in 1979 to 42% in 1992, to a majority of 52% in 1998.[43] In response, the Coalition government under John Howard discouraged discussion about changing the flag and in 1996 established Australian National Flag Day, in 2002 supplied ANFA’s promotional video free to all primary schools and in 2004 required all schools receiving federal funds to fly the Australian flag.[44]

On 24 March 1998, the Flags Amendment Bill 1996 received Royal Assent. The Act stipulates rules for reviewing the design of the Australian national flag; to replace the flag entirely, the existing flag and one or more choices must be put to the electorate in a plebiscite along the same lines as the National Tune Poll - assuming the Act is not amended or repealed by parliament through the normal processes. There is also a weighty body of legal opinion which says sections 3(2) & (3) are unconstitutional and open to being rendered inoperable by a court.

Malcolm Turnbull, former chairman (1993 - 2000) of the Australian Republican Movement and head of the official Yes case committee for the 1999 Australian republic referendum, left the board of Ausflag in 1994 after being asked for his resignation and in 2004 joined the Australian National Flag Association. [45]

A 2010 Morgan Poll that asked: "Do you think Australia should have a new design for our National Flag?" was supported by 29% of respondents and opposed by 66%, with 5% uncommitted.[43]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Australia.

References

  1. ^ AML pamphlet during 1999 republic referendum, with the NZ flag incorrectly used instead of the Australian flag. Image taken from the Ausflag website
  2. ^ Speech by Lois O'Donoghue[dead link‍], 1998.
  3. ^ The Status Of The Flag
  4. ^ "Australian Red Ensign - Myths and Facts". Ausflag. 12 June 2006. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
    Australian forces in the Sudan War (1885), the Boxer Rebellion (1900-1901), and the Boer War (1899-1902) fought under the Union Jack. The First World War was the first to use the Red Ensign although the Union Jack dominated. World War II saw the Blue Ensign used for forts while the Red Ensign was used by the troops. In the Korean War, Australians fought under the United Nations' Flag. The first war to be fought under the Blue Ensign was Vietnam (1965-1972).
  5. ^ Australia's Forgotten Flag. The Red Ensign Digger History: history of the Australian & New Zealand Armed Forces
  6. ^ Union Jacks and Southern Skies
  7. ^ a b "Documenting a Democracy". National Archives of Australia: Flags Act 1953: History. Retrieved 18 June 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b Australian Flags, p. 40.
  9. ^ Competition For A Flag
    The Evening Herald flag competition had stipulated that the flag must include both the Union Jack and the Southern Cross. The Review of Reviews competition specifically stated that "such absolute limitations" would not apply but that any entry "which omitted these symbols might have small chance of success." The Federal Government 1901 competition combined the Review of Reviews with their own. Of the 32,823 designs entered in the Government competition the "great majority" contained both the Union Jack and the Southern Cross. The judges in choosing the winners stated "it was apparent that a Commonwealth flag, to be representative, should contain: the Union Jack... it was felt that the only additional emblem required was one representing the Federation of the six States".
  10. ^ "History of the Australian flag: Obtaining approval from London". Flags of the World. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  11. ^ Debra Jopson (3 September 1994). "Aboriginal flag has many roles, says designer". Sydney Morning Herald.[dead link‍]
  12. ^ Ausflag 2000 Professional Designers Competition[dead link‍]
  13. ^ This design has been used by the Republican Party of Australia since it was founded in the 1950s.
  14. ^ Australian Flag Matter of Public Importance Parliament of New South Wales 30 April 1992
  15. ^ http://www.flagsociety.org.au/Proposed_amendment.htm
  16. ^ http://www.australianflag.com.au/debateresource.php
  17. ^ http://www.australianflag.org.au/books-poems
  18. ^ [Roy Morgan Research] Morgan Poll
  19. ^ Nigel Morris, Australian Flag Society responds to Ray Martin, Australian Conservative <http://australianconservative.com/2010/06/australian-flag-society-responds-to-ray-martin/> at 8 July
  20. ^ http://www.flagsociety.org.au/Proposed_amendment.htm
  21. ^ Minister for Veterans Affairs, Australian National Flag Day 2001
  22. ^ Australian National Flag
  23. ^ George Odgers, "The Royal Australian Navy - An Illustrated History", p. 41
  24. ^ M.O.58 (1908) Attention is directed to Statutory Rule 27/08 published in M.O. 58/08. The Australian Ensign will accordingly be flown at all flag stations throughout the Commonwealth. M.O.135 (1911) It is directed that in future the Australian Flag is to be used as the saluting flag at all reviews and ceremonial parades. Source: Australian Army Military Orders[dead link‍]
  25. ^ "1901 Federal Flag design competition". Australianflag.com.au. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  26. ^ "1998 Ausflag Professional Flag Design Competition".[dead link‍]
  27. ^ "The story of Mululu and his four daughters". Australianflag.org.au. Retrieved 27 June 2010. [dead link‍]
  28. ^ White, Richard; Harper, Melissa (22 January 2010). "Coat Of Arms of Australia | National Symbols". Melbourne: Theage.com.au. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  29. ^ Frank Cayley, Flag of Stars, Rigby, Adelaide, 1966, pp. 111-112.
  30. ^ Kwan, p. 18.
  31. ^ Cayley, pp. 97, 110.
  32. ^ Kirby, Michael (2000). "The Australian Referendum on a Republic – Ten Lessons". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 46 (4): 510–535. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00111.
  33. ^ Bulletin, Sydney, 28 September 1901
  34. ^ "Design for Australian Flag". National Archives of Australia. 1900. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  35. ^ Cayley, p. 115.
  36. ^ http://flagspot.net/flags/au_hist3.html#1908mil
  37. ^ http://www.flagsaustralia.com.au/newflag.html
  38. ^ Kwan, Pg. 119.
  39. ^ http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;adv=yes;orderBy=customrank;page=0;query=hawke%20flag%20Date%3A01%2F11%2F1980%20%3E%3E%2001%2F01%2F1990%20Dataset%3Ahansardr,hansardr80%20Responder_Phrase%3A%22mr%20hawke%22;rec=1;resCount=Default
  40. ^ Hansard. 2 June 1994. Question without Notice: Australian Flag, pp 1318
  41. ^ Kwan, Pg. 157.
  42. ^ Kwan, Pg. 135.
  43. ^ a b Clear Majority Want to Keep the Australian Flag
  44. ^ Kwan, Pg. 116.
  45. ^ http://www.ausflag.com.au/malcolm_turnbull_letters.asp

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