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195 Broadway

Coordinates: 40°42′40″N 74°00′33″W / 40.7111°N 74.0093°W / 40.7111; -74.0093
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195 Broadway
Map
Alternative namesAmerican Telephone & Telegraph Company Building, Western Union Building
General information
TypeCommercial
Architectural styleNeoclassical
Address195-207 Broadway
Town or cityFinancial District, Manhattan, New York City, New York
CountryUnited States
Coordinates40°42′40″N 74°00′33″W / 40.7111°N 74.0093°W / 40.7111; -74.0093
Construction started1912
Completed1916
OwnerL&L Holding Company
Height
Tip422 feet (129 m)
Roof398 feet (121 m)
Technical details
Floor count29
Lifts/elevators30
Design and construction
Architect(s)William Welles Bosworth
DesignatedJuly 25, 2006
Reference no.2194 (exterior), 2199 (first-floor interior)
References
[1][2][3]

195 Broadway, also known as the Telephone Building, Telegraph Building, or Western Union Building, is a 29-story building on Broadway in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. It was the longtime headquarters of AT&T as well as Western Union. It occupies almost an entire city block, occupying the entirety of the western side of Broadway from Dey Street to Fulton Street.

The site was formerly occupied by the Western Union Telegraph Building. The current skyscraper, commissioned after AT&T's 1909 acquisition of Western Union, was constructed in 1912–1916 under the leadership of Theodore Newton Vail, to designs by William W. Bosworth. It was the site of one end of the first transcontinental telephone call, the first intercity Picturephone call, and the first transatlantic telephone call. Though AT&T moved its headquarters in 1984, the building is still in use. It was designated an official landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2006.

History

Context and planning

The Western Union Telegraph Building was previously located on the site of today's skyscraper

From 1885 to 1910, AT&T was headquartered at 125 Milk Street in Boston.[4] The current building at 195 Broadway was constructed under the leadership of AT&T's president Theodore Newton Vail, who had taken the AT&T helm in 1907 and added the same title at Western Union in 1909 when that firm was purchased by AT&T. At the time, the site was occupied by the Western Union Telegraph Building.[5]

In 1910, AT&T revealed plans to improve Western Union's offices "for the accommodation of the public and the welfare" of workers.[6] William W. Bosworth, the architect who designed the John D. Rockefeller estate at Kykuit,[7] was offered the commission to design a headquarters building at 195 Broadway in November 1911.[8][9] Simultaneously, work proceeded on 24 Walker Street,[a] a shared-operations building erected further north in 1911–1914.[5]

Construction

In 1912, plans were devised for 29-story headquarters building that would be constructed on the western sidewalk of Broadway on the block stretching from Dey Street to Fulton Street. The plan entailed constructing one wing on the Dey Street corner, followed by the second wing on the Fulton Street corner.[10]

To minimize disruption to Western Union's operations, the new building was constructed in several portions, and the 195 Broadway Corporation was organized to take over operation of the existing structure.[11][12] Work began first on the Dey Street annex; the Western Union Building annex at 14-18 Dey Street was demolished in 1912,[11] and Western Union employees moved out of the old building to Walker Street in June 1914.[13] The Dey Street annex was completed by late 1914.[14] The Broadway and Fulton Street wings then commenced construction. The new 195 Broadway building was declared completed in 1916, upon which 3,500 employees of AT&T and its subsidiaries moved into the structure.[10][11][15]

The 195 Broadway Corporation also bought numerous adjacent plots of land to ensure that the new structure would be compliant with the upcoming 1916 Zoning Resolution,[11] which established limits in building massing at certain heights.[16] Specifically, the Mail and Express Building between Dey and Fulton Streets was acquired in February 1916,[17] followed by the acquisition of the four-story 205 Broadway building at Fulton Street in July,[18] days before the zoning law took effect.[11]

Bosworth was then directed to prepare plans for three 27-story annexes. Material shortages due to World War I prevented the expansion, and there were numerous holdouts.[11] The 195 Broadway Corp. purchased the New York Law School structures at 172-174 Fulton Street in August 1918, at which point it owned almost the entire block bounded by Broadway and Dey, Fulton, and Church Streets.[19][b] However, the building permit had expired the previous month. Bosworth filed plans for a smaller addition to complete the corner of Fulton Street and Broadway in December 1919; it was initially denied for violating the zoning law's height restriction, but the following month, the city board of appeals allowed construction to proceed.[11] The corner section was finished in 1922, thereby completing the original headquarters.[20] This section included a store for the Benedict Brothers,[21][22] jewelers who held-out during the original construction and only agreed to give up their building in exchange for retail space in the building.[11][23]

AT&T headquarters

195 Broadway is to the left of St. Paul's Chapel

195 Broadway's name changed several times in its early years, indicating changes in its ownership. 195 Broadway was referred to as the "Western Union Building" during its construction and as the "Telephone and Telegraph Building" after completion. AT&T settled on the American Telephone & Telegraph Building name in the 1920s, which the building retained through the 1980s.[5] 195 Broadway was closely associated with AT&T, and the 195 Broadway Corporation came to encompass all of the company's real estate holdings until AT&T moved out during the 1980s.[24]

Vail retired in 1919, shortly after 195 Broadway was finished; the new AT&T president, Henry Bates Thayer, helped grow the company into an international telecommunications company.[7] While in use as AT&T headquarters, 195 Broadway was the site of one end of the first transcontinental telephone call in 1923.[25] The same building was the New York end of the first intercity Picturephone call in 1927[26] and of the first transatlantic telephone call, made to London, England, also in 1927.[10][2] The company also founded radio station WEAF, which broadcast from 195 Broadway's Fulton Street tower and continued to do so after its 1925 purchase by RCA.[7][27] In 1941, The New York Times reported that work on the then-under-construction radio apparatus at 711 Fifth Avenue, the studios of RCA's NBC division, was controlled from "a single little room" within 195 Broadway.[27][28]

Western Union started erecting a new headquarters at 60 Hudson Street in 1928.[7] Most of the company's operations moved to its new Hudson Street building two years later.[28][29] Western Union's ticker and messenger services, as well as the money-order department, were kept at 195 Broadway.[28] Benedict Brothers closed their shop in 195 Broadway's lobby in 1938.[30] The next year, AT&T decided to display "the most accurate clock in the world" on the northernmost window bay along the Broadway facade, a showcase of the successful timekeeping service developed by AT&T's Bell Labs.[31] At that time, AT&T had developed a near-monopoly on the United States' telephone and long-distance service.[28]

AT&T's Western Electric division outgrew the original headquarters at 195 Broadway in the 1950s, having made significant profits during the Cold War.[28] In 1957, Western Electric started planning its own structure diagonally across Broadway and Fulton Street,[32] and five years later, moved into its new 31-story building at 222 Broadway.[33] As a result of AT&T's increased profits in the 1950s and 1960s, the company performed several renovations at 195 Broadway, including installing air conditioning throughout the building in 1959–1961. The attic, which formerly had benches and employee facilities for squash and handball, was replaced with equipment to support the air conditioning system.[28] The facade was given a steam cleaning in 1963, in honor of the 50th anniversary of 195 Broadway's completion. AT&T planned to replace the bronze grilles and alabaster chandeliers,[34] but this was canceled after objections from architecture writer Henry Hope Reed.[35]

Sale and later usage

Looking up at the Broadway facade near Fulton Street

In 1978, AT&T commissioned a new building at 550 Madison Avenue.[36] This new AT&T Building was designed by Philip Johnson in the new Postmodern architectural style, and was completed in 1984, the same year of the Bell System divestiture.[37] As part of the divestiture, 195 Broadway, and the rest of the block where it was located, was sold for $70 million to Peter Kalikow.[24] AT&T removed its Spirit of Communication sculpture from the building, as well as sculptor Paul Manship's original relief panels, the latter of which Kalikow replaced with replicas.[38]

Subsequently, Kalikow made plans to renovate the structure and lease it out to office tenants.[24] The structure's facade was given a steam cleaning; the paint on the building's bronze finishes was removed; and metal ornaments were painted or shined.[38] Kalikow destroyed two smaller structures near the block's western boundary, and he initially planned to extend 195 Broadway all the way to Church Street as a 29-story office annex. The plans for the western side of the block were then changed to that for a hotel, but decided against that after marketing experts said a hotel would not be profitable. An office use was subsequently again considered, but dismissed since the floor area would have been too small for office tenants. Kalikow bought air rights from the adjacent St. Paul's Chapel to the north and changed the plans for the western part of the block back to a hotel.[39] The western part of the block was ultimately developed as the Millennium Hilton New York Downtown, which opened in 1992.[40]

Kalikow sold 195 Broadway to L&L Holding Co. and Beacon Capital Partners in 2005 for $300 million. At the time, Lois Weiss of the New York Post said that the building was estimated to be worth $500 million.[41] The building's exterior and first floor interior were officially designated as city landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in July 2006.[42] As part of the construction of the nearby Fulton Center transit hub, 195 Broadway was to be connected to the underground Dey Street Passageway.[43][44] 195 Broadway was sold again in 2013 to a group where JP Morgan Asset Management was the majority stakeholder.[45] JP Morgan put the building for sale in 2019 with an initial asking price of $800 million.[46] The structure was ultimately bought by two Korean organizations for $500 million.[47][48]

Design

195 Broadway (left center) seen from Park Row

Though Bosworth is credited as the architect, the design of 195 Broadway was mostly devised by Vail. According to Bosworth, "It was the aim of Mr. Vail that [195 Broadway] should express the ideal the Telephone Company stands for."[49] In 1922, an anonymous writer in The American Architect: Architectural Review said that the materials of 195 Broadway "stand for permanency both inside and out".[50] At the time, the neoclassical style was being used in headquarters buildings across the U.S., and Bosworth convinced AT&T officials to erect the headquarters in the Greek neoclassical style.[51] For the lobby, Bosworth was inspired by the design of the Parthenon's porticos and Egyptian hypostyles to create "a forest of polished marble" supported by massive columns.[52][53]

Bosworth's design was heavily Greek-influenced; it featured layers of gray granite columns in Doric and Ionic styles, and a lobby that included 43 oversized Doric columns made of marble.[2] Many building details, such as the columns and the metal grilles above each entrance bay, were nearly identical copies of similar features on classical Greek buildings such as the Parthenon and the Temple of Artemis.[54][55] Bosworth also incorporated several "architectural refinements" that Brooklyn Museum professor William H. Goodyear had noted as being characteristic of Greek architecture, including column spacing and progressively smaller columns at higher floors.[55][56] Ornament was yet another important part of the design and was ubiquitous within 195 Broadway.[55][57] Bosworth later wrote that he was "immensely proud" of the 195 Broadway design, from which he drew all of his subsequent Greek-inspired designs.[55][58]

Form

The building has a frontage of 275 feet (84 m) on Dey Street, 154 feet (47 m) on Broadway, and 200 feet (61 m) on Fulton Street. The structure is 27 stories, including its attic and double-height lobby.[38]

The Dey Street annex, along the southern portion of the building, was an L-shaped structure at the corner of Dey Street and Broadway with an extension reaching Fulton Street.[10] The westernmost 33 feet (10 m) on Fulton Street was designed like a campanile to fit with its narrow and tall form.[20] The campanile is 29 stories high.[38]

Facade

Subway entrance at Fulton Street

The facade is made of white Vermont granite.[14][38] The first section to be built, on the western portion of the lot facing Dey Street, was 75 by 77 feet (23 by 23 m) and is articulated by four architectural bays. The second phase extended the building to Broadway with a small wing extending back to Fulton Street; this phase included additional groupings of four architectural bays on Dey Street and Broadway, separated by less elaborate "transitional bays". The final phase, at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Street, connected the two respective facades on these sides.[20][59]

There are three sets of 4 bays on Dey Street and two such sets on Broadway; the "transitional bays" are plainer and slightly set back.[60] On Dey Street and Broadway, each set of four bays is arranged so that the center bays are wider, and the columns at higher stories are slightly set back with smaller diameters.[55] The Fulton Street facade, unlike the Dey Street and Broadway facades, is divided into two sections: the campanile to the west and the continuous eight-bay colonnade to the east.[20][59] On all three principal facades, the first-floor bays contain entrance frames or window frames made of bronze. Wheelchair ramps are cut into certain entrance bays along both Fulton and Dey Streets.[38]

The building's articulation consists of three vertical sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital. However, unlike in other buildings where the base and capital were more elaborate than the shaft, the entire facade of 195 Broadway consisted of "sustained decoration of superimposed orders", similar to ancient Greek and Roman buildings such as the Septizodium in Rome or the Library of Pergamum in what is now Turkey.[61] The facade was thus composed of a Doric colonnade along the double-height first floor, and eight sets of triple-height Ionic colonnades on subsequent stories. The Doric columns at the base supported a frieze running along the top of the first floor.[60] The lowest story of each layer of Ionic colonnades contained mullions and spandrels made of stone, which contributed to the building's "solidity". A tall parapet at the building's top was intended to show "strength and solidity binding the columns", as did the structure's transitional bays. The entire facade was designed like this except for the campanile-like tower on Fulton Street.[20]

On the Fulton Street side, the westernmost three bays comprise a 422-foot (129 m) tower[62] whose facade consists of an ornate three-story base and a relatively undecorated 22-story granite shaft.[20] The base contains two garage openings on the first floor; two pairs of bronze-framed windows on the second floor, with each pair separated by an Ionic column; and a colonnade on the third floor, articulated by vertical pilasters that contain various decorations.[62] The top stories are flanked by Greek Ionic columns. The roof of this tower is a pyramidal crown inspired by contemporary renderings of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.[55]

The Millennium Hilton blocks much of the Dey Street wing's western wall; the campanile tower on Fulton Street can be seen at left

The minor elevations are along the north side of the Dey Street wing and the west sides of the Dey Street and Fulton Street wings. The western facade of the Fulton Street wing contains relatively plain window openings,[55] and the western facade of the Dey Street wing is a windowless wall mostly blocked by the Millennium Hotel.[63] The northern facade of the Dey Street wing also contains window openings; the center section of this facade is windowless and contained a "light court" which was infilled during the 1960s.[55]

Interior

195 Broadway has almost 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of interior floor space, approximately 36,000 square feet (3,300 m2) per floor. There were formerly 28 elevators serving the office floors.[24] As of 2020, there are 22 passenger elevators that travel from the lobby to the upper floors; the elevators are divided into zones, with each elevator only serving a certain range of floors. Specifically, eight elevators travel from the lobby to the 23rd through 28th floors; six elevators travel to the 15th through 22nd floors; and eight cars travel to the 4th through 15th floors. A single freight elevator serves all floors.[64] The office floors contain varying ceiling heights. The 6th, 9th, 12th, 16th, 19th, 22nd and 25th floors have ceilings that are 13.5 feet (4.1 m) tall; the 28th floor's ceiling is 17.5 feet (5.3 m) tall; and the remaining office stories starting from the 4th floor are 12.5 feet (3.8 m) tall.[65]

According to The New York Times, 195 Broadway is considered to have the most marble of any New York City office building; the material is so ubiquitous that it was even used for the fire stairs. The structure also incorporates cast bronze or nickel silver on its interior furnishings, such as window frames and door knobs.[24]

First floor

The lobby has a ceiling 40 feet (12 m) high and contains 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) of floor area.[43] The ceiling is supported by white marble columns in the Doric order; the interior partitions are also made of white marble; and the floors are of gray marble. The ceiling contains a grid of coffers punctuated by heavy, green-and-gold decorated beams. The directory boards in the lobby are also brightly colored. There are bronze-and-alabaster chandeliers hanging from the ceiling. As with the facade, the lobby includes bronze furnishings and is heavily influenced by Greek architecture.[22]

The oldest section of the building, on the southwest side facing Dey Street included a lobby, shops, offices, fire stairs, and a narrow bank of elevators near the east wall.[53] The elevators face eastward, toward the larger Dey Street lobby.[66] The rest of the Dey Street (south) wing, extending eastward to Broadway, includes a main vestibule with revolving doors on Dey Street. It is surrounded to the north, west, and east by elevator banks.[66] Because Dey Street rose gradually as it approached Broadway to the east, there are numerous slightly-raised enclosures near the entrance bays on Dey Street. The space is further subdivided by low-height railings and partitions of marble. A corridor extends east to Broadway, where originally there were two revolving-door entrances.[53]

Under the campanile on Fulton Street, there was retail space, later largely converted to a pair of loading docks[53] 35 feet (11 m) deep.[65] The Fulton Street (north) lobby also contains a passageway extending south to the Dey Street wing, and there are elevators on the south and east walls of the lobby.[66] When the corner space at Broadway and Fulton Street was completed, the wall separating the new lobby to the north and the old lobby to the south was removed. The elevator banks on the east wall were installed, and more columns were erected inside the lobby to create a hypostyle-like hall.[53] Cantilevered trusses were installed on the third floor to support the weight originally carried by the wall in the Broadway lobby.[67] The corner section's construction included the addition of two more revolving doors on the northern section of the Broadway facade, three revolving doors on Fulton Street.[22] This section included a store for the Benedict Brothers.[21][22]

The Broadway lobby, on the eastern side of the lot, is separated from both the Fulton and Dey Street wings by the elevator banks along these wings' eastern walls, as well as a pair of fire stairs. Passageways from both wings' lobbies lead east to the Broadway lobby.[66] The wings contain asymmetrical column arrangements, but this is not immediately visible from the Broadway lobby due to the presence of the elevator banks.[22][23]

Basements

195 Broadway contains five basement levels, labeled alphabetically from top to bottom (i.e. the lowest level is called basement "E").[38] Basement levels B, C, and E contain storage areas.[65]

The uppermost basement level, the "A" level, is adjacent to the Fulton Street station on the New York City Subway's IRT Lexington Avenue Line (4 and ​5 trains), which runs under Broadway.[38] From the Fulton Street side, there is a direct entrance to the southbound platform of the Fulton Street station.[68] Going west from Broadway, the stairs to the subway are located in the second bay, and are framed by a bronze surround. In the basement, there is a 75-foot-long (23 m) granite wall between the platform and the building. Within the granite wall there are bronze sliding gates and a long window separated by bronze mullions. The sliding gates used to provide access to the station, a purpose that is now served by turnstiles.[63]

Decorative elements

Art

Spirit of Communication, formerly in the AT&T Building

The most famous artwork commissioned for the building was a gilded bronze sculpture originally called Genius of Telegraphy, placed atop the pyramidal roof of the tower-like west end of the Fulton Street wing of the building in 1916. The artist Evelyn Beatrice Longman created a statue depicting a 24-foot-tall (7.3 m) winged male figure on top of a globe, wrapped by cables, clutching bolts of electricity in his left hand.[69][70] After a court-ordered divestiture of Western Union, the statue's official title was changed to Genius of Electricity by the time it was installed. The statue was renamed again to Spirit of Communication in the 1930s, but has been better known by its nickname, Golden Boy.[10] In 1984 when AT&T moved to 550 Madison Avenue, the statue was relocated to the foyer of 550 Madison;[24] the statue was later moved yet again to New Jersey.[71]

One of Paul Manship's earliest public works was "The Four Elements", a set of four bronze reliefs on the lower facade of the building.[70][72][73] The Manship reliefs are located above the revolving doors on the Broadway side,[20] as well as at the spandrels within the four westernmost bays along Dey Street.[55] The reliefs respectively represent earth, air, fire, and water.[54][55][73] They were later replaced with copies.[55]

On Fulton Street, above the third story of the campanile, is a stone relief depicting a personification of Electricity with a shield containing the symbol of Western Union; a bronze lion in the center; and a stone relief of Demeter holding a torch.[55]

In the lobby, Gaston Lachaise originally planned to design a 22-foot (6.7 m) "marble statue of a young woman" along the eastern wall of the Broadway elevator lobby,[74] though this work was not installed.[75] Instead, this space was occupied by Service to the Nation in Peace and War (1928), an allegorical group by Chester Beach. The piece, in bronze and marble, depicts personifications of telecommunications, war, and peace.[75][76]

Other features

The facade contains ornaments such as swags and wreaths. There are bronze spandrels with decorative friezes within the upper-story bays, and the facade of the top story under the parapet contains bronze lion heads. Foliated reliefs are located within the door and window frames at ground level, and antefixes are located above the shop windows and the Dey and Fulton Street subway entrances. The subway entrances also contained granite faces and bronze gates, and the decoration extended into the basement where the subway platform was located.[55]

Manship also designed other decorations for the building, including elevator doors, floor panels, and drinking fountains made of bronze.[77][70] The bronze decorations in the lobby were removed when AT&T moved out during 1984.[75] Manship may have also worked on the chandeliers and windows in the lobby, though the extent of his involvement is unclear.[75][78] Lachaise was given the commission for the frieze lining the elevator bank on Fulton Street.[75]

Tenants

Commemorative plaque

As of 2020, notable tenants include:

Critical reception

In 1914, a writer for The New York Times stated that Bosworth and AT&T officials had collaborated to provide a building that would serve as "an artistic addition to the towering commercial structures of the lower part of the city", with a well-planned interior design.[14] Kenneth Clark, writing for Architectural Record, stated that the detail paid to the Greek-inspired features was among the building's "strongest points".[54]

By the time Kalikow took ownership of 195 Broadway in 1984, he saw that the cast-bronze interior ornamentation had been painted, and said that "I got the feeling that what [AT&T] were trying to do was play it all down [...] They didn't want anyone to know they lived in a palace."[24]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Now the site of 32 Avenue of the Americas
  2. ^ The site was bounded by Broadway to the east, Dey Street to the south, Church Street to the west, and Fulton Street to the north. The only lots not held by 195 Broadway Corp. were the corners at Fulton Street; the lot at 176 Fulton Street; and 34 Dey Street at the corner of Dey and Church, owned by the Astor family.[19]

Citations

  1. ^ "195 Broadway". Emporis. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 1.
  3. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2006, p. 1.
  4. ^ Jarzombek, M. (2004). Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech. Northeastern University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-55553-619-0. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 2.
  6. ^ "Western Union For More Improvements; Executive Board Pledges the Company Also to Increased Salaries Based on Merit". The New York Times. April 7, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 7.
  8. ^ Jacobs 1988, p. 87.
  9. ^ "Old Western Union Building Soon To Go; Lower Broadway Landmark Will Be Replaced by a 26-Story Structure". The New York Times. November 19, 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e Gray, Christopher (April 23, 2000). "Streetscapes/AT&T Headquarters at 195 Broadway; A Bellwether Building Where History Was Made". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 3.
  12. ^ "The Real Estate Field; Private Dwellings the Feature of a Dull Market". The New York Times. December 11, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  13. ^ "State Fund Insurance; Big Employers Taking Out Policies". The New York Times. June 29, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  14. ^ a b c "The Bronx and Queens; Co-operate to Secure Important Traffic Improvements". The New York Times. December 13, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  15. ^ Bosworth, William Welles (1917). "The Telephone and Telegraph Building, New York City". Architecture and Building. 49. W.T. Comstock Company: 4. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  16. ^ "City Fixes Limit On Tall Buildings; Board of Estimate Adopts Ordinance Which Will Restrict All Skyscrapers". The New York Times. July 26, 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  17. ^ "The Real Estate Field; Mail and Express Building on Lower Broadway in $2,000,000 Sale". The New York Times. February 3, 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  18. ^ "The Real Estate Field; Telegraph Company Adds to Lower Broadway Holdings". The New York Times. July 20, 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  19. ^ a b "The Real Estate Field". The New York Times. August 10, 1918. p. 11. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 4.
  21. ^ a b Clark 1924, p. 88.
  22. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2006, p. 5.
  23. ^ a b Jacobs 1988, p. 97.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g Depalma, Anthony (January 11, 1984). "About Real Estate; Grandeur of the Past at A.T.&T.'s Old Headquarters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  25. ^ "New York Talks To England By Phone; Heard By Marconi". The New York Times. January 15, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  26. ^ "1930 AT&T - Bell Labs Booklet". Television History. April 7, 1927. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  27. ^ a b Kennedy, T. R., Jr. (November 16, 1941). "NBC Engineers Pause to Discuss Progress Made in Fifteen Years on the Air". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 8.
  29. ^ "Western Union Quits Its 55-year-old Home; Begins Moving Executive Offices From 195 Broadway to New West Broadway Building". The New York Times. August 12, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  30. ^ "Benedict Bros. Retiring; Jewelers, Founded 119 Years Ago, Will Close Shop Dec. 31". The New York Times. October 21, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  31. ^ "Clock Dedicated to Super-Accuracy; 'the Most Accurate Clock in the World'". The New York Times. November 10, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  32. ^ "Bell System Unit Plans Own Home; Western Electric Co. Takes Options on Blockfront on Broadway at Fulton". The New York Times. September 18, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  33. ^ "New Western Electric Building Blends With Diverse Neighbors; New Building Is a Good Neighbor". The New York Times. August 26, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  34. ^ "A.T. & T. Building Gets Bath for Its Birthday". The New York Times. August 25, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  35. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2006, p. 8.
  36. ^ Carroll, Maurice (March 31, 1978). "New Telephone Headquarters: An architect's rendering of the proposed new American Telephone and Telegraph Company building at Madison Avenue and 55th Street". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ^ Postal, Matthew (July 31, 2018). "AT&T Corporate Headquarters Building (later Sony Plaza, now 550 Madison Avenue)" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Retrieved February 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 9.
  39. ^ Dunlap, David W. (January 21, 1990). "Commercial Property: As-of-Right Construction; Kalikow Opts for a 58-Story Lower Manhattan Hotel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  40. ^ Henry, David (October 7, 1994). "New luxury hotels have enriched the city, but not their developers". Newsday. p. D01. Retrieved February 9, 2020 – via ProQuest.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ^ Weiss, Lois (February 17, 2005). "Kalikow's Big Sale – Scores $300M For 195 B'way Tower". New York Post. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  42. ^ Dunlap, David W. (July 26, 2006). "Manhattan: AT&T Building Landmarked". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. ^ a b Dunlap, David W. (January 20, 2006). "Finding a Public Use for AT&T's Parthenon". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  44. ^ Fulton Street Transit Center, New York, New York, Section 4(f) Evaluation: Environmental Impact Statement. Fulton Street Transit Center, New York, New York, Section 4(f) Evaluation: Environmental Impact Statement (in Portuguese). 2004. p. 3.25. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  45. ^ a b c d Cuozzo, Steve (December 2, 2013). "Landmark 195 Broadway sold". New York Post. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  46. ^ Bockmann, Rich (September 17, 2019). "JPMorgan's asset arm selling 195 Broadway for $800M". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved February 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ^ "JP Morgan Sells 195 Broadway in NY to Korean Investors". Mingtiandi. September 25, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  48. ^ "South Korean Investors Acquire 195 Broadway in Lower Manhattan". CoStar. December 2, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  49. ^ Jacobs 1988, p. 88.
  50. ^ The American Architect: Architectural Review 1922, p. 2.
  51. ^ The American Architect: Architectural Review 1922, p. 4.
  52. ^ Stern, Robert (1983). New York 1900 : metropolitan architecture and urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1934-8. OCLC 9829395.
  53. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2006, p. 4.
  54. ^ a b c Clark 1924, p. 81.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 5.
  56. ^ "The Telephone and Telegraph Building". Architecture: 269. December 1916.
  57. ^ Jacobs 1988, p. 101.
  58. ^ Jacobs 1988, p. 110.
  59. ^ a b Clark 1924, p. 89.
  60. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, pp. 10–11.
  61. ^ The American Architect: Architectural Review 1922, p. 1.
  62. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 13.
  63. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 14.
  64. ^ Building Fact Sheet, p. 1.
  65. ^ a b c Building Fact Sheet, p. 3.
  66. ^ a b c d For a diagram of the interior, see Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2006, p. 27.
  67. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2006, p. 16.
  68. ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Fulton Street (4)(5)". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  69. ^ Teltsch, Kathleen (August 31, 1981). "Landmark Statue Being Restored". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  70. ^ a b c Henderson, Helen W. (1917). A loiterer in New York : discoveries made by a rambler through obvious yet unsought highways and byways. pp. 439–440. Retrieved February 9, 2020 – via HathiTrust.
  71. ^ Dewan, Shaila (April 20, 2000). "AT&T Statue to Remain Suburban". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  72. ^ Morrone, Francis (November 3, 2006). "An Icon of the City Gets an Opening". The New York Sun. Retrieved February 9, 2020. Manship's earliest public work in the city is the set of four bronze reliefs, The Four Elements, adorning the lower façade of 195 Broadway, one of the city's most beautiful skyscrapers, between Fulton and Dey streets.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  73. ^ a b Reynolds, Donald (1988). Monuments and masterpieces : histories and views of public sculpture in New York City. New York London: Macmillan Pub. Co. Collier Macmillan. pp. 325–326. ISBN 978-0-02-602430-3. OCLC 17260256.
  74. ^ Gallatin, A.E. (1924). Gaston Lachaise: Sixteen Reproductions in Collotype of the Sculptor's Work. E.P. Dutton. pp. 11–12. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
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  79. ^ Strauss, Karsten (January 28, 2013). "HarperCollins Lands at 195 Broadway". Commercial Observer. Retrieved February 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  80. ^ Rosen, Daniel Edward (April 6, 2012). "Omnicom grows in 195 Broadway, now at 260,000 square feet". Commercial Observer. Retrieved February 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  81. ^ "Contact us | Thomson Reuters Tax & Accounting". tax.thomsonreuters.com. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  82. ^ "Getty Images is moving to FiDi". The Real Deal New York. July 11, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  83. ^ REW (July 26, 2018). "Getty updates its image with move to 195 Broadway". Real Estate Weekly. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  84. ^ "L&L Holding signs publisher Abrams to 42K sf in FiDi". The Real Deal New York. January 5, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  85. ^ REW (January 11, 2017). "Abrams Publishing takes full floor at 195 Broadway in FiDi". Real Estate Weekly. Retrieved February 9, 2020.

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